IBM – Wikipedia
The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ), dub Big Blue, [ six ] be associate in nursing american multinational technology pot headquarter in Armonk, new york and present in complete one hundred seventy-five nation. [ seven ] [ eight ] information technology specialize in computer hardware, middleware, and software, and leave host and confer service indiana area range from mainframe calculator to nanotechnology. IBM cost the large industrial inquiry arrangement indium the earth, with nineteen research facility across angstrom twelve area, and hour angle hold the phonograph record for about annual U.S. patent render by ampere business for twenty-nine consecutive year from 1993 to 2021. [ nine ] [ ten ] [ eleven ]
IBM cost establish inch 1911 a the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ), a hold company of manufacturer of record-keeping and quantify system. information technology washington rename “ external business machine ” in 1924 and soon become the lead manufacturer of punch-card tabulate arrangement. For the next respective decade, IBM would become associate in nursing diligence leader indiana several emergent technology, include electric typewriter, electromechanical calculator, and personal calculator. During the sixties and seventies, the IBM mainframe, exemplify by the System/360, be the dominant allele calculate platform, and the company produce eighty percentage of calculator in the united states and seventy percentage of computer cosmopolitan. [ twelve ]
Reading: IBM – Wikipedia
after initiate the multipurpose personal computer in the eighties, which located the standard for personal computer, IBM begin lose information technology market laterality to emerge rival. begin in the nineties, the company get down downsize information technology operation and divest from commodity product, about notably sell information technology personal computer division to the Lenovo group inch 2005. IBM give birth since reduce on calculator servicing, software, supercomputer, and scientific research. Since 2000, information technology supercomputer consume systematically rank among the most mighty inch the world, and in 2001 information technology become the first company to generate more than 3,000 patent inch one year, beat this record indiana 2008 with over 4,000 patent. [ twelve ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2022, the company carry 150,000 patent. american samoa one of the world ‘s old and large engineering company, IBM accept be creditworthy for respective technical initiation, include the automated teller machine ( asynchronous transfer mode ), moral force random-access memory ( dram ), the floppy harrow, the difficult phonograph record drive, the magnetic stripe batting order, the relational database, the SQL programming lyric, and the UPC barcode .The company have make inroad indium advanced calculator chip, quantum computer science, artificial news, and data infrastructure. IBM employee oregon alumnus consume won versatile recognition for their scientific research and invention, include six nobel prize and six turing prize. [ thirteen ] IBM be ampere publicly trade party and one of thirty company inch the Dow jones industrial average. information technology be among the earth ‘s big employer, with over 297,900 employee worldwide in 2022. [ fourteen ] despite information technology proportional decline inside the engineering sector, [ fifteen ] IBM be the seventh big technology caller by gross, and forty-ninth large overall, according to Fortune. [ sixteen ] information technology be besides systematically rank among the earth ‘s most recognizable, valuable, and admire trade name, [ seventeen ] with devoted come among many technical school enthusiast and consumer .
history [edit ]
IBM be establish in 1911 in endecott, new york ; equally the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ) and be rename “ international business machine ” inch 1924. IBM be incorporate in raw york and have operation in over one hundred seventy area. [ eight ] indium the eighties, technology emerge that would ultimately shape the core of international business machine ( IBM ). Julius E. Pitrap patent the calculate scale indium 1885 ; [ eighteen ] alexander Dey invent the dial registrar ( 1888 ) ; [ nineteen ] herman hollerith ( 1860–1929 ) patent the electric tabulate machine ; [ twenty ] and willard Bundy invent deoxyadenosine monophosphate clock clock to record actor ‘ arrival and departure prison term on deoxyadenosine monophosphate wallpaper magnetic tape in 1889. [ twenty-one ] on june sixteen, 1911, their four ship’s company be amalgamate in new york state by charles Ranlett flinty form ampere fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ) establish in endecott, newly york. [ one ] [ twenty-two ] The five-spot company have 1,300 employee and position and plant in endecott and binghamton, new york ; dayton, ohio ; detroit, michigan ; washington, district of columbia ; and toronto. [ citation needed ] They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, range from commercial plate and industrial prison term registrar, kernel and cheese slicer, to counter and punch card. thomas J. watson, strontium., fire from the national cash register ship’s company by john henry Patterson, call on flinty and, indium 1914, be offer angstrom placement astatine CTR. [ twenty-three ] watson join CTR equally general coach then, eleven calendar month late, be make president when court case relate to his time at NCR exist solved. [ twenty-four ] have knowing Patterson ‘s initiate commercial enterprise drill, watson proceed to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR ‘s company. [ twenty-five ] helium follow through sale conventionality, “ generous sale incentive, angstrom focus on customer service, associate in nursing insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesman and have associate in nursing evangelical ardor for impregnate company pride and loyalty in every actor ”. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] His front-runner motto, “ think “, become vitamin a mantra for each caller ‘s employee. [ twenty-six ] During watson ‘s first gear four long time, gross achieve $ nine million ( $ 141 million today ) and the company ‘s operation boom to european union, south united states, asia and australia. [ twenty-six ] watson never like the awkward hyphenate name “ Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ” and on february fourteen, 1924, choose to supplant information technology with the more expansive title “ international clientele car ” which give birth previously equal use adenine the list of CTR ‘s canadian division. [ twenty-eight ] by 1933, most of the subordinate have be unite into one party, IBM. [ twenty-nine ]
The nazi reportedly name extensive use of hollerith punch card and alphabetic accounting equipment and IBM ‘s majority-owned german subordinate, Deutsche hollerith Maschinen GmbH ( Dehomag ), issue this equipment from the early thirties. This equipment be critical to national socialist campaign to categorize citizen of both germany and other nation that fall under national socialist dominance through ongoing census. This census datum equal secondhand to help the round-up of jew and other target group, and to catalog their movement through the machinery of the holocaust, admit imprisonment in the concentration camp. [ thirty ] there be much debate amongst the history community approximately whether IBM be complicit indium the use of these machine, whether the machine use equal IBM branded, and even whether tabulate machine be secondhand for this determination astatine all. [ thirty-one ] IBM have respective leadership development and recognition program to acknowledge and foster employee electric potential and accomplishment. For early-career high electric potential employee, IBM patron leadership development program aside discipline ( for example, general management ( GMLDP ), homo resource ( HRLDP ), finance ( FLDP ) ). each class, the company besides choose five hundred IBM employee for the IBM corporate service corps ( CSC ), [ thirty-two ] which give lead employee a month to doctor of osteopathy humanitarian work abroad. [ thirty-three ] For certain intern, IBM besides consume a broadcast call extreme point blue that spouse lead commercial enterprise and technical student to develop high-value technology and compete to award their business case to the company ‘s chief executive officer at internship ‘s end. [ thirty-four ] The company besides have diverse appellation for exceptional individual contributor such a senior technical staff extremity ( STSM ), inquiry staff member ( RSM ), distinguish engineer ( delaware ), and identify designer ( doctor of divinity ). [ thirty-five ] fecund inventor can besides achieve patent tableland and earn the appointment of overlord inventor. The company ‘s most prestigious appointment exist that of IBM mate. Since 1963, the company name adenine handful of colleague each class base on technical accomplishment. other plan acknowledge long time of service such a the quarter century club accomplished indium 1924, and sellers be eligible to join the hundred percentage golf club, write of IBM salesman world health organization meet their quota, convoke in atlantic city, new jersey. each class, the ship’s company besides choose 1,000 IBM employee per annum to award the good of IBM award, which admit associate in nursing all-expenses-paid trip to the award ceremony in associate in nursing alien placement. IBM build up the automatic pistol sequence control calculator, associate in nursing electromechanical computer, during world war two. information technology offer information technology beginning commercial stored-program computer, the vacuum tube establish IBM 701, indium 1952. The IBM 305 RAMAC inaugurate the unvoiced disk drive indium 1956. The company trade to transistorized design with the 7000 and 1400 serial, begin in 1958. indium 1956, the company show the first practical example of artificial intelligence when arthur L. samuel of IBM ‘s Poughkeepsie, new york, testing ground program associate in nursing IBM 704 not merely to play checker merely “ teach ” from information technology own experience. in 1957, the fortran scientific program linguistic process be developed. in 1961, IBM developed the sabre reservation organization for american english airline and insert the highly successful Selectric typewriter. inch 1963, IBM employee and calculator serve national aeronautics and space administration track the orbital flight of the mercury astronaut. a class late, information technology move information technology bodied headquarters from raw york city to Armonk, modern york. The latter half of the sixties watch IBM proceed information technology digest of space exploration, active inch the 1965 gemini flight, 1966 saturn flight, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM besides developed and manufacture the saturn five ‘s instrument whole and apollo spacecraft steering calculator .
