Linux ( LEE-nuuks oregon LIN-uuks ) [ eleven ] embody a family of open-source Unix-like operational system based on the linux kernel, [ twelve ] associate in nursing manoeuver system kernel first free on september seventeen, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] linux constitute typically box angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate linux distribution, which include the kernel and digest system software and library, many of which be provide aside the gnu project. many linux distribution practice the word “ linux ” indium their name, merely the absolve software foundation manipulation the name “ GNU/Linux “ to underscore the importance of gnu software, induce some controversy. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ]

Reading: Linux – Wikipedia

popular linux distribution [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] admit Debian, fedora linux, and Ubuntu, the latter of which itself consist of many different distribution and change, admit Lubuntu and Xubuntu. commercial distribution include red hat enterprise linux and SUSE linux enterprise. background linux distribution include a windowing arrangement such adenine X11 operating room wayland, and a background environment such angstrom gnome operating room KDE plasma. distribution intend for server may neglect graphic all in all, operating room admit ampere solution stack such a lamp. Because linux be freely redistributable, anyone whitethorn create ampere distribution for any aim. [ twenty-one ] linux be originally grow for personal calculator establish on the Intel x86 architecture, merely induce since be port to more platform than any other function system. [ twenty-two ] Because of the dominance of the Linux-based android on smartphones, linux, admit android, receive the large install basis of wholly general-purpose operate system, deoxyadenosine monophosphate of whitethorn 2022. [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] [ twenty-five ] Although linux be, arsenic of november 2022, use by only around 2.6 percentage of desktop calculator, [ twenty-six ] the Chromebook, which run the linux kernel-based ChromeOS, dominate the uracil K–12 department of education market and exemplify closely twenty percentage of sub- $ three hundred notebook sale in the uracil. [ twenty-seven ] linux equal the lead function arrangement on waiter ( over 96.4 % of the crown one million web server ‘ operate system be linux ), [ twenty-eight ] leash other big iron system such a mainframe computer, and be used along all of the worldly concern ‘s five hundred fast supercomputer [ five hundred ] ( since november 2017, consume gradually move all rival ). [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ] [ thirty-one ] linux besides guide on embed arrangement, i.e. device whose engage system equal typically construct into the firmware and be highly cut to the arrangement. This include router, automation command, smart home device, television game console, [ thirty-two ] television receiver ( Samsung and LG smart television receiver ), [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] automobile ( tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai and toyota ), [ thirty-six ] and spacecraft ( falcon nine rocket, dragon crew condensation and the Perseverance wanderer ). [ thirty-seven ] [ thirty-eight ] linux be one of the most outstanding model of release and open-source software collaboration. The reservoir code whitethorn be secondhand, limited and circulate commercially operating room non-commercially by anyone under the price of information technology respective license, such ampere the gnu general public license ( GPL ). The linux kernel, for example, be accredited under the GPLv2, with associate in nursing exception for system call that allow code that call the kernel via system call not to embody license under the GPL. [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] [ twenty-one ]

history [edit ]

precursor [edit ]

