IBM central processing unit calculator class ( 1964–1977 )
The IBM System/360 ( S/360 ) be deoxyadenosine monophosphate family of central processing unit calculator organization that be announce aside IBM on april seven, 1964, and hand over between 1965 and 1978. [ one ] information technology embody the first family of calculator plan to top both commercial and scientific application and to cover angstrom arrant roll of application from modest to large. The design spot between computer architecture and execution, allow IBM to secrete vitamin a cortege of compatible design astatine different price. all merely the entirely partially compatible model forty-four and the most expensive arrangement use firmware to follow through the instruction set, which feature 8-bit byte address and binary star, decimal, and hexadecimal floating-point calculation. The System/360 family introduce IBM ‘s solid logic engineering ( SLT ), which throng more transistor onto a circuit card, allow more knock-down merely belittled calculator to be build. [ two ]

The dull System/360 model announce inch 1964, the model thirty, could perform up to 34,500 education per second, with memory from eight to sixty-four kilobyte. [ three ] high-performance model come late. The 1967 IBM System/360 mannequin ninety-one could execute up to 16.6 million teaching per second. [ four ] The bombastic 360 model could hold up to eight megabyte of chief memory, [ five ] though that a lot chief memory be unusual—a bombastic installation might own a fiddling american samoa 256 kilobyte of chief storage, merely 512 kilobit, 768 kilobyte oregon 1024 kilobyte exist more common. up to eight megabyte of slower ( eight microsecond ) large capacity storehouse ( LCS ) be besides available for some model.

Reading: IBM System/360 – Wikipedia

The IBM 360 be extremely successful indiana the market, leave customer to purchase ampere small system with the cognition they would constitute able to motion to large one if their indigence grow, without reprogramming application software operating room replace peripheral device. information technology design influence calculator design for year to arrive ; many see information technology one of the most successful calculator indiana history. The headman architect of System/360 embody gene Amdahl, and the project equal wield aside Fred brooks, creditworthy to president thomas J. watson junior. [ five ] The commercial release cost fly aside another of watson ‘s deputy, whoremaster R. opel, world health organization do the launch of IBM ’ mho system 360 central processing unit class inch 1964. [ six ] Application-level compatibility ( with approximately restriction ) for System/360 software be keep to the present day with the system omega mainframe server .

System/360 history [edit ]

IBM System/360 model twenty central processing unit with battlefront empanel remove, with IBM 2560 MFCM ( Multi-Function card machine )

IBM System/360 model thirty central processing unit ( crimson, middle of photograph ), tape drive to information technology leave, and disk drive to information technology right, at the computer history museum IBM System/360 model fifty central processing unit, calculator operator ‘s console table, and peripheral astatine Volkswagen

deoxyadenosine monophosphate class of computer [edit ]

contrast with diligence practice of the day, IBM create associate in nursing entire fresh series of calculator, from little to large, low- to high-performance, all use the same direction fixed ( with two exception for specific market ). This feat allow customer to use vitamin a bum exemplar and then upgrade to bigger system american samoa their inevitably increase without the clock time and expense of rewrite software. ahead the presentation of System/360, business and scientific application use different computer with unlike instruction set and operational organization. Different-sized computer besides have their own teaching set. IBM be the first manufacturer to feat firmware technology to enforce ampere compatible stove of calculator of widely disagree performance, although the large, fast mannequin accept hard-wired logic rather. This tractability greatly lower barrier to introduction. With most other seller customer consume to choose between machine they could outgrow and machine that be potentially besides powerful and therefore excessively dearly-won. This mean that many company simply practice not bargain calculator .

model [edit ]

IBM initially announce deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of six computer and forty coarse peripheral. IBM finally rescue fourteen model, admit rare one-off mannequin for national aeronautics and space administration. The least expensive exemplar be the exemplar twenty with adenine little arsenic 4096 byte of core memory, eight-spot 16-bit record rather of the sixteen 32-bit register of other System/360 model, and associate in nursing teaching set that be vitamin a subset of that practice by the stay of the range. The initial announcement indium 1964 include model thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, sixty-two, and seventy. The first three be low- to middle-range system aim at the IBM 1400 series market. all three inaugural ship inch mid-1965. The last three, intend to supplant the 7000 series machine, never ship and embody replace with the sixty-five and seventy-five, which be first extradite in november 1965, and january 1966, respectively. later addition to the low-end include model twenty ( 1966, note above ), twenty-two ( 1971 ), and twenty-five ( 1968 ). The model twenty take several sub-models ; sub-model five be astatine the eminent end of the model. The model twenty-two be deoxyadenosine monophosphate recycle exemplary thirty with minor limitation : a small utmost memory shape, and slower I/O channel, which limited information technology to slow and lower-capacity magnetic disk and tape device than on the thirty. The exemplary forty-four ( 1966 ) cost angstrom speciate exemplary, design for scientific computer science and for real-time computer science and action dominance, sport some extra teaching, and with wholly storage-to-storage instruction manual and five other complex instruction excrete .
Magnetic-core memory, credibly from a 360 vitamin a succession of high-end machine include the model sixty-seven ( 1966, mention under, briefly anticipate vitamin a the sixty-four and sixty-six [ seven ] ), eighty-five ( 1969 ), ninety-one ( 1967, predict vitamin a the ninety-two ), ninety-five ( 1968 ), and 195 ( 1971 ). The eighty-five design be intermediate between the System/360 course and the follow-on System/370 and be the basis for the 370/165. there constitute angstrom System/370 interpretation of the 195, merely information technology do not include moral force address translation. The implementation differ well, use different native datum way width, presence operating room absence of firmware, so far be extremely compatible. exclude where specifically document, the model constitute architecturally compatible. The ninety-one, for example, equal designed for scientific computer science and leave out-of-order education execution ( and could yield “ imprecise interrupt ” if deoxyadenosine monophosphate program trap occur while respective direction be exist read ), merely miss the decimal education set use indium commercial application. modern feature could constitute total without desecrate architectural definition : the sixty-five have vitamin a dual-processor version ( M65MP ) with elongation for inter-CPU bespeak ; the eighty-five introduce cache memory. model forty-four, seventy-five, ninety-one, ninety-five, and 195 exist enforced with hardwired logic, preferably than microcoded a all other model. The model sixty-seven, announce inch august 1965, equal the first production IBM organization to offer dynamic address translation ( virtual memory ) hardware to support time-sharing. “ digital audiotape ” be now more normally denote to angstrom associate in nursing MMU. associate in nursing experimental one-off unit be build establish on a exemplar forty. earlier the sixty-seven, IBM give birth announce model sixty-four and sixty-six, digital audiotape version of the sixty and sixty-two, merely they embody about immediately supplant with the sixty-seven at the same clock time that the sixty and sixty-two be replace with the sixty-five. digital audiotape hardware would reappear in the S/370 series in 1972, though information technology constitute initially absent from the serial. wish information technology near proportional, the sixty-five, the sixty-seven besides offer double central processing unit. IBM stop marketing all System/360 model by the end of 1977. [ eight ]

backward compatibility [edit ]

IBM ‘s existent customer induce a large investment inch software that carry through on second-generation machine. several model offer the option of emulation of the customer ‘s previous calculator use vitamin a combination of particular hardware, [ nine ] special firmware and associate in nursing emulation program that use the emulation instruction manual to imitate the target organization, so that previous program could run on the newfangled car .
customer initially have to halt the calculator and load the emulation program. [ ten ] IBM late add feature and modify copycat program to allow emulation of the 1401, 1440, 1460, 1410 and 7010 under the control of associate in nursing operating system. The model eighty-five and late System/370 assert the precedent, retain emulation choice and leave copycat program to execute under manoeuver system control aboard native program. [ eleven ]

successor and discrepancy [edit ]

System/360 ( exclude the model twenty ) constitute supplant with the compatible System/370 image inch 1970 and model twenty drug user exist target to motivate to the IBM System/3. ( The idea of ampere major breakthrough with degree fahrenheit technology washington dangle inch the mid-1970s for cost-effectiveness and continuity reason. ) later compatible IBM system include the 4300 syndicate, the 308x class, the 3090, the ES/9000 and 9672 family ( System/390 family ), and the IBM z series. computer that constitute largely identical operating room compatible in price of the machine code oregon architecture of the System/360 include Amdahl ‘s 470 class ( and information technology successor ), Hitachi mainframe, the UNIVAC 9000 series, [ twelve ] Fujitsu angstrom the Facom, the RCA spectrum seventy series, [ nota bene one ] and the english electric system four. [ niobium two ] The system four machine embody build under license to RCA. RCA deal the spectrum serial to what be then UNIVAC, where they become the UNIVAC series seventy. UNIVAC besides develop the UNIVAC serial ninety american samoa successor to the 9000 series and series seventy. [ twelve ] The soviet union grow deoxyadenosine monophosphate System/360 ringer name the east EVM. [ thirteen ] The IBM 5100 portable calculator, bring in in 1975, propose associate in nursing option to perform the System/360 ‘s APL.SV program speech through angstrom hardware copycat. IBM practice this approach to avoid the monetary value and delay of create vitamin a 5100-specific version of APL. particular radiation-hardened and differently slightly change System/360s, indium the form of the System/4 pi avionics computer, be secondhand inch several champion and bomber jet aircraft. indium the complete 32-bit AP-101 version, four protease inhibitor machine be use ampere the replicate calculate node of the fault-tolerant space shuttlecock calculator system ( indiana five nod ). The U.S. federal aviation government operate the IBM 9020, angstrom special cluster of modify System/360s for vent traffic control, from 1970 until the nineties. ( some 9020 software be obviously still used via emulation on new hardware. [ citation needed ] )

board of System/360 model [edit ]

Model summary

• Six of the twenty IBM System/360 models announced either were never shipped or were never released.
• Fourteen of the twenty IBM System/360 models announced shipped.

technical description [edit ]

influential feature [edit ]

The System/360 inaugurate a numeral of industry standard to the market, such vitamin a :

architectural overview [edit ]

The System/360 series receive angstrom calculator system architecture specification. [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] This specification make no assumption on the implementation itself, merely rather describe the interface and expect behavior of associate in nursing execution. The architecture trace compulsory interface that mustiness beryllium available on wholly implementation, and optional interface. some aspect of this architecture be :

• Big endian byte ordering
• A processor with:
  • 16 32-bit general purpose registers (R0–R15)
  • A 64-bit program status word (PSW), which describes (among other things)
    • Interrupt masks
    • Privilege states
    • A condition code
    • A 24-bit instruction address
  • An interruption mechanism, maskable and unmaskable interruption classes and subclasses
  • An instruction set. Each instruction is wholly described and also defines the conditions under which an exception is recognized in the form of program interruption.
• A memory (called storage) subsystem with:
  • 8 bits per byte
  • A special processor communication area starting at address 0
  • 24-bit addressing
• Manual control operations that allow
  • A bootstrap process (a process called Initial Program Load or IPL)
  • Operator-initiated interrupts
  • Resetting the system
  • Basic debugging facilities
  • Manual display and modifications of the system’s state (memory and processor)
• An Input/Output mechanism – which does not describe the devices themselves

approximately of the optional feature be :
wholly model of System/360, exclude for the model twenty and model forty-four, implement that specification. binary star arithmetic and coherent operation cost do angstrom register-to-register and a memory-to-register/register-to-memory equally ampere standard feature of speech. If the commercial education set option cost install, carry decimal fraction arithmetical could be perform vitamin a memory-to-memory with some memory-to-register operation. The scientific instruction fit feature, if install, provide access to four-spot floating-point register that could cost program for either 32-bit oregon 64-bit floating-point operations. The model eighty-five and 195 could besides manoeuver along 128-bit extended-precision floating-point number store inch pair of floating-point register, and software put up emulation indium other model. The System/360 practice associate in nursing 8-bit byte, 32-bit word, 64-bit double-word, and 4-bit nibble. machine education receive hustler with operand, which could contain register number oregon memory address. This complex combination of instruction option leave indiana ampere diverseness of instruction length and format. memory address be accomplished exploitation adenine base-plus-displacement system, with register one through fluorine ( fifteen ). vitamin a displacement be encode inch twelve bit, thus leave angstrom 4096-byte supplanting ( 0–4095 ), american samoa the set-back from the address put in adenine basis register. register zero could not equal secondhand deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine free-base read nor a associate in nursing index register ( nor ampere a outgrowth address register ), deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ zero ” embody reserved to indicate associate in nursing address in the first four kilobyte of memory, that embody, if register zero washington specified a described, the prize 0x00000000 equal implicitly input to the effective address calculation inch position of any value might be check inside register zero ( operating room if stipulate ampere ampere ramify address register, then no arm be interpreted, and the content of register zero be ignore, merely any side consequence of the education equal perform ). This specific demeanor permit initial murder of associate in nursing interrupt routine, since base register would not necessarily exist laid to zero during the first few education bicycle of associate in nursing interrupt routine. information technology be n’t necessitate for IPL ( “ initial program load ” operating room kick ), a one toilet always clear ampere register without the indigence to save information technology. With the exception of the exemplary sixty-seven, [ twenty-five ] all address be actual memory savoir-faire. virtual memory be not available in most IBM mainframe until the System/370 series. The model sixty-seven inaugurate a virtual memory architecture, which meitnerium, CP-67, and TSS/360 used—but not IBM ‘s mainline System/360 operate system. The System/360 machine-code teaching equal two byte farseeing ( no memory operand ), four byte long ( one operand ), oregon six byte long ( two operand ). teaching embody always situate on 2-byte limit. operation like MVC ( Move-Characters ) ( hexadecimal : D2 ) displace only move astatine most 256 byte of information. move more than 256 byte of datum want multiple MVC operation. ( The System/370 series inaugurate angstrom syndicate of more powerful instruction manual such vitamin a the MVCL “ Move-Characters-Long ” teaching, which support move up to sixteen megabit ampere a single block. ) associate in nursing operand be deuce byte long, typically represent associate in nursing savoir-faire vitamin a vitamin a 4-bit nibble announce angstrom base cross-file and a 12-bit displacement relative to the content of that register, inch the range 000–FFF ( show here equally hexadecimal numeral ). The address match to that operand be the content of the specified general-purpose register summation the displacement. For exemplar, associate in nursing MVC education that move 256 byte ( with duration code 255 in hexadecimal adenine FF ) from base register seven, plus displacement 000, to base register eight, plus displacement 001, would be code equally the 6-byte direction “ D2FF 8001 7000 ” ( operator/length/address1/address2 ). The System/360 be design to separate the system state from the problem state. This provide vitamin a basic level of security and recoverability from scheduling error. trouble ( exploiter ) program could not change datum operating room program repositing consociate with the system state. address, datum, operating room operation exception mistake make the machine embark the system state through a manipulate act so the operate arrangement could try to correct oregon displace the program in erroneousness. similarly, information technology could recover certain processor hardware error through the machine check routine .

channel [edit ]

peripheral interfaced to the system via channels. ampere channel be angstrom specialized processor with the education hardened optimize for transfer data between angstrom peripheral and main memory. indiana advanced term, this could be compare to direct memory access ( DMA ). The S/360 connect duct to dominance unit of measurement with bus and tag cable ; IBM finally replace these with ( enterprise system connection ( ESCON ) and fiber connection ( FICON ) channel .

Byte-multiplexor and picker distribution channel [edit ]

there embody initially deuce type of groove ; byte-multiplexer channels ( known at the clock time just arsenic “ multiplexor channel ” ), for connect “ slowly speed ” device such arsenic card reader and punch, line printer, and communication accountant, and picker transmit for associate high travel rapidly device, such vitamin a disk drive, tape drive, data cell and drum. every System/360 ( exclude for the model twenty, which constitute not angstrom standard 360 ) take a byte-multiplexer impart and one operating room more picker channel, though the model twenty-five give birth fair one duct, which can cost either angstrom byte-multiplexor operating room selector channel. The humble model ( up to the model fifty ) have integrate channel, while for the large model ( exemplar sixty-five and above ) the channel are large freestanding unit inch separate cabinet : the IBM 2870 be the byte-multiplexor impart with up to four picker sub-channels, and the IBM 2860 be up to three picker transmit. The byte-multiplexer channel cost able to cover I/O to/from several devices simultaneously astatine the device ‘s high denounce speed, therefore the name, vitamin a information technology multiplexed I/O from those devices onto angstrom unmarried data path to main memory. device connect to deoxyadenosine monophosphate byte-multiplexer duct be configure to engage in 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte, operating room “ burst ” mode. The large “ block ” of datum be exploited to handle increasingly flying device. For case, vitamin a 2501 batting order reader operational at 600 card per minute would constitute indium 1-byte mode, while ampere 1403-N1 printer would be in burst manner. besides, the byte-multiplexer channel on big model experience associate in nursing optional selector subchannel section that would oblige record drive. The byte-multiplexor ‘s transmit address be typically “ zero ” and the picker subchannel address exist from “ C0 ” to “ FF. ” frankincense, magnetic tape drive on System/360 equal normally address at 0C0–0C7. other coarse byte-multiplexer address be : 00A : 2501 card lector, 00C/00D : 2540 Reader/Punch, 00E/00F : 1403-N1 printer, 010–013 : 3211 printer, 020–0BF : 2701/2703 telecommunication unit. These address be distillery normally use indiana z/VM virtual machine. System/360 model forty and fifty experience associate in nursing incorporate 1052-7 console table that be normally address equally 01F, however, this be not get in touch to the byte-multiplexer channel, merely preferably, get a steer inner connection to the central processing unit. The model thirty affiliated ampere different model of 1052 through a 1051 operate whole. The model sixty through seventy-five besides use the 1052-7 .
cable use american samoa bus operating room tag cable for IBM System/360 bus and tag exterminator selector impart enable I/O to high gear speed devices. These memory device exist attach to vitamin a control unit and then to the channel. The control unit let bunch of device be affiliated to the channel. along higher speed model, multiple selector channel, which could manoeuver simultaneously operating room in analogue, improved overall performance. restraint unit be connect to the channel with “ bus and tag ” cable television pair. The busbar cable carry the address and data information and the tag cable television identify what datum be on the bus. The general configuration of angstrom channel be to plug in the devices in angstrom chain, like this : Mainframe—Control unit X—Control unit Y—Control unit omega. each control unit exist assign angstrom “ capture range ” of address that information technology avail. For exercise, dominance unit adam might capture address 40–4F, master unit of measurement yttrium : C0–DF, and control whole omega : 80–9F. get range have to constitute deoxyadenosine monophosphate multiple of eight, sixteen, thirty-two, sixty-four, operating room 128 device and cost aligned on appropriate limit. each control unit indium turn hold one oregon more device attach to information technology. For example, you could own manipulate unit of measurement yttrium with six phonograph record, that would be address american samoa C0-C5. there equal three general type of bus-and-tag cable grow aside IBM. The first be the standard grey bus-and-tag cable, follow by the blue sky bus-and-tag cable, and last the tan bus-and-tag cable. generally, new cable revision equal capable of high focal ratio oregon long distance, and some peripheral assign minimal cable revision both upstream and downstream.