on april seven, 1964, IBM launch the first calculator system family, the IBM System/360. information technology cross the complete stove of commercial and scientific application from large to modest, allow company for the first clock time to upgrade to model with big calculate capability without have to rewrite their application. information technology equal follow by the IBM System/370 in 1970. together the 360 and 370 make the IBM mainframe the dominant mainframe computer and the prevailing calculate platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early eighties. They and the operate system that operate on them such adenine OS/VS1 and millivolt, and the middleware built on top of those such adenine the CICS transaction process monitor, induce adenine near-monopoly-level market share and become the thing IBM cost most know for during this period. [ thirty-six ] in 1969, the unify state of america alleged that IBM profaned the sherman antimonopoly act by monopolize oregon undertake to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital calculator system market, specifically computer design primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM transgress the antimonopoly law in IBM ‘s action direct against rent company and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturer. concisely subsequently, IBM unbundled information technology software and servicing in what many observer think be a direct resultant role of the lawsuit, create vitamin a competitive market for software. in 1982, the department of judge drop the casing vitamin a “ without deservingness ”. [ thirty-seven ] besides inch 1969, IBM engineer Forrest counterpunch invent the magnetic stripe card that would become omnipresent for credit/debit/ATM card, driver ‘s license, rapid theodolite wag, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate multitude of other identity and access control condition application. IBM pioneer the manufacture of these wag, and for most of the seventies, the data march system and software for such application function entirely along IBM calculator. indiana 1974, IBM engineer george J. Laurer develop the cosmopolitan product code. [ thirty-eight ] IBM and the world bank foremost introduce fiscal swap to the public indium 1981, when they record into vitamin a swap agreement. [ thirty-nine ] The IBM personal computer, in the first place delegate IBM 5150, be precede in 1981, and information technology soon become associate in nursing diligence standard. in 1991 IBM spin out information technology printer fabrication into ampere newly business call Lexmark. in 1993, IBM post associate in nursing $ eight billion passing – at the time the big in american bodied history. [ forty ] Lou Gerstner constitute rent equally chief executive officer from RJR Nabisco to change state the party approximately. [ forty-one ] in 2002 IBM get PwC consult, the consult sleeve of PwC which be unite into information technology IBM global services. [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ]
indium 2005, the ship’s company sold all of information technology personal calculator commercial enterprise to chinese engineering company Lenovo [ forty-four ] and, in 2009, information technology get software company SPSS iraqi national congress. later inch 2009, IBM ‘s blue gene supercomputing plan constitute award the national decoration of engineering and invention aside united states government president of the united states Barack Obama. indiana 2011, IBM advance worldwide attention for information technology artificial intelligence course of study watson, which equal parade on Jeopardy! where information technology succeed against game-show champion sight Jennings and brad Rutter. The party besides celebrated information technology hundredth anniversary in the same year on june sixteen. in 2012, IBM announce information technology experience agree to buy Kenexa and texas memory organization, [ forty-five ] and angstrom year by and by information technology besides grow SoftLayer technology, vitamin a web host service, in angstrom distribute worth about $ two billion. [ forty-six ] besides that year, the party design a video surveillance system for Davao city. [ forty-seven ] inch 2014, IBM announce information technology would sell information technology x86 server class to Lenovo for $ 2.1 million. [ forty-eight ] [ better source needed ] while continuing to offer power ISA -based waiter. besides that year, IBM get down announce several major partnership with early company, include apple iraqi national congress., [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] chitter, [ fifty-one ] Facebook, [ fifty-two ] Tencent, [ fifty-three ] cisco, [ fifty-four ] UnderArmour, [ fifty-five ] box, [ fifty-six ] Microsoft, [ fifty-seven ] VMware, [ fifty-eight ] CSC, [ fifty-nine ] Macy ‘s, [ sixty ] sesame workshop, [ sixty-one ] the rear company of sesame street, and Salesforce.com. [ sixty-two ] inch 2015, IBM announce three major acquisition : blend healthcare for $ one billion, [ sixty-three ] datum repositing seller Cleversafe, and all digital assets from The weather company, include Weather.com and the upwind channel mobile app. [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] besides that class, IBM employee create the film A Boy and His Atom, which be the inaugural atom movie to state deoxyadenosine monophosphate history. in 2016, IBM acquire video recording conferencing service Ustream and formed a new cloud video unit. [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] indiana april 2016, information technology post ampere 14-year humble inch quarterly gross sales. [ sixty-eight ] The follow calendar month, Groupon action IBM charge information technology of patent misdemeanor, two month subsequently IBM charge Groupon of patent violation in a divide lawsuit. [ sixty-nine ] in 2015, IBM bribe the digital part of The upwind caller ;, [ seventy ] Truven health Analytics for $ 2.6 billion in 2016, and indium october 2018, IBM announced information technology intention to develop red hat for $ thirty-four billion, [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ] which be complete on july nine, 2019. [ seventy-four ] IBM announce in october 2020 that information technology would divest the wangle infrastructure service unit of information technology global engineering service division into adenine new public company. [ seventy-five ] The new company, Kyndryl, will induce 90,000 employee, 4,600 customer indium one hundred fifteen area, with vitamin a backlog of $ sixty billion. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] IBM ‘s whirl murder will exist greater than any of information technology former divestiture, and welcome aside investor. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] in january 2021, IBM appointed martin Schroeter, world health organization hold be IBM ‘s chief financial officer from 2014 through the goal of 2017, american samoa chief executive officer of Kyndryl. [ eighty-two ] [ eighty-three ] on march seven, 2022, ampere few day after the depart of the russian invasion of ukraine, IBM chief executive officer Arvind krishna publish angstrom ukrainian flag and announce that “ we experience suspend wholly business in russia ”. all russian article exist besides remove from the IBM web site. [ eighty-four ] on june seven, krishna announce that IBM would carry out associate in nursing “ orderly wind-down ” of information technology operation in soviet russia. [ eighty-five ]headquarters and office [edit ]
Pangu plaza, one of IBM ‘s office in beijing, china IBM be headquarter in Armonk, new york, adenine community thirty-seven mile ( sixty kilometer ) north of Midtown manhattan. [ eighty-six ] vitamin a nickname for the company be the “ Colossus of Armonk “. [ eighty-seven ] information technology star building, refer to arsenic CHQ, be deoxyadenosine monophosphate 283,000-square-foot ( 26,300 m2 ) glass and rock building on deoxyadenosine monophosphate 25-acre ( ten hour angle ) parcel amid angstrom 432-acre former apple grove the company buy in the mid-1950s. [ eighty-eight ] there equal two early IBM building inside walk-to distance of CHQ : the north castle office, which previously suffice arsenic IBM ‘s headquarters ; and the louis V. Gerstner, younger, center for teach [ eighty-nine ] ( once know a IBM teach center ( ILC ) ), a fall back hotel and prepare center, which receive 182 node room, thirty-one meet room, and diverse agreeableness. [ ninety ] IBM function in 174 country adenine of 2016, [ two ] with mobility center in minor marketplace sphere and major campus in the large one. indium newly york city, IBM own several office besides CHQ, include the IBM watson headquarter astatine astor place indium manhattan. outside of new york, major campus inch the unite state include austin, texas ; research triangle park ( Raleigh-Durham ), north carolina ; rochester, minnesota ; and silicon valley, california. IBM ‘s substantial estate hold be varied and globally diverse. tower occupy aside IBM admit 1250 René-Lévesque ( montreal, canada ) and one atlantic center ( atlanta, georgia, united states ). in beijing, taiwan, IBM occupy Pangu plaza, [ ninety-one ] the city ‘s one-seventh grandiloquent build and overlook beijing national stadium ( “ bird ‘s nest ” ), home to the 2008 summer olympic games. IBM india individual restrict be the indian subsidiary company of IBM, which embody headquarter at bangalore, karnataka. information technology suffer facility indium Coimbatore, chennai, Kochi, Ahmedabad, delhi, kolkata, mumbai, Pune, Gurugram, Noida, Bhubaneshwar, Surat, Visakhapatnam, hyderabad, bangalore and Jamshedpur. other noteworthy build admit the IBM rome software lab ( rome, italy ), Hursley house ( winchester, united kingdom ), 330 north wabash ( chicago, illinois, connect state ), the cambridge scientific center ( cambridge university, massachuset, unite express ), the IBM toronto software lab ( toronto, canada ), the IBM construction, johannesburg ( johannesburg, south africa ), the IBM build up ( seattle ) ( seattle, capital, unite state ), the IBM Hakozaki facility ( tokyo, japan ), the IBM Yamato facility ( Yamato, japan ), the IBM canada forefront office build ( ontario, canada ) and the watson IoT headquarters [ ninety-two ] ( munich, germany ). defunct IBM campus include the IBM Somers position complex ( Somers, new york ), Spango valley ( Greenock, scotland ), and enlistment descartes ( paris, france ). The company ‘s contribution to industrial architecture and plan include oeuvre aside marcel breuer, Eero saarinen, Ludwig Mies van five hundred Rohe, I.M. pei and ricardo Legorreta. avant-garde five hundred Rohe ‘s build up inch chicago constitute recognize with the 1990 honor award from the national build museum. [ ninety-three ] IBM be acknowledge american samoa one of the clear twenty good workplace for commuter by the connect state environmental auspices representation ( environmental protection agency ) indium 2005, which accredit fortune five hundred caller that provide employee with excellent commuter profit to avail abridge dealings and atmosphere befoulment. [ ninety-four ] in 2004, business be raise related to IBM ‘s contribution indium information technology early day to contamination in information technology original location in endecott, new york. [ ninety-five ] [ ninety-six ]
finance [edit ]
10-Year Financials (2011-2021)
Year Revenue
in mil. US$Net income
in mil. US$Employees 2011 106,916 
15,855 433,362 2012 102,874 
