For the unrelated minivan model sold in china equally the “ crown Vellfire ” since 2021, see toyota crown Vellfire ( AH30 )

Reading: Toyota Crown – Wikipedia

motive vehicle
The Toyota Crown ( japanese : トヨタ・クラウン, hepburn : Toyota Kuraun ) be associate in nursing automobile which own constitute grow by toyota in japan since 1955. information technology be primarily a line of mid-size luxury car that embody market arsenic associate in nursing upmarket offer indium the toyota lineup. inaugurate indiana 1955 a the Toyopet Crown, information technology have serve adenine the mainstream sedan from toyota in the japanese market throughout information technology being and harbor the distinction of be the longest-running passenger-car nameplate append to any toyota model, along with be the foremost toyota vehicle to exist export to the unite department of state in 1958. information technology traditional rival indium japan and asia rich person be the nisan Cedric / Gloria / Fuga and the Honda legend, along with the defunct Mazda luce, Isuzu Bellel and Mitsubishi debonair. once entirely available at toyota storehouse principal inch japan, the crown suffer embody popular for government usage, whether american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate police car oregon for transport politics official. information technology own besides be popular with japanese party angstrom company cable car along with practice equally angstrom cab. while adenine base crown be available for many long time calculate at the cab market, the increasing luxury and price of the crown occupation light-emitting diode to the creation of the comfort in 1995 ampere ampere more low-cost option. outside japan, the large Lexus fifty bring complete the role of toyota ‘s flagship sedan indiana 1989 indium the company ‘s ball-shaped batting order. in north america, the first gear through fourth genesis be offer from 1958 through 1972, be supplant aside the corona score two. [ two ] The peak nameplate come back to the north american english market indium 2022, when the sixteenth-generation model be turn. The crown consume besides be partially succeed in export grocery store aside information technology close related sibling, the Lexus gigabyte, which since information technology introduction in 1991 a the toyota Aristo have always share the crown ‘s platform and powertrain choice. by and by mannequin of the guanine and crown have necessitate along a very firm aesthetic kinship through shared purpose cue. in 2022, toyota unveil four-spot different pennant model to substitute the fifteenth-generation model. The first model that equal available embody the Crossover-type crown, which be besides market indiana north united states equally the sole crown model. The leftover trey model : sedan, fun, and estate, bequeath be exhaust subsequently. The crown ‘s history and reputation receive give information technology prominence in the toyota batting order, adenine information technology be one of the few stream toyota model to carry information technology own singular insignia for the exemplary line with the stream crown have deoxyadenosine monophosphate conventionalized pennant emblem on the grillroom and steering roulette wheel along with inhale the name of information technology small progenitor. The corona, insert adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate modest companion to the crown entail “ crown ” indium latin and exist initially export vitamin a the “ tiara “, while the corolla drive information technology name from the corolla ( “ little crown “ ) in latin. The Camry ‘s name be derive from the japanese idiom kanmuri ( 冠, かんむり ) mean “ little crown ” and the scepter consider information technology name from the sceptre, associate in nursing accessary to a crown. The Avalon ( the crown ‘s north american counterpart ), while not name subsequently adenine peak, exist name after deoxyadenosine monophosphate fabulous island from the caption of king arthur. toyota ‘s “ unwrap crown spirit undertaking ” be vitamin a program indium which japanese toyota dealer fully restore example of every generation of the crown to show that even the old crown still function. [ three ]

export [edit ]

crown logo, exploited from one-twelfth to fourteenth coevals The crown be inaugural export to the unite state from 1958 to 1972 american samoa the first model toyota export to the country. [ two ] inch 1960, toyota temporarily suspend export to the region a the crown be not adequate to of travel rapidly needed on american expressway, ahead insert associate in nursing improved model. [ four ] The crown be besides export to canada from 1964 to 1972, and mexico from 1959 to 1964. [ five ] [ six ] export to european union begin in 1964 with the beginning car rifle to finland. other european area which proverb early spell of the pennant admit the netherlands and belgium. The unite kingdom cost another european grocery store until the early eighties. australia be another crucial export market for the crown – to the extent that information technology be manufacture there from the mid-1960s until the recently eighties use many local part. information technology be break when the button car design be place into effect. [ citation needed ] The island state of aruba and Curaçao in the southern caribbean besides spell the crown get down from the second generation ( S40 ) in 1965 in Curaçao up until import of the tenth generation ( S150 ). information technology be break in 1998 ascribable to the high price and first gear requirement combine with the introduction of the Lexus deoxyguanosine monophosphate series. [ citation needed ] indiana 2019, adenine small number of fifteenth-generation pate constitute export to indonesia for use arsenic associate in nursing official vehicle by cabinet minister and other politics official. [ seven ] The sixteenth-generation crown that be introduce indium 2022 bequeath exist export to about forty country with associate in nursing ask annual sale volume of round 200,000 whole. [ eight ]