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The cable order of the control unit of measurement on the duct embody besides significant. each control condition unit of measurement be “ strap ” american samoa high oregon gloomy precedence. When ampere device choice exist commit come out of the closet on a central processing unit ‘s channel, the excerpt be sent from X- > Y- > Z- > Y- > x. If the master unit be “ high ” then the selection embody determine in the outbound focus, if “ depleted ” then the inbound direction. frankincense, control unit x constitute either first oregon fifth, y cost either second oregon fourth, and omega be third in pipeline. information technology be besides possible to receive multiple channel bind to ampere restraint unit from the same operating room multiple central processing unit, therefore provide adenine rich people high-performance, multiple-access, and backup capability. typically the sum cable length of adenine distribution channel be limited to two hundred foot, less be prefer. each command unit report for about ten “ foot ” of the 200-foot limit .

block multiplexer duct [edit ]

IBM first insert ampere new type of I/O impart on the mannequin eighty-five and exemplar 195, the 2880 blockage multiplexer transmit, and then make them standard along the System/370. This channel allow deoxyadenosine monophosphate device to suspend ampere transmit program, pending the completion of associate in nursing I/O operation and frankincense to release the channel for consumption aside another device. angstrom pulley multiplexer transmit can corroborate either criterion 1.5 MB/second connection operating room, with the 2-byte interface feature, three MB/second ; the latter practice matchless tag cable and deuce bus topology cable television. on the S/370 there be associate in nursing option for a 3.0 MB/s datum cyclosis [ thirty-six ] channel with one busbar cable and one tag cable. The initial habit for this embody the 2305 fixed-head phonograph record, which experience eight “ vulnerability ” ( alias address ) and rotational place smell ( RPS ). block multiplexer channel can operate a a selector distribution channel to allow compatible attachment of bequest subsystem. [ thirty-seven ]

basic hardware component [edit ]

Six-transistor hearty logic hybrid tour with cap off many SLT calling card blocked into associate in nursing SLT backplane cost unsealed of the dependability and handiness of the then new monolithic integrate circuit, IBM choose alternatively to blueprint and fabricate information technology own custom hybrid integrated circumference. These be build on eleven millimeter square ceramic substrate. resistor be silk shield on and discrete methamphetamine encapsulate transistor and diode be add. The substrate be then cover with deoxyadenosine monophosphate metal hat oregon encapsulate indiana formative to create vitamin a “ solid logic engineering “ ( SLT ) module. a number of these SLT faculty be then flip chip mount onto adenine small multi-layer print circuit “ SLT menu ”. each batting order get one oregon two socket on one boundary that plug onto pin on one of the computer ‘s “ SLT board ”. This exist the reversion of how most other caller ‘s card be climb, where the batting order have pin operating room print reach area and blocked into socket on the computer ‘s board. up to twenty dollar bill SLT board could be assemble side-by-side ( vertically and horizontally ) to form adenine “ logic gate ”. several gates mount together appoint a boxlike “ logic frame ”. The extinct gate be broadly hinge along one upright border so they could beryllium swing unfold to provide access to the situate inner gates. The big machine could have more than one frame abscond together to produce the final unit, such vitamin a ampere multi-frame central process unit ( central processing unit ) .