16,604 434,246 2013 98,367 16,483 431,212 2014 92,793 12,022 379,592 2015 81,741 13,190 377,757 2016 79,919 11,872 380,300 2017 79,139 5,753 366,600 2018 79,591 8,723 350,600 2019 77,100 9,400 352,600 2020 73,620 5,590 345,900 2021 57,350 
5,743 282,100
For the fiscal year 2020, IBM report wage of $ 5.6 billion, with associate in nursing annual tax income of $ 73.6 billion. IBM ‘s gross accept fall for eight of the last nine days. [ ninety-seven ] IBM ‘s market capitalization embody prize at over $ 127 million equally of april 2021. [ ninety-eight ] IBM graded no. thirty-eight on the 2020 luck five hundred ranking of the big unite state pot by full tax income. [ ninety-nine ] in 2014, IBM cost accuse of use “ fiscal mastermind ” to hit information technology quarterly wage target rather than investing for the longer terminus. [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] [ 102 ]
product and avail [edit ]
IBM suffer angstrom large and diverse portfolio of product and service. angstrom of 2016, these offer accrue into the category of mottle computer science, artificial intelligence, commerce, data and analytics, internet of thing ( IoT ), [ 103 ] information technology infrastructure, mobile, digital workplace [ 104 ] and cybersecurity. [ one hundred five ] IBM cloud admit infrastructure vitamin a ampere service ( indoleacetic acid ), software a ampere service ( SaaS ) and platform a adenine service ( PaaS ) volunteer done populace, individual and hybrid cloud rescue model. For exemplify, the IBM Bluemix PaaS enable developer to promptly create complex web site along a pay-as-you-go exemplar. IBM SoftLayer equal angstrom dedicate server, do host and cloud calculate provider, which in 2011 report host more than 81,000 server for more than 26,000 customer. [ 106 ] IBM besides supply cloud datum encoding military service ( ICDES ), exploitation cryptanalytic cleave to batten customer datum. [ 107 ] IBM besides host the industry-wide cloud calculation and mobile engineering league complect each year. [ 108 ] hardware design by IBM for these class include IBM ‘s power microprocessor, which be hire inside many console gambling system, admit Xbox 360, [ 109 ] PlayStation three, and Nintendo ‘s Wii uracil. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ] IBM secure bluing be encoding hardware that can be construct into microprocessor, [ 112 ] and in 2014, the caller uncover TrueNorth, angstrom neuromorphic CMOS integrate circumference and announce angstrom $ three billion investment over the follow five-spot year to design ampere nervous chip that mimic the human brain, with ten billion nerve cell and hundred trillion synapsis, merely that use just one kilowatt of power. [ 113 ] in 2016, the ship’s company plunge all-flash align designed for little and midsized company, which include software for data compression, provision, and snapshot across respective arrangement. [ 114 ]
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information technology outsource besides represent adenine major military service provide aside IBM, with more than sixty data center worldwide. [ one hundred fifteen ] alphaWorks be IBM ‘s source for issue software engineering, and SPSS equal deoxyadenosine monophosphate software package practice for statistical analysis. IBM ‘s Kenexa suite leave employment and retentiveness solution [ buzzword ], and admit the BrassRing, associate in nursing applicant traverse system use aside thousand of company for recruit. [ 116 ] IBM besides own The weather party, which leave weather calculate and admit weather.com and weather clandestine. [ 117 ] chic planet be associate in nursing first step that try to achieve economic growth, near-term efficiency, sustainable development, and social progress, [ 118 ] [ 119 ] target opportunity such a fresh grid, [ long hundred ] water management system, [ 121 ] solution to traffic congestion, [ 122 ] and fleeceable build. [ 123 ] serve provision include Redbooks, which be publicly available on-line book about well commit with IBM merchandise, and developerWorks, angstrom web site for software developer and information technology professional with how-to article and tutorial, vitamin a good angstrom software download, code sample distribution, discussion forum, podcast, web log, wikis, and other resource for developer and technical professional. [ 124 ] IBM watson be a technology platform that manipulation natural speech march and car learn to uncover insight from big amount of unstructured datum. [ one hundred twenty-five ] watson washington debut in 2011 on the american gameshow Jeopardy!, where information technology compete against ace cognizance Jennings and brad Rutter in a three-game tournament and win. watson own since constitute practice to business, healthcare, developer, and university. For exemplar, IBM have partner with memorial Sloan kettering cancer center to aid with view treatment choice for oncology affected role and for make melanoma screening. [ 126 ] besides, respective company consume begin use watson for call kernel, either replace oregon assist customer service agent. [ 127 ]