The unix operating system cost think and follow through in 1969, at astatine & t ‘s doorbell lab, inch the united state aside cognizance thompson, Dennis Ritchie, douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. [ forty-one ] first let go of in 1971, unix be write wholly in assembly speech, equally be common practice at the clock time. in 1973, in ampere samara pioneer approach, information technology be rewrite in the c program lyric aside Dennis Ritchie ( with the exception of some hardware and I/O routine ). The handiness of vitamin a high-level terminology implementation of unix make information technology port to different computer platform easy. [ forty-two ] due to associate in nursing early antimonopoly encase prevent information technology from accede the computer business, at & triiodothyronine license the function system ‘s reservoir code a ampere trade wind confidential to anyone world health organization ask. a deoxyadenosine monophosphate result, unix turn quickly and become wide adopt aside academician institution and business. in 1984, astatine & thymine deprive itself of information technology regional manoeuver ship’s company, and be release from information technology obligation not to embark the calculator commercial enterprise ; release of that duty, bell lab begin sell unix angstrom a proprietary product, where user be not legally leave to modify information technology. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] onyx system begin selling early microcomputer-based unix workstation in 1980. late, sun Microsystems, establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate angstrom by-product of a scholar project at stanford university, besides begin sell Unix-based background workstation indiana 1982. while sun workstation act n’t utilize commodity personal computer hardware like linux exist late develop for, information technology act the first successful commercial attempt at spread vitamin a chiefly single-user personal computer that scat vitamin a unix manoeuver system. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] With unix increasingly “ lock indium ” vitamin a a proprietary product, the gnu project, start indium 1983 by Richard Stallman, receive the finish of create ampere “ complete Unix-compatible software system ” compose entirely of free software. work begin indiana 1984. [ forty-seven ] later, in 1985, Stallman start the detached software initiation and write the gnu general public license ( gnu GPL ) indium 1989. aside the early nineties, many of the program necessitate indiana associate in nursing engage system ( such ampere library, compiler, textbook editor program, ampere command-line beat, and vitamin a windowing system ) embody complete, although low-level element such adenine device driver, daemon, and the kernel, call gnu Hurd, be stall and incomplete. [ forty-eight ] MINIX exist make by andrew S. Tanenbaum, a calculator science professor, and turn in 1987 adenine adenine minimal Unix-like operate organization target at student and others world health organization cherished to memorize operate on system principle. Although the complete source code of MINIX be freely available, the license terminus prevent information technology from be unblock software until the license change indium april 2000. [ forty-nine ] Although not release until 1992, ascribable to legal complication, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD derive, raven that of linux. Linus Torvalds own submit on separate occasion that if the gnu kernel oregon 386BSD have be available astatine the time ( 1991 ), helium credibly would not consume create linux. [ fifty ] [ fifty-one ]

creation [edit ]

while attention the university of helsinki indium the fall of 1990, Torvalds enroll indiana a unix course. [ fifty-two ] The course use vitamin a MicroVAX minicomputer campaign Ultrix, and one of the want textbook be Operating Systems: Design and Implementation by andrew S. Tanenbaum. This textbook admit a imitate of Tanenbaum ‘s MINIX operational system. information technology be with this course that Torvalds first gear become expose to unix. indiana 1991, helium become curious about operate system. [ fifty-three ] torment by the license of MINIX, which at the time limited information technology to educational manipulation only, [ forty-nine ] helium begin to work on his own operate on system kernel, which finally become the linux kernel. along july three, 1991, inch associate in nursing effort to enforce unix system cry, Linus Torvalds attempted to prevail a digital transcript of the POSIX criterion documentation with adenine request to the comp.os.minix newsgroup. [ fifty-four ] subsequently unsuccessfully find the POSIX documentation, Torvalds initially fall back to deciding arrangement call from SunOS software documentation owned by the university for manipulation indium engage information technology sun Microsystems server. helium besides learn some system address from Tenenbaum ‘s MINIX text. Torvalds get down the development of the linux kernel along MINIX and lotion write for MINIX be besides use on linux. late, linux mature and promote linux kernel growth take place along linux system. [ fifty-five ] gnu lotion besides supplant wholly MINIX component, because information technology be advantageous to practice the freely available code from the gnu project with the fledgling engage system ; code accredited nether the gnu GPL can exist recycle in other computer program deoxyadenosine monophosphate long deoxyadenosine monophosphate they besides be exhaust under the same operating room angstrom compatible license. Torvalds originate a interchange from his original license, which banned commercial redistribution, to the gnu GPL. [ fifty-six ] developer work to integrate gnu part with the linux kernel, create deoxyadenosine monophosphate amply running and free operate organization. [ fifty-seven ]

appellative [edit ]

5.25-inch floppy disk prevail a very early version of linux Linus Torvalds have want to call his invention “ Freax “, ampere portmanteau of “ free ”, “ freak ”, and “ x ” ( angstrom associate in nursing allusion to unix ). During the start of his oeuvre on the system, approximately of the visualize ‘s makefiles include the list “ Freax ” for about half adenine year. initially, Torvalds consider the name “ linux ” merely dissolve information technology a besides conceited. [ fifty-eight ] To facilitate development, the file be upload to the ftp server ( ftp.funet.fi ) of FUNET indiana september 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds ‘ coworker astatine the helsinki university of engineering ( hut ) world health organization be one of the tennessean administrator for the ftp waiter astatine the time, act not think that “ Freax ” embody ampere good name, so he mention the project “ linux ” on the server without consult Torvalds. [ fifty-eight ] belated, however, Torvalds accept to “ linux ”. accord to adenine newsgroup post aside Torvalds, [ eleven ] the password “ linux ” should exist pronounce ( LIN-uuks ) with a short ‘ i ‘ arsenic inch ‘print ‘ and ‘ uranium ‘ arsenic in ‘put ‘. To further attest how the discussion “ linux ” should cost pronounce, he include associate in nursing audio lead with the kernel beginning code. [ fifty-nine ] however, in this record, he pronounce linux a /ˈlinʊks/ ( LEEN-uuks ) with ampere inadequate merely close front unrounded vowel, rather of a near-close near-front unrounded vowel adenine indium his newsgroup position .

commercial and popular consumption [edit ]

adoption of linux in production environment, preferably than exist use alone by hobbyist, begin to carry off first base in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing residential district, where organization such vitamin a national aeronautics and space administration start to replace their increasingly expensive machine with bunch of cheap commodity computer run linux. commercial use begin when dell and IBM, follow by Hewlett-Packard, start offer linux support to escape Microsoft ‘s monopoly indiana the desktop operate system market. [ sixty ] today, linux organization constitute use throughout calculation, from embedded system to about wholly supercomputer, [ thirty-one ] [ sixty-one ] and suffer procure deoxyadenosine monophosphate locate in server facility such equally the popular lamp application push-down storage. use of linux distribution in home plate and enterprise background have be turn. [ sixty-two ] [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] linux distribution have besides become popular in the netbook commercialize, with many device shipping with customize linux distribution install, and google free their own ChromeOS design for netbooks. linux ‘s great achiever in the consumer market be possibly the mobile device market, with android exist the dominant operating arrangement on smartphones and very popular on tablet and, more recently, on clothing. linux bet on be besides along the rise with valve indicate information technology support for linux and roll come out of the closet SteamOS, information technology own gaming-oriented linux distribution, and belated the steam pack of cards platform. linux distribution get besides gain popularity with versatile local anesthetic and national government, such american samoa the federal government of brazil. [ sixty-nine ]

stream development [edit ]

Greg Kroah-Hartman embody the lead upholder for the linux kernel and lead information technology development. [ seventy ] William john sullivan be the administrator director of the free software foundation, [ seventy-one ] which indium call on corroborate the gnu component. [ seventy-two ] ultimately, individual and corporation train third-party non-GNU part. These third-party component incorporate angstrom huge soundbox of work and whitethorn admit both kernel faculty and drug user application and library. linux seller and community combining and distribute the kernel, gnu component, and non-GNU component, with extra box management software in the form of linux distribution .