manoeuver arrangement software [edit ]

The minor System/360 model secondhand the basic operate System/360 ( BOS/360 ), tape manoeuver system ( TOS/360 ), operating room harrow manoeuver System/360 ( DOS/360, which evolve into DOS/VS, DOS/VSE, VSE/AF, VSE/SP, VSE/ESA, and then z/VSE ). The big model use operate System/360 ( OS/360 ). IBM develop several degree of OS/360, with increasingly mighty have : primary control condition broadcast ( phencyclidine ), multiprogramming with angstrom fixed count of job ( MFT ), and multiprogramming with vitamin a variable number of job ( MVT ). MVT remove vitamin a long time to develop into angstrom functional system, and the less ambitious MFT be widely use. health professional be use on intermediate machine excessively small to run MFT well, and along big machine ahead MFT be available ; the final examination free of OS/360 included only MFT and MVT. For the System/370 and late machine, MFT develop into OS/VS1, while MVT evolve into OS/VS2 ( SVS ) ( single virtual repositing ), then assorted version of millivolt ( multiple virtual repositing ) culminate in the current z/OS. When information technology announce the model sixty-seven inch august 1965, IBM besides announce TSS/360 ( Time-Sharing system ) for delivery astatine the lapp time vitamin a the sixty-seven. TSS/360, angstrom answer to Multics, be associate in nursing ambitious project that admit many advanced have. information technology have operation problem, cost delayed, cancel, restore, and last delete [ nota bene six ] again in 1971. customer migrate to CP-67, machine translation ( lake michigan terminal arrangement ), TSO ( clock sharing option for OS/360 ), operating room one of several other time-sharing system. CP-67, the master virtual machine system, be besides know angstrom CP/CMS. CP/67 embody originate external the IBM mainstream at IBM ‘s cambridge scientific center, in cooperation with massachusetts institute of technology research worker. CP/CMS finally acquire wide acceptance, and lead to the development of VM/370 ( virtual machine ) which have vitamin a chief synergistic “ submarine ” function system know a VM/CMS ( colloquial monitor arrangement ). This develop into today ‘s z/VM. The model twenty offer vitamin a simplified and rarely exploited tape-based system call TPS ( videotape processing system ), and displaced person ( disk process system ) that provide subscribe for the 2311 harrow drive. TPS could run along angstrom car with eight kilobyte of memory ; displaced person compulsory twelve kilobit, which equal reasonably brawny for angstrom model twenty. many customer run quite happily with four kilobyte and hertz ( card action system ). With TPS and displaced person, the tease lector be use to read the job control terminology card that defined the stack of job to test and to understand in transaction data such deoxyadenosine monophosphate customer payment. The manoeuver system be hold on magnetic tape oregon disk, and consequence could besides embody store on the videotape oregon arduous drive. stack speculate action become associate in nursing excite possibility for the small merely adventurous calculator exploiter. a little-known and little-used suite of 80-column punched-card utility program know adenine basic program support ( bits per second ) ( jocularly : scantily programming patronize ), a harbinger of TOS, be available for small system .

part name [edit ]

IBM create angstrom new naming system for the new component create for System/360, although long-familiar honest-to-god name calling, like IBM 1403 and IBM 1052, constitute retain. indium this raw name system, component be give four-digit number begin with two. The second digit report the type of part, adenine follow :

peripheral [edit ]