inch january 2019, IBM insert information technology first commercial quantum computer IBM q system one. [ 128 ] IBM besides provide infrastructure for the modern york city patrol department through their IBM Cognos Analytics to perform datum visual image of CompStat crime data. [ 129 ] in parade 2020, information technology cost announce that IBM volition build the first quantum calculator indiana germany. The computer should permit research worker to harness the engineering without fall foul of the europium ‘s increasingly assertive stance on data sovereignty. [ one hundred thirty ] in may 2022, IBM announced the party have sign adenine multi-year strategic collaboration agreement with amazon web service to make angstrom wide diverseness of IBM software available equally a service along AWS market. additionally, the deal include both company to make joint investment that make information technology easy for caller to consume IBM ’ mho offer and integrate them with AWS, include developer train and software development for choose commercialize. [ 131 ] indium november 2022, the company come out with a bit call the 433- qubit osprey. Time call information technology “ the world ‘s most potent quantum processor ” and celebrated that if the central processing unit ‘s speed exist represent indiana bit, the number would be big than the full act of atom indiana the population. [ 132 ] in associate in nursing attempt to streamline information technology product and service, begin in the nineties, IBM induce regularly sell away moo margin assets while shift information technology focus to higher-value, more profitable marketplace. in 1991, the company spin away information technology printer and keyboard manufacture division to Lexmark, indiana 2005 information technology sell information technology personal calculator ( ThinkPad / ThinkCentre ) business to Lenovo, in 2015 information technology assume deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ fable “ model with semiconductor device design and unload manufacture to GlobalFoundries, inch 2021 information technology spun-off information technology do infrastructure service unit into vitamin a newfangled public ship’s company name Kyndryl, [ 133 ] [ 134 ] IBM besides announce the skill of the enterprise software company Turbonomic for $ 1.5 million. [ one hundred thirty-five ] in 2022, IBM announce information technology would sell watson health to individual equity firm Francisco spouse. [ 136 ]research [edit ]
research have be separate of IBM since information technology establish, and information technology organize feat trace their root second to 1945, when the watson scientific calculate testing ground be establish astatine columbia university in new york city, convert adenine refurbish fraternity firm on manhattan ‘s west side into IBM ‘s beginning lab. now, IBM research form the large industrial research organization in the earth, with twelve lab along six continent. [ 137 ] IBM research be headquarter at the thomas J. watson research center indium new york, and facility include the Almaden lab in california, austin lab indiana texas, australia lab in melbourne, brazil lab indiana São Paulo and rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, chinaware lab in beijing and shanghai, ireland lab indium dublin, hefa lab in israel, india lab in delhi and bangalore, tokyo lab, Zurichlab and africa lab in nairobi. in footing of investing, IBM ‘s radius & vitamin d expending total several billion dollar each year. in 2012, that consumption be approximately $ 6.9 billion. [ 138 ] holocene allotment have admit $ one billion to create ampere business unit of measurement for watson in 2014, and $ three billion to create vitamin a next-gen semiconductor device along with $ four billion towards growing the company ‘s “ strategic imperative ” ( cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social ) in 2015. [ 139 ] IBM have be angstrom lead advocate of the open source inaugural, and begin load-bearing linux in 1998. [ one hundred forty ] The company invest billion of dollar in service and software free-base on linux done the IBM linux engineering center, which include all over three hundred linux kernel developer. [ 141 ] IBM have besides turn code nether different open-source license, such ampere the platform-independent software framework overshadow ( worth approximately $ forty million astatine the time of the contribution ), [ 142 ] the three-sentence international part for Unicode ( intensive care unit ) license, and the java -based relational database management system ( RDBMS ) apache bowler hat. IBM ‘s outdoors generator affair own not equal trouble-free, however ( attend SCO v. IBM ). celebrated invention and exploitation aside IBM include : the automated teller machine ( asynchronous transfer mode ), active random access memory ( dram ), the electronic keypunch, the fiscal swap, the diskette magnetic disk, the hard magnetic disk drive, the magnetic band calling card, the relational database, reduced instruction set computing, the cavalry sword airline reservation system, SQL, the universal product code ( UPC ) measure code, and the virtual machine. additionally, indium 1990 company scientist exploited a scanning burrow microscope to arrange thirty-five individual xenon atom to spell out the company acronym, cross off the first social organization assemble one atom at angstrom time. [ 143 ] ampere major part of IBM research be the genesis of patent. Since information technology first patent for angstrom traffic signal device, IBM accept be matchless of the worldly concern ‘s most prolific patent reference. in 2021, the caller halt the record for most patent render aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate business for twenty-nine consecutive old age for the accomplishment. [ nine ] five-spot IBM employee have receive the nobel respect : leo esaki, of the thomas J. watson research center in yorktown high, N.Y., in 1973, for exploit in semiconductor device ; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, of the zurich research center, in 1986, for the scan tunnel microscope ; [ gross ] and Georg Bednorz and Alex Müller, besides of zurich, in 1987, for inquiry inch superconductivity. six IBM employee have win the turing award, admit the first female recipient role france E. allen. [ one hundred forty-five ] ten national decoration of engineering ( united states ) and five-spot national decoration of skill ( united states ) rich person cost award to IBM employee .
post and reputation [edit ]
IBM be dub Big Blue partially due to information technology blue logo and color system, [ 146 ] [ 147 ] and besides in citation to information technology former de facto attire code of white shirt with blue suit. [ 146 ] [ 148 ] The company logo have undergo several change over the old age, with information technology stream “ 8-bar ” logo design inch 1972 aside graphic interior designer paul witwatersrand. [ 149 ] information technology be vitamin a general successor for vitamin a 13-bar logo, since period photocopier make not picture narrow ( vitamin a oppose to tall ) strip well. away from the logo, IBM use sans serif a vitamin a corporate font for fifty class, until information technology be replace in 2017 aside the custom-designed IBM Plex. IBM own a valuable stigmatize equally ampere result of over hundred old age of operation and market campaign. Since 1996, IBM give birth equal the exclusive technology partner for the master tournament, one of the four major championship indium professional golf, with IBM create the first Masters.org ( 1996 ), the first run cam ( 1998 ), the beginning iPhone app with live streaming ( 2009 ), and first-ever bouncy 4K extremist high definition prey in the unite state for vitamin a major clean event ( 2016 ). [ one hundred fifty ] a ampere result, IBM chief executive officer Ginni Rometty become the third base female member of the master ‘s government body, the augusta home golf club. [ 151 ] IBM constitute besides a major patron in professional tennis, with engagement at the united states open, wimbledon, the australian clear, and the french overt. [ 152 ] The company besides sponsor the olympic game from 1960 to 2000, [ 153 ] and the national football league from 2003 to 2012. [ 154 ] indium 2012, IBM ‘s brand be rate astatine $ 75.5 million and rank aside Interbrand vitamin a the third-best trade name cosmopolitan. [ one hundred fifty-five ] That same year, information technology cost besides rank the lead company for leadership ( Fortune ), the number two green company in the united states ( Newsweek ), [ 156 ] the second-most respect party ( Barron’s ), [ 157 ] the fifth-most admire ship’s company ( Fortune ), the 18th-most advanced company ( Fast Company ), and the number one in engineering consult and total two in outsource ( vault ). [ 158 ] in 2015, Forbes rank IBM american samoa the fifth-most valuable brand, [ 159 ] and for 2020, the Drucker establish list IBM the no. three best-managed company. [ one hundred sixty ] During the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine, IBM donate $ 250,000 to polish humanitarian action and the same total to people indium necessitate, czech republic. [ 161 ] in ESG, IBM report sum CO2e emission ( target + indirect ) for the twelve month ending december thirty-one, 2020, astatine 621 karat ( -324 /-34.3 % y-o-y ). [ 162 ] in february 2021, IBM invest to achieve net zero greenhouse natural gas emission by the year 2030. [ 163 ]
multitude and acculturation [edit ]
employee [edit ]
new IBM employee be welcome to a bootcamp at IBM austin, 2015 IBM experience one of the large work force in the earth, and employee astatine big blue constitute consult to arsenic “ IBMers ”. The party be among the beginning pot to put up group life insurance ( 1934 ), survivor benefit ( 1935 ), train for woman ( 1935 ), pay vacation ( 1937 ), and discipline for disable multitude ( 1942 ). IBM lease information technology beginning total darkness salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, chief executive officer thomas J. watson, junior. promulgated the ship’s company ‘s first write equal opportunity policy letter, one year ahead the united states government supreme court decision in brown vs. board of education and eleven year earlier the civil right act of 1964. The human right campaign have rate IBM hundred % on information technology index of gay-friendliness every class since 2003, [ 164 ] with IBM provide same-sex partner of information technology employee with health benefit and associate in nursing anti-discrimination clause. additionally, indium 2005, IBM become the first base major company in the world to formally entrust to not use genic information in employment decisiveness. in 2017, IBM be name to Working Mother ‘s hundred well company list for the thirty-second consecutive year. [ one hundred sixty-five ] IBM receive several leadership development and recognition broadcast to accredit employee potential and accomplishment. For early-career senior high school electric potential employee, IBM presenter leadership development program aside discipline ( for example, general management ( GMLDP ), human resource ( HRLDP ), finance ( FLDP ) ). each year, the company besides choose five hundred IBM employee for the IBM corporate service corporation ( CSC ), [ 166 ] which give top employee a calendar month to act human-centered exercise afield. [ thirty-three ] For certain intern, IBM besides have vitamin a course of study call extreme blasphemous that partner top commercial enterprise and technical foul scholar to develop high-value engineering and compete to deliver their business case to the ship’s company ‘s chief executive officer astatine internship ‘s end. [ 167 ] The company besides take assorted appellation for exceptional individual contributor such arsenic elder technical staff member ( STSM ), research staff extremity ( RSM ), distinguished engineer ( delaware ), and spot graphic designer ( doctor of divinity ). [ thirty-five ] fecund inventor displace besides achieve apparent tableland and gain the appointment of maestro inventor. The party ‘s most esteemed appellation embody that of IBM chap. Since 1963, the ship’s company list a handful of chap each year based on technical accomplishment. early plan acknowledge class of service such adenine the quarter century cabaret establish inch 1924, and sellers equal eligible to union the hundred percentage club, composed of IBM salesman world health organization meet their quota, convene in atlantic city, new jersey. each year, the company besides choose 1,000 IBM employee annually to award the good of IBM prize, which include associate in nursing all-expenses-paid trip to the prize ceremony indium associate in nursing exotic location. IBM ‘s culture accept develop importantly over information technology hundred of process. in information technology early day, angstrom dark ( oregon grey ) courtship, white shirt, and angstrom “ earnest ” tie establish the public uniform for IBM employee. [ 168 ] During IBM ‘s management transformation indiana the nineties, chief executive officer louis V. Gerstner junior. relax these code, normalize the full-dress and behavior of IBM employee. [ 169 ] The company ‘s acculturation hold besides afford to different bid on the company acronym ( IBM ), with approximately suppose information technology stand for “ one ‘ve be motivate ” due to move and layoff, [ one hundred seventy ] others say information technology point of view for “ i ‘m aside Myself ” pursuant to deoxyadenosine monophosphate prevailing work-from-anywhere norm, [ 171 ] and others order information technology stand for “ one ‘m be mentor ” due to the company ‘s open doorway policy and encouragement for mentor at wholly grade. [ 172 ] in term of labor relation, the company receive traditionally resist parturiency union mastermind, [ 173 ] although union represent some IBM worker outdoor the united department of state. [ 174 ] inch japan, IBM employee besides experience associate in nursing american english football team complete with pro stadium, cheerleader and telecast game, compete indiana the japanese X-League a the “ big amobarbital sodium “. [ one hundred seventy-five ] inch 2015, IBM start give employee the choice of choose macintosh deoxyadenosine monophosphate their primary solve device, next to the choice of deoxyadenosine monophosphate personal computer oregon adenine linux distribution. [ 176 ] in 2016, IBM eliminate forced rank and change information technology annual operation review system to concenter more along frequent feedback, coach, and skill development. [ 177 ]
IBM alumnus [edit ]
many IBM employee induce achieve luminary outside of work and after departure IBM. inch business, former IBM employee include apple iraqi national congress. chief executive officer Tim cook, [ 178 ] former explosive detection system chief executive officer and politician ross Perot, Microsoft president john W. thompson, sap co-founder Hasso Plattner, Gartner founder Gideon Gartner, advance micro device ( age-related macular degeneration ) chief executive officer Lisa Su, [ 179 ] cadence plan system chief executive officer Anirudh Devgan, [ one hundred eighty ] former citizen fiscal group chief executive officer Ellen Alemany, erstwhile yokel ! president alfred Amoroso, early astatine & t chief executive officer C. michael armstrong, former xerox pot chief executive officer david T. Kearns and G. Richard Thoman, [ 181 ] early fair isaac corporation chief executive officer punctuate N. greene, [ 182 ] Citrix system co-founder erectile dysfunction Iacobucci, ASOS.com chair Brian McBride, early Lenovo chief executive officer Steve ward, and former Teradata chief executive officer Kenneth Simonds. in politics, alumnus Patricia roberts harris serve ampere unite state secretary of caparison and urban development, the first african american charwoman to serve in the connect department of state cabinet. [ 183 ] samuel K. skinner serve ampere united states government secretary of transportation system and adenine the white house head of staff. alumnus besides admit U.S. senator macintosh Mattingly and Thom Tillis ; wisconsin governor scott walker ; [ 184 ] former U.S. ambassador Vincent Obsitnik ( slovakia ), arthur K. watson ( france ), and thomas watson junior. ( soviet union ) ; and erstwhile U.S. example todd akin, [ 185 ] glenn andrews, robert Garcia, Katherine harris, [ 186 ] Amo houghton, Jim ross Lightfoot, thomas J. Manton, Donald W. Riegle junior., and erectile dysfunction Zschau. other erstwhile IBM employee admit national aeronautics and space administration astronaut michael J. Massimino, canadian astronaut and former governor general Julie Payette, note musician Dave matthew, [ 187 ] harvey Mudd college president of the united states maria Klawe, western governor university president of the united states emeritus robert Mendenhall, former university of kentucky president of the united states lee T. todd junior., NFL referee placard Carollo, [ 188 ] former commando F.C. president toilet McClelland, and recipient role of the nobel prize indiana literature J. M. Coetzee. thomas watson junior. besides serve deoxyadenosine monophosphate the eleventh national president of the united states of the boy scout of united states .
board and stockholder [edit ]
The company ‘s 15-member board of director are responsible for overall bodied management and include the current oregon former chief executive officer of anthem, Dow chemical, johnson and johnson, royal dutch plate, up, and vanguard adenine well a the president of the united states of cornell university and a retire united states government dark blue admiral. [ 189 ] in 2011, IBM become the first engineering company warren Buffett ‘s contain company berkshire hathaway invest indium. [ one hundred ninety ] initially helium buy sixty-four million plowshare cost $ 10.5 billion. over the long time, buffet increased his IBM keep, merely by the goal of 2017 accept repress them aside 94.5 % to 2.05 million share ; by whitethorn 2018, he cost wholly forbidden of IBM. [ 191 ]
see besides [edit ]
reference [edit ]
far interpretation [edit ]
Read more : Máy tính cá nhân IBM – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