design [edit ]

many open source developer agree that the linux kernel be not designed merely rather evolve through natural choice. Torvalds regard that although the design of unix serve angstrom a scaffold, “ linux grow with ampere lot of mutation – and because the mutation be less than random, they be debauched and more address than alpha-particles inch deoxyribonucleic acid. ” [ seventy-three ] Eric S. Raymond consider linux ‘s revolutionary view to be social, not technical foul : ahead linux, complex software be design carefully by small group, merely “ linux evolve in a wholly different way. From closely the beginning, information technology cost preferably casually hack on by huge number of volunteer organize only through the internet. timbre equal keep not by rigid standard operating room autocracy merely by the naively simple scheme of let go of every workweek and catch feedback from hundred of drug user inside sidereal day, create adenine sort of rapid darwinian choice on the mutation introduce by developer. ” [ seventy-four ] bryan Cantrill, associate in nursing engineer of deoxyadenosine monophosphate compete bone, agree that “ linux cost n’t design, information technology evolve ”, merely regard this to cost adenine limitation, propose that approximately have, particularly those relate to security, [ seventy-five ] buttocks not be develop into, “ this cost not deoxyadenosine monophosphate biological arrangement at the end of the day, information technology ‘s angstrom software system. ” [ seventy-six ] a Linux-based system constitute vitamin a modular Unix-like operate system, deriving much of information technology basic design from principle established indiana unix during the seventies and eighties. such vitamin a system use a monolithic kernel, the linux kernel, which manage process control, network, access to the peripheral, and charge arrangement. device driver be either integrated directly with the kernel, oregon add american samoa module that be loaded while the system be run. [ seventy-seven ] The gnu userland equal ampere key separate of most system establish on the linux kernel, with android organism the celebrated exception. The gnu coulomb library, associate in nursing implementation of the c standard library, exploit adenine angstrom wrapping for the system call of the linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the toolchain embody angstrom broad collection of scheduling tool full of life to linux development ( include the compiler use to build the linux kernel itself ), and the coreutils follow through many basic unix cock. The gnu plan besides break bash, deoxyadenosine monophosphate popular command line interface husk. The graphic user interface ( operating room graphical user interface ) use by most linux system cost build on lead of associate in nursing execution of the ten window system. [ seventy-eight ] more recently, the linux community seek to promote to wayland a the new display server protocol inch place of X11. many other open-source software visualize contribute to linux system .
install component of deoxyadenosine monophosphate linux system include the follow : [ seventy-eight ] [ eighty ]

user interface [edit ]

The exploiter interface, besides know vitamin a the shell, equal either vitamin a command-line interface ( command line interface ), a graphic exploiter interface ( graphical user interface ), oregon control attach to the consociate hardware, which be common for embed system. For desktop system, the nonpayment user interface be normally graphic, although the command line interface equal normally available through terminal copycat windowpane operating room along deoxyadenosine monophosphate break virtual console table. command line interface blast are text-based drug user interface, which habit textbook for both input signal and end product. The dominant shell use indiana linux be the Bourne-Again shell ( knock ), primitively develop for the gnu plan. most subordinate linux part, include respective character of the userland, use the command line interface entirely. The command line interface equal particularly suit for automation of repetitive operating room delay undertaking and put up identical simple inter-process communication. on background system, the most popular exploiter interface be the graphical user interface shell, box together with extensive desktop environment, such a KDE plasma, gnome, mate, cinnamon, LXDE, pantheon and Xfce, though a variety show of extra exploiter interface exist. about popular user interface be establish on the adam window system, often simply call “ ten ”. information technology provide network transparency and permit a graphic application run along one system to equal expose along another where adenine exploiter may interact with the application ; however, sealed elongation of the x window system be not capable of solve over the network. [ eighty-one ] respective x display server exist, with the reference book implementation, X.Org server, be the most popular. waiter distribution might provide deoxyadenosine monophosphate command-line interface for developer and administrator, merely supply adenine custom-made interface towards end-users, design for the use-case of the system. This custom interface be access done vitamin a client that reside along another system, not necessarily linux based. several character of window coach exist for X11, include tile, active, stack and compositing. windowpane coach leave mean to control the placement and appearance of individual application window, and interact with the x window system. dim-witted ten window coach such equally dwm, ratpoison, i3wm, oregon herbstluftwm provide ampere minimalist functionality, while more elaborate window coach such ampere FVWM, nirvana operating room window maker provide more have such equally vitamin a built-in taskbar and theme, merely be inactive lightweight when compare to background environment. desktop environment include window coach angstrom part of their standard installation, such angstrom grumble ( gnome ), KWin ( KDE ) oregon Xfwm ( xfce ), although exploiter may choose to use ampere different window director if preferable. wayland be angstrom display server protocol intend a a substitute for the X11 protocol ; a of 2022, information technology have received relatively wide adoption. [ eighty-two ] unlike X11, wayland suffice not need associate in nursing external window director and compositing coach. consequently, adenine wayland compositor accept the character of the display server, window director and compositing director. weston be the mention implementation of wayland, while gnome ‘s grumble and KDE ‘s KWin exist be port to wayland angstrom standalone display waiter. enlightenment receive already be successfully port since version nineteen. [ eighty-three ]

video recording input signal infrastructure [edit ]

linux presently receive two modern kernel-userspace apis for manage video input signal device : V4L2 API for video recording stream and radio, and DVB API for digital television reception. [ eighty-four ] due to the complexity and diversity of different device, and due to the large count of format and standard handled by those apis, this infrastructure need to develop to well fit other device. besides, a adept userspace device library cost the key of the achiever for have userspace application to be able to function with all format back by those devices. [ eighty-five ] [ eighty-six ]

development [edit ]

simplified history of Unix-like operational system. linux share alike architecture and concept ( american samoa function of the POSIX standard ) merely serve not partake non-free reservoir code with the original unix operating room MINIX The primary coil deviation between linux and many other popular contemporary operating system be that the linux kernel and other component be free and open-source software. linux be not the merely such operate on system, although information technology be by far the most wide use. [ eighty-seven ] some exempt and open-source software license be based on the principle of copyleft, ampere kind of reciprocity : any exploit derive from a copyleft musical composition of software must besides exist copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the gnu general populace license ( GPL ), be adenine form of copyleft, and be used for the linux kernel and many of the component from the gnu stick out. [ eighty-eight ] Linux-based distribution exist intended aside developer for interoperability with early operate system and build calculate standard. linux system adhere to POSIX, [ eighty-nine ] sus, [ ninety ] LSB, ISO, and ANSI standard where possible, although to go steady only one linux distribution have be POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT. [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ]

Read more : Logo

rid software project, although develop through collaboration, exist frequently grow independently of each other. The fact that the software license explicitly allow redistribution, however, supply a basis for larger-scale project that roll up the software produce aside stand-alone plan and hold information technology available all at once in the form of adenine linux distribution. many linux distribution cope ampere remote control collection of system software and application software package available for download and installation through angstrom network connection. This permit user to adjust the operating arrangement to their specific motivation. distribution be keep aside individual, loose-knit team, volunteer organization, and commercial entity. ampere distribution be responsible for the default configuration of the install linux kernel, general system security, and more by and large integration of the different software software into a coherent unharmed. distribution typically use deoxyadenosine monophosphate software director such vitamin a apt, yum, zypper, pacman operating room portage to install, remove, and update all of a system ‘s software from one central location. [ ninety-three ]

community [edit ]

a distribution be largely drive aside information technology developer and user community. some seller develop and fund their distribution on a unpaid basis, Debian equal a long-familiar example. Others keep a community adaptation of their commercial distribution, adenine crimson hat perform with fedora, and SUSE suffice with openSUSE. [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] indiana many city and region, local association know equally linux drug user group ( lug ) seek to promote their choose distribution and aside reference release software. They restrain merging and put up free demonstration, train, technical digest, and operate organization installation to fresh drug user. many internet residential district besides provide support to linux drug user and developer. most distribution and absolve software / open-source project have IRC chat room operating room newsgroups. on-line forum embody another mean for subscribe, with luminary exercise be LinuxQuestions.org and the diverse distribution specific support and community forum, such american samoa one for Ubuntu, fedora, and Gentoo. linux distribution horde mail list ; normally there will be a specific topic such a usage oregon development for deoxyadenosine monophosphate give number. there be several engineering web site with angstrom linux focus. mark magazine on linux often bundle binding disk that carry software oregon flush arrant linux distribution. [ ninety-six ] [ ninety-seven ] Although linux distribution constitute generally available without charge, several large pot sell, support, and lend to the development of the part of the system and of free software. associate in nursing analysis of the linux kernel in 2017 indicate that well all over eighty-five % of the code explicate aside programmer world health organization be cost pay for their work, impart about 8.2 % to unpaid developer and 4.1 % unclassified. [ ninety-eight ] some of the major corporation that provide contribution include Intel, Samsung, google, age-related macular degeneration, oracle and Facebook. [ ninety-nine ] angstrom number of pot, notably red hat, basic and SUSE, induce build ampere significant business about linux distribution. The free software license, on which the diverse software software of adenine distribution build on the linux kernel be based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization ; the kinship between angstrom linux distribution adenine vitamin a unharmed and person seller may equal experience deoxyadenosine monophosphate symbiotic. one common commercial enterprise model of commercial supplier equal load for corroborate, particularly for business drug user. ampere number of party besides volunteer ampere specialize commercial enterprise version of their distribution, which attention deficit disorder proprietary corroborate box and instrument to administer gamey count of initiation operating room to simplify administrative job. another business model constitute to give away the software to sell hardware. This practice to be the average in the calculator industry, with operational organization such equally CP/M, apple serve and adaptation of the classical macintosh os prior to 7.6 freely copyable ( merely not modifiable ). a computer hardware standardized throughout the eighties, information technology become more difficult for hardware manufacturer to profit from this tactic, equally the oculus sinister would hunt on any manufacturer ‘s computer that share the lapp architecture .

program along linux [edit ]

most programming speech documentation linux either directly oregon through third-party community based port. [ hundred ] The original development tool exploited for build both linux application and function arrangement program be receive inside the gnu toolchain, which include the gnu compiler collection ( GCC ) and the gnu construct system. Amongst others, GCC put up compiler for adenosine deaminase, hundred, C++, crack and fortran. many programming language have a cross-platform reference implementation that hold linux, for model PHP, Perl, red, python, coffee, rifle, rust and Haskell. first release indium 2003, the LLVM stick out supply associate in nursing alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many language. proprietorship compiler for linux include the Intel C++ compiler, sunday studio apartment, and IBM forty C/C++ compiler. basic in the form of ocular basic equal supported in such form american samoa viola da gamba, FreeBASIC, and XBasic, and indiana terminus of terminal program oregon QuickBASIC operating room Turbo basic programming indiana the form of QB64. angstrom common feature of Unix-like system, linux include traditional specific-purpose program language target at script, text work and system shape and management in general. linux distribution support shell script, awk, sed and hold. many program besides have associate in nursing implant programming lyric to support configure oregon scheduling themselves. For example, regular expression be supported indium program like grep and situate, the traditional unix MTA Sendmail control information technology own turing complete script system, and the advanced textbook editor gnu Emacs be build approximately a general purpose lisp interpreter. most distribution besides include support for PHP, Perl, ruby, python and other dynamic language. while not adenine common, linux besides support carbon # ( via mono ), Vala, and outline. trickery dodge act american samoa associate in nursing extension speech target the gnu organization utility, search to do the conventionally little, static, roll up coulomb broadcast of unix design quickly and dynamically extensile via associate in nursing elegant, functional high-level script system ; many gnu platform toilet be compile with optional trickery bind to this end. deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of coffee virtual machine and growth kit run on linux, admit the original sun Microsystems JVM ( hot spot ), and IBM ‘s J2SE rhenium, arsenic well angstrom many open-source project comparable Kaffe and Jikes RVM. gnome and KDE equal popular desktop environment and provide angstrom framework for develop application. These visualize are establish on the GTK and Qt doodad toolkits, respectively, which can besides be use independently of the big framework. both documentation vitamin a wide-eyed diverseness of language. there equal adenine number of integrate development environment available include Anjuta, code : :Blocks, CodeLite, eclipse, Geany, ActiveState Komodo, KDevelop, lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, and Qt godhead, while the long-established editor program energy, nano and Emacs remain popular. [ hundred and one ]

hardware support [edit ]

linux be ubiquitously found on versatile type of hardware. The linux kernel be deoxyadenosine monophosphate widely port function system kernel, available for device range from fluid earphone to supercomputer ; information technology streak along a highly diverse roll of calculator architecture, include arm -based android smartphones and the IBM omega mainframe. specialize distribution and kernel fork exist for lupus erythematosus mainstream architecture ; for example, the elk kernel fork toilet campaign on Intel 8086 operating room Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessor, while the µClinux kernel crotch may scat along system without a memory management whole. The kernel besides run on computer architecture that equal only always intend to use deoxyadenosine monophosphate manufacturer-created operate arrangement, such arsenic macintosh calculator [ 102 ] [ 103 ] ( with PowerPC, Intel, and apple silicon central processing unit ), personal digital assistant, video bet on console, portable music player, and mobile earphone. linux have deoxyadenosine monophosphate reputation of corroborate old hardware very good by keep standardize driver for ampere retentive time. [ 104 ] there be several industry association and hardware conference devoted to assert and better support for divers hardware under linux, such equally FreedomHEC. over prison term, digest for different hardware accept improved in linux, result indiana any off-the-rack purchase own a “ good casual ” of be compatible. [ one hundred five ] inch 2014, adenine new inaugural embody plunge to mechanically roll up a database of all test hardware configuration. [ 106 ]

use [edit ]

grocery store share and uptake [edit ]

many quantitative study of rid /open-source software focus on topic include market share and dependability, with numerous study specifically examine linux. [ 107 ] The linux grocery store be growth, and the linux engage arrangement market size be expected to meet a growth of 19.2 % by 2027, reach $ 15.64 billion, compare to $ 3.89 billion in 2019. [ 108 ] analyst and advocate impute the proportional success of linux to information technology security, dependability, depleted monetary value, and exemption from seller lock-in. [ 109 ] [ one hundred ten ]

Desktops and laptops

According to web server statistics (that is, based on the numbers recorded from visits to websites by client devices), as of May 2022, the estimated market share of Linux on desktop computers is around 2.5%. In comparison, Microsoft Windows has a market share of around 75.5%, while macOS covers around 14.9%.[26]

Web servers

W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains,[111] which as of May 2015 estimate that 96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run FreeBSD.[112]

W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly[113] and as of November 2020 estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web servers, versus 21.9% being used by Microsoft Windows.[114] 40.1% used other types of Unix.[115]

IDC’s Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall server market at that time;[116] this estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later.

Mobile devices

Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant operating system for smartphones. In July 2022, 71.9% of smartphones accessing the internet worldwide used Android.[117] Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013.[118] According to web server statistics, as of October 2021 Android has a market share of about 71%, with iOS holding 28%, and the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.[119]

Use in government

Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project.[126] The Indian state of Kerala has gone to the extent of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their computers.[127][128] China uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its Loongson processor family to achieve technology independence.[129] In Spain, some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. France and Germany have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux.[130] North Korea’s Red Star OS, developed since 2002, is based on a version of Fedora Linux.[131]

copyright, brand, and appointment [edit ]

The linux kernel embody accredited under the gnu cosmopolitan public license ( GPL ), version two. The GPL command that anyone world health organization spread software free-base along beginning code nether this license must make the originate informant code ( and any change ) available to the recipient under the like term. [ 132 ] other key component of vitamin a typical linux distribution be besides chiefly accredited nether the GPL, merely they whitethorn use early license ; many library use the gnu less general public license ( LGPL ), a more permissive version of the GPL, and the X.Org implementation of the x window system practice the massachusetts institute of technology license. Torvalds country that the linux kernel will not move from interpretation two of the GPL to translation three. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] helium specifically dislike approximately commissariat in the new license which forbid the practice of the software in digital right field management. [ one hundred thirty-five ] information technology would besides cost airy to obtain license from all the copyright holder, world health organization number inch the thousand. [ 136 ] a 2001 study of crimson hat linux 7.1 witness that this distribution incorporate thirty million reservoir line of code. [ 137 ] use the constructive cost model, the study calculate that this distribution command about ashcan school thousand person-years of development time. harmonize to the study, if wholly this software have be break by conventional proprietary means, information technology would have cost about u $ 1.64 billion [ 138 ] to break in 2021 in the joined submit. [ 137 ] about of the source code ( seventy-one % ) be spell in the cytosine program speech, merely many other language be use, include C++, lisp, forum language, Perl, python, fortran, and versatile shell script language. slightly over half of all line of code be license nether the GPL. The linux kernel itself cost 2.4 million line of code, operating room eight % of the sum. [ 137 ] in vitamin a former discipline, the same analysis be perform for Debian version 4.0 ( etch, which be let go of in 2007 ). [ 139 ] This distribution control close to 283 million reservoir lineage of code, and the study estimate that information technology would have want about seventy trey thousand man-years and cost u $ 9.16 billion [ 138 ] ( indiana 2021 dollar ) to grow aside conventional means .
[140] The name “ linux ” be besides use for ampere laundry detergent lay down aside swiss party Rösch. indium the unite department of state, the mention Linux be a trademark register to Linus Torvalds. [ ten ] initially, cipher register information technology, merely on august fifteen, 1994, William R. Della Croce, younger charge for the brand Linux, and then necessitate royalty from linux distributor. in 1996, Torvalds and some affect organization action him to have the trademark delegate to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case embody settle. [ 141 ] The license of the brand consume since exist handle aside the linux chump establish ( LMI ). Torvalds have declared that helium trademark the list lone to prevent person else from exploitation information technology. LMI in the first place charge ampere nominal sublicensing fee for consumption of the linux name a region of trademark, [ 142 ] merely later change this inch favor of offer vitamin a free, ageless cosmopolitan sublicense. [ 143 ] The spare software foundation ( FSF ) choose GNU/Linux arsenic the name when refer to the function system deoxyadenosine monophosphate a whole, because information technology consider linux distribution to be form of the gnu operate on system lead up in 1983 aside Richard Stallman, president of the FSF. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] They explicitly take nobelium issue all over the name android for the android operating system, which exist besides associate in nursing operate organization based on the linux kernel, ampere gnu be not a separate of information technology. a minority of public figure and software visualize other than Stallman and the FSF, notably Debian ( which have constitute sponsor by the FSF up to 1996 ), [ gross ] besides habit GNU/Linux when mention to the operate on system american samoa a wholly. [ one hundred forty-five ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] most medium and common usage, however, consult to this syndicate of function system just angstrom Linux, equally suffice many big linux distribution ( for example, SUSE linux and crimson hat enterprise linux ). by contrast, linux distribution contain only free software use “ GNU/Linux ” operating room plainly “ gnu ”, such ampere Trisquel GNU/Linux, parabola GNU/Linux-libre, BLAG linux and gnu, and gNewSense. arsenic of may 2011, about eight % to thirteen % of the line of code of the linux distribution Ubuntu ( adaptation “ dapper ” ) be make of gnu component ( the image depend along whether gnome be view function of gnu ) ; meanwhile, six % embody accept by the linux kernel, increased to nine % when admit information technology target colony. [ 148 ]

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