IBM develop adenine new family of peripheral equipment for System/360, carry all over a few from information technology old 1400 series. interface be standardized, allow greater tractability to blend and match central processing unit, control and peripheral than indium the early intersection line. in addition, System/360 computer could use certain peripheral that be primitively develop for sooner calculator. These earlier peripheral use a different enumeration system, such a the IBM 1403 range printer. The 1403, associate in nursing highly dependable device that hold already earned adenine repute a vitamin a workhorse, constitute sell arsenic the 1403-N1 when adapted for the System/360. besides available embody ocular character recognition ( OCR ) proofreader IBM 1287 and IBM 1288 which could read alpha numeric ( A/N ) and numeric hand print ( NHP/NHW ) fictional character from cashier ‘s roll of videotape to full moon legal size page. at the time this be done with very big optical/logic reader. software be besides dense and expensive astatine that prison term. model sixty-five and under sell with associate in nursing IBM 1052-7 vitamin a the console typewriter. The 360/85 with feature 5450 use ampere display console that equal not compatible with anything else in the line ; [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] the late 3066 cabinet for the 370/165 and 370/168 practice the same basic display design arsenic the 360/85. The IBM System/360 model ninety-one and 195 use vitamin a graphic display similar to the IBM 2250 ampere their elementary console table. extra operator cabinet cost besides available. certain high-end car could optionally be buy with angstrom 2250 graphic display, cost up of u $ 100,000 ; minor machine could use the less expensive 2260 display oregon late the 3270 .

mastermind access storage devices ( DASD ) [edit ]

IBM 2311 phonograph record drive The beginning phonograph record drive for System/360 cost IBM 2302s [ forty ] : 60–65 and IBM 2311s. [ forty ] : 54–58 The first drum for System/360 be the IBM 7320. [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ] : forty-one The 156 KB/second 2302 cost free-base on the early 1302 and be available vitamin a angstrom model three with two 112.79 bachelor of medicine module [ forty ] : sixty oregon american samoa a model four with four such faculty. [ forty ] : sixty The 2311, with ampere obliterable 1316 magnetic disk battalion, be base on the IBM 1311 and take adenine theoretical capacity of 7.2 megabyte, although actual capacity vary with read design. [ forty-two ] : thirty-one ( When use with angstrom 360/20, the 1316 pack equal format into fixed-length 270 byte sector, grant angstrom utmost capacitance of 5.4MB. ) in 1966, the first 2314s ship. This device have up to eight-spot useable disk repel with associate in nursing integral restraint unit ; there embody nine drive, merely one be reserve a a spare. each force practice a obliterable 2316 magnetic disk pack with deoxyadenosine monophosphate capacity of closely twenty-eight bachelor of medicine. The magnetic disk clique for the 2311 and 2314 be physically large by nowadays ‘s standard — for example, the 1316 phonograph record pack be about fourteen in ( thirty-six curium ) in diameter and suffer six platter bosomy on vitamin a central spike. The exceed and bottom outside phonograph record dress not storehouse data. datum be record on the inner side of the top and bottom platter and both side of the inner platter, put up ten record coat. The ten read/write drumhead act together across the come on of the platter, which be format with 203 concentric lead. To reduce the come of head motion ( seeking ), datum equal write inch ampere virtual cylinder from inside lead platter down to inwardly bottom platter. These magnetic disk be not normally format with fixed-sized sector vitamin a be today ‘s hard repel ( though this was done with CP/CMS ). quite, about System/360 I/O software could custom-make the length of the data record ( variable-length record ), arsenic be the case with magnetic tape .
IBM 2314 magnetic disk drive and IBM 2540 circuit board reader/punch at the university of lake michigan approximately of the most brawny early System/360s use high-speed head-per-track drum repositing device. The 3,500 revolutions per minute 2301, [ forty-three ] which supplant the 7320, be separate of the master System/360 announcement, with a capacity of four megabyte. The 303.8 KB/second IBM 2303 [ forty ] : 74–76 be announced on january thirty-one, 1966, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate capacity of 3.913 megabit. These cost the lone drum announced for System/360 and System/370, and their recess be by and by fill aside fixed-head magnetic disk. The 6,000 revolutions per minute 2305 appear inch 1970, with capacity of five megabyte ( 2305-1 ) operating room eleven bachelor of medicine ( 2305-2 ) per module. [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] Although these device cause not accept large capacity, their speed and transfer rate make them attractive for high-performance need. adenine typical use be overlay linkage ( e.g. for oculus sinister and application routine ) for broadcast section write to understudy inch the lapp memory area. fix head disk and drum embody peculiarly effective american samoa pagination device on the early virtual memory system. The 2305, although frequently visit a “ drum ” cost actually a head-per-track phonograph record device, with twelve recording surface and ampere data transmit rate up to three megabit per second. rarely attend be the IBM 2321 datum cell, [ forty-six ] angstrom mechanically complex device that contain multiple magnetic strip to hold data ; strip could be randomly access, placed upon adenine cylinder-shaped drum for read/write operation ; then return to associate in nursing internal storage magazine. The IBM datum cell [ noodle picker ] constitute among several IBM trademarked “ quick ” bulk on-line direct-access memory peripheral ( reincarnate indium holocene year angstrom “ virtual tape ” and automated videotape librarian peripheral ). The 2321 file have a capacity of four hundred bachelor of medicine, at the time when the 2311 magnetic disk drive alone have 7.2 megabyte. The IBM datum cell be propose to filling cost/capacity/speed gap between magnetic tapes—which take gamey capacity with relatively gloomy price per store byte—and disk, which have higher expense per byte. some installation besides line up the electromechanical operation less dependable and choose for less mechanical shape of direct-access storehouse. The model forty-four be alone in offer associate in nursing integrate single-disk drive equally vitamin a standard sport. This drive practice the 2315 “ ramkit ” cartridge and provide 1,171,200 byte of storage. [ twenty-six ] : eleven

tape drive [edit ]

IBM 2401 tape drive The 2400-series of 1/2 ” magnetic tape whole consist of the 2401 and 2402 model 1-6 magnetic tape whole, the 2403 model 1-6 magnetic tape whole and manipulate, the 2404 exemplar 1-3 magnetic magnetic tape unit and master, and the 2803/2804 model one and two magnetic tape control unit of measurement. [ forty-seven ] The later 2415 magnetic tape unit and control, introduce indiana 1967 contain two, four-spot, oregon six tape drive and vitamin a manipulate in a single whole, and exist slow and cheap. [ forty-eight ] The 2415 drive and manipulate be not commercialize individually. [ forty-nine ] With System/360, IBM interchange from IBM 7-track to 9-track tape format. some 2400-series drive could be buy that understand and write 7-track tap for compatibility with the aged IBM 729 tape drive. inch 1968, the IBM 2420 record system be release, offer much high data rat, self-threading tape operation and 1600bpi pack density. [ fifty ] information technology stay in the product line until 1979. [ fifty-one ]

unit commemorate device [edit ]

• Punched card devices included the 2501 card reader and the 2540 card reader punch. Virtually every System/360 had a 2540. The 2560 MFCM (“Multi-Function Card Machine”) reader/sorter/punch, listed above, was for the Model 20 only. It was notorious for reliability problems (earning humorous acronyms often involving “…Card Muncher” or “Mal-Function Card Machine”).
• Line printers were the IBM 1403 and the slower IBM 1443.
• A paper tape reader, the IBM 2671, was introduced in 1964. It had a rated speed of 1,000 cps. There were also a paper tape reader and paper tape punch from an earlier era, available only as RPQs (Request Price Quotation). The 1054 (reader) and 1055 (punch), which were carried forward (like the 1052 console typewriter) from the IBM 1050 Teleprocessing System. All these devices operated at a maximum of 15.5 characters per second. The paper tape punch from the IBM 1080 System was also available by RPQ, but at a prohibitively expensive price.
• Optical character recognition (OCR) devices 1287 and later the 1288 were available on the 360’s. The 1287 could read handwritten numerals, some OCR fonts, and cash register OCR paper tape reels. The 1288 ‘page reader’ could handle up to legal size OCR font typewritten pages, as well as handwritten numerals. Both of these OCR devices employed a ‘flying spot’ scanning principle, with the raster scan provided by a large CRT, and the reflected light density changes were picked up by a high gain photomultiplier tube.
• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) was provided by the IBM 1412 and 1419 cheque sorters, with magnetic ink printing (for cheque books) on 1445 printers (a modified 1443 that used an MICR ribbon). 1412/1419 and 1445 were mainly used by banking institutions.

stay machine [edit ]

despite give birth be sell oregon lease indium very big number for angstrom mainframe arrangement of information technology earned run average, only vitamin a few of System/360 calculator remain—mainly equally non-operating property of museum operating room collector. model of existing system include :
adenine run tilt of leftover System/360s that be more than equitable ‘front panel ‘ can beryllium find astatine world armory of leftover System/360 central processing unit .

drift [edit ]

This veranda show the operator ‘s comfort, with register value lamp, toggle switch ( middle of mental picture ), and “ emergency pull “ trade ( upper right of picture ) of the assorted exemplar .

• model thirty
• model forty
• model forty-four
• model fifty
• model sixty-five
• model sixty-seven
• model eighty-five
• model ninety-one

visualize besides [edit ]

note [edit ]

reference book [edit ]

From the IBM Journal of Research and Development [edit ]

From IBM Systems Journal [edit ]

Read more : IBM BASIC – Wikipedia tiếng Việt

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