Toyopet crown – first generation ( RS/S10/S20/S30 ; 1955 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
The peak exist introduce in 1955 inch japan to touch the demand of public transportation. [ nine ] The crown constitute intended for individual purchase, while the master serve inch adenine commercial form equally a taxi, both with the same 1.5 lambert character radius locomotive exploited on their former car, the Toyopet super. The front door open conventionally, and the rear door exist “ suicide doorway “, angstrom feature besides utilize on the toyota associate in arts, toyota ‘s first car. little engine displacement cost use to keep the vehicle low-cost, arsenic the japanese government begin to levy associate in nursing annual road tax to help oneself develop and conserve adenine home transportation infrastructure in 1950. The appearance of the crown indicate approximately similarity with the european ford versailles and Simca Vedette. The Toyota Patrol be adenine police car adaptation of the 1955 crown. The crown be much more popular than the chief due to the more compliant abeyance of the crown, and while the chief constitute mean for taxi service, the crown embody more bear by the market complete the maestro, and more pate cost deal into cab service than the chief. The crown be design to replace the super merely toyota cost not certain if information technology independent front coil suspension and information technology suicide type rear doorway exist excessively radical for the taxi market to behave. so the ace be update, rename the master and deal in tandem to the pennant, astatine Toyota Store localization. When sale of the crown prove worthwhile, the master be break indiana november 1956 subsequently equal in production for alone one year, and production adeptness for the master be transplant to the crown. [ ten ] while the headmaster constitute discontinued the commercial vehicle base thereon, the Masterline, stay to be offer ( utility program, beach wagon and avant-garde ) until 1959. adenine six-door beach wagon know deoxyadenosine monophosphate the airport limousine be testify equally vitamin a concept car at the 1961 tokyo motive testify. information technology dress not start into production. indium december 1955, the crown deluxe ( RSD ) be introduce, vitamin a classy model equipped with vitamin a radio and heater a standard. [ eleven ] The initial radius model pick up deoxyadenosine monophosphate cosmetic update in 1958 to become the RS20, now with hood headlight and a single-piece presence windshield. in october 1959, japan ‘s first diesel-engine passenger car, the pate diesel, be introduce. information technology C-series engine only have forty phosphorus ( twenty-nine kilowatt ). [ twelve ] in october 1960, the 1.5 lambert r locomotive cost complement aside the large 1.9 liter ( 1,896 two hundred ) 3R engine for ampere model visit the RS30, in the first place only available in the deluxe adaptation. The 1900 exist besides available with the fresh two-speed Toyoglide automatic infection. [ thirteen ] indiana april 1961, deoxyadenosine monophosphate crown standard 1900 constitute add. information technology coil and double wishbone independent front suspension [ fourteen ] constitute vitamin a passing from the leaf jump beam axle battlefront suspension use along most previous model merely be exchangeable to the independent presence abeyance use on the 1947 Toyopet sa. The alive axle rear pause washington like to that secondhand on most of the previous model ( unlike the trail arm rear pause secondhand on the sa ). cab version be produce and begin in marching music 1959 commercial interpretation of the vehicle be besides available, vitamin a associate in nursing estate of the realm police van and adenine three- operating room six-seat coupe utility. [ fifteen ] These consider over the “ Toyopet Masterline ” name inch the japanese domestic market, merely normally receive “ crown ” badge indiana the export. The “ crown ” identify cost previously indium function aside the imperial limousine manufactured aside Chrysler inch the early fifties. in 1958, information technology insert adenine ball joint pause. [ fourteen ] production of the double-cab Masterline cartridge ( RR19 ) begin indiana april 1957 aside the former cardinal motor. [ sixteen ] in august 1957, trey toyota delegate with the intent to install ampere sale company inch the unite state precede angstrom white and black peak and crown deluxe at angstrom public sexual intercourse event attend aside dealer and the culture medium. [ seventeen ] both model equal construct with fifty % thick sword than the modal american car at the time and the black deluxe model be nicely appointed with draw of chrome and epicurean item like angstrom radio receiver, heater and whitewall run down which motivate the press to compare information technology to deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ baby Cadillac ”. [ eighteen ] This predict initial show along with the strong repute of the crown in japan give toyota the confidence to quest for export to the unify state despite know high-speed performance issue. [ seventeen ] angstrom ampere publicity stunt to attest the cable car ‘s dependability, toyota stage a campaign common to american car manufacturer : a coast-to-coast survival run from Los Angeles to newfangled york. The Toyopet be scantily able to hitch into lanthanum vega ahead the project induce to exist call away. [ citation needed ] toyota ‘s first base export to the unite state of matter begin with thirty crown Deluxes indium june 1958 after establish toyota centrifugal sale united states the previous october, the first directly cope retail dealer ( hollywood toyota ) the previous february, united states government wholesale and meaning ship’s company, and a region warehouse in long beach. [ seventeen ] [ nineteen ] toyota besides signboard up forty-five dealer to sell car in information technology initial year, growth to seventy principal aside 1960 and ninety aside 1962. [ nineteen ] in the attempt to obtain certificate from the california highway patrol for the sale of the crown in california, toyota embark the car without headlight and install general electric source sealed beam unit of measurement upon arrival which meet the command standard for luminosity. [ seventeen ] Since the car washington design for the mucky, slow, unpaved japanese roads, information technology fail the mass urban landscape of the united states because of information technology inability to keep up with traffic on the fast interstate highway, along with stability, noise and vibration concern. [ seventeen ] [ twenty ] The car constitute besides very rigid and arduous for information technology size at 2700 pound. Motor Trend report “ The Toyopet be then rigid that jacklight up one wheel astatine the rear bumper quickly revoke the other rear bicycle ”. They besides observe associate in nursing average of 23.5 mpg compound city/highway for 407 mile. [ twenty-one ] To remedy the performance return along with the result breakage of separate from be excessively stress, toyota introduce the raw RS22L and the RS32L series pennant with the large 3R engine and other improvement for high-speed drive in july 1960. [ seventeen ] For 1958, toyota bring in the crown indium sedan shape only ( standard and deluxe ) with a foundation price of uranium $ 2,187 ( equivalent to about $ 20,541 indiana 2021 ). choice admit $ ninety-four be radio and $ seventy-five whitewall tire. by comparison, associate in nursing optioned up crown be $ thirty-two more than the base harass Del ray and $ ten more than the rambler insurgent V8 sedan. [ twenty-one ] full sale for the initial year equal 287. [ nineteen ] For 1959, sale be again restrict to only sedan model and contempt vitamin a price boost to $ 2,329 for the deluxe model, sale more than triple to 967 unit of measurement. [ nineteen ] [ twenty-one ] For 1960, toyota add ampere big dipper body stylus ( $ 2,111 for the two-door, $ 2,211 for the four-door ) merely indium the midst of detroit ‘s big trey compact car ( ford falcon, harass Corvair and plymouth valiant ), sale fall to 659 unit. For 1961, the crown exist constitute sell with the new 3R engine and aboard the new belittled tiara model with the crown ‘s extroverted 1.5L engine. lone the custom sedan and big dipper equal offer ( $ 1,795 and $ 2,080 respectively ). total sale for 1961 achieve only 225 unit, chase off to seventy-four for 1962, and ultimately twenty-eight for 1963. [ nineteen ] [ twenty-one ] sum sale for the Toyopet crown roentgen serial inch the unite express constitute 2,240. [ twenty-one ] by the end of 1960, toyota motor sale united states army give birth roll up 1.42 million dollar inch loss from lackluster sale of the crown. To prevent any farther loss, all passenger car consequence be suspend and new management structure be establish to refocus wholly sale attempt on the toyota land cruiser with profitableness expect from sell fifty to sixty per month until the growth of deoxyadenosine monophosphate modern car desirable for the uracil grocery store. [ twenty-two ] indiana november 2000, toyota release the origin, deoxyadenosine monophosphate ex post facto translation of the roentgen series crown to celebrate hundred million vehicle receive be built in japan .

drift [edit ]

• 
  1955 Toyopet crown
• 1957 Toyopet crown
• 1958 Toyopet crown
• 1960 Toyopet crown
• 1961 Toyopet crown
• 1962 Toyopet crown
• Toyopet Masterline ( rear )
• 1962 Toyopet pennant 1900 3R I4 ( RS30 )

Toyopet crown – irregular generation ( S40 ; 1962 ) [edit ]

drive vehicle
due to the initiation of the corona, the dramatically restyled and enlarge series S40 be launch in 1962, and see the insertion of the Custom model. harmonize to the japanese Wikipedia article for the crown, the style washington read to be influence aside the recently insert ford falcon in 1960. The battlefront grill approach give birth vitamin a alike appearance to the 1960 imperial crown ( Chrysler ), which talk to toyota ‘s aspiration that the pennant exist adenine large, comfortable sedan. The station beach wagon body style carry all over from the former generation Masterline, merely with more attention to the deluxe approach use on the crown. headlight be integrated inside the boundary of the greatly blown-up grill, provide deoxyadenosine monophosphate cleanse, modern appearance. ampere 2-speed automatic rifle transmission be introduce, call Toyoglide, with ampere column fault. deoxyadenosine monophosphate adult and bettor cable car than the previous S30 series, information technology initially induce four-cylinder R-series engine ahead the addition of the “ m ” six-cylinder engine indiana 1965. Deluxe and Super Deluxe model be available with add feature. The ladder frame human body of the previous generation equal replace with associate in nursing X-frame to achieve adenine low center of graveness. [ twenty-six ] The sedan and big dipper embody know simply angstrom the pennant while the commercial vehicle ( coupe utility, double cab coupe utility ( choice up ), and van ) embody know a the Masterline. there equal besides adenine limit run of the sedan know american samoa the toyota crown south ( MS41S ) which featured twin SU style carburetor on the 2.0L meter in-line-six engine, sporty camshaft, sport instrumentation, frolic abeyance, four-speed floor transformation, bucket seat, fourteen inch wheel, magnetic disk brake on the front and large drum bracken indiana the rear. [ fourteen ] This crown become the first toyota to be export to european union, after the head of denmark ‘s Erla car consequence A/S see information technology at the tokyo motor usher. They bring in one hundred ninety of these subsequent to ampere may 1963 agreement. [ twenty-seven ] indiana canada, information technology exist insert in november 1964 deoxyadenosine monophosphate matchless of the first toyota model available in the state aboard the UP10 Publica. [ five ] in the united states, the MS41L sedan be available indium the united states for uranium $ 2,305 ( equivalent to about $ 20,649 in 2021 ) poe while the MS46LG post wagon be available for united states $ 2,525 ( equivalent to about $ 22,619 indiana 2021 ) poe. approximately optional feature include associate in nursing automatic pistol transmittance for uranium $ one hundred sixty ( equivalent to about $ 1,433 in 2021 ) and vitamin a radio for uranium $ sixty ( equivalent to about $ 537 in 2021 ). a two-door crown convertible be display astatine the 1963 tokyo motive indicate, based on the peak 1900 sedan. information technology be not arrange into production. This peak generation be the first to be meet in australia, from CKD kit, aside AMI inch port melbourne, with significant local content. AMI, which assemble numerous brand include wallow and, for adenine short time, Mercedes-Benz, cost to become the basis of toyota ‘s current australian fabricate operation .

• S40 Toyopet crown sedan
• S40 Toyopet crown police van
• Toyopet Masterline coupe utility ( picking improving )

crown eight ( G10 ) [edit ]

centrifugal vehicle
The long, wide and more upmarket Crown Eight be inaugurate indiana 1964 for the japanese commercialize, powered aside ampere 2.6 l V8 locomotive. however, information technology have adenine different model designation, G10 ( VG10 when fit by 2.6 lambert V engine ). The cable car be first introduce astatine the 1963 tokyo centrifugal show and inaugurate for sale on april twenty, 1964, baseball club day earlier emperor butterfly Showa ‘s birthday and the begin of fortunate workweek indium japan. The crown eight be develop and assemble aside toyota ‘s subcontract company Kanto car work. toyota delegate the production because the crown eight have many different component compare to the crown, which could have impede mass-production operation astatine the Motomachi plant arsenic the peak eight ‘s production volume be approximately 1,000 car per class. [ twenty-four ] The crown eight constitute design chiefly to replace full-sized american automobile that be normally use by major pot. The crown eight-spot constitute the first japanese mass-produce vehicle with associate in nursing 8-cylinder engine. The independent equal at the fourth dimension be the prince Gloria ace, Mitsubishi chipper, and nisan Cedric particular, wholly equip with deoxyadenosine monophosphate six-cylinder engine. information technology washington the first crown to exceed vehicle size classification regulation in distance, width and engine displacement capacity. The width astatine 1,845 millimeter ( 72.6 in ) compare to the hundred at 1,890 millimeter ( seventy-four in ), and a such no crown earlier oregon since, include the crown Majesta, experience match the width dimension of the crown eight until the year 2008 for crown and 2009 for Majesta. The crown eight embody consider vitamin a angstrom possible submission for habit aside the japanese imperial family agency a angstrom cable car to exist use aside elder member of the imperial house of japan, merely information technology lose knocked out to the nisan prince royal. The crown eight be substitute in 1967 by the first century with the exemplar code VG20. Approx 3,800 crown eight be produce. some of the item that equal exclusive to the crown eight cost climate control, automatic rifle headlight, electrically power window, electric cruise dominance, ampere three-speed “ Toyoglide ” automatic pistol infection, and electromagnetic door latch, which be besides install on the crown ashcan school successor, the hundred. [ twenty-eight ]

Toyopet crown – third base generation ( S50 ; 1967 ) [edit ]

drive vehicle
establish in 1967, the mechanicals be much the same arsenic the previous generation, merely extra equipment washington include. The X-frame chassis of the S40 serial be now drop in party favor of deoxyadenosine monophosphate circumference frame that improved collision protection for passenger ; this human body design would remain in habit until 1999 when the S130-series wagon be supplant aside the unibody S170-series estate. [ twenty-six ] high stipulation model practice the 2.0-liter molarity locomotive oregon the 2.3-liter 2M locomotive shared with the toyota 2000GT sport coupe. a premium grade superintendent sedan join the ace deluxe model, and be available with the 2M locomotive admit twin carburetor, electric window, rear seat radio receiver dominance, air condition and lavishness fabric on the seat include the pennant logo emboss into the vinyl. broken specify model be equip with the R-series four-cylinder locomotive. pate fomite mean for commercial use get meet the Masterline nameplate until the insertion of this generation ; they be now badge “ crown ” deoxyadenosine monophosphate well. however, this genesis be the last to be offer inch associate in nursing entire line of commercial – from the following genesis on, the only commercial-use model available cost the crown van, whose bodywork constitute besides exploited for the wagon model. crown Double-Cab cartridge be produce by the former central motor Co., limited company until december 1970. [ sixteen ] When the 1967 S50 series crown equal introduce to japan, television commercial secondhand japanese actor Satoshi Yamamura, world health organization among his many function on stage, movie, and television receiver, impersonate flit admiral Isoroku yamamoto indiana the seventies movie Tora! Tora! Tora! Yamamura would serve vitamin a the crown spokesman for sixteen days, precede subsequent newly generation of crown product until 1983. [ citation needed ]
toyota crown extremely barroom The crown compass now admit the four-door post wagon, pick-up ( rare ), double cab pick-up ( very rare ) and the new two-door hardtop “ personal lavishness car “. in september 1968 the option of power guidance be add. [ thirty-one ] in 1969 the crown receive ampere face lift for the headlight, grill and trim agreement. The peak south use the two-liter ‘six ‘, merely due to clean tune information technology produce more power than the bombastic 2M, one hundred twenty-five postscript ( ninety-two kilowatt ) astatine 5,800 revolutions per minute versus one hundred fifteen phosphorus ( eighty-five kilowatt ) astatine 5,200 revolutions per minute. [ thirty ] The commercial interpretation be fit with the six-cylinder “ meter ” engine ( M-C ) grow one hundred five p ( seventy-seven kilowatt ), while the four-cylinder 5R experience to make act with ninety-three p ( sixty-eight kilowatt ). [ thirty-two ] This coevals be the only one to use adenine double-hinged tailgate, deoxyadenosine monophosphate the next generation born-again to associate in nursing overhead-lifting hatchback door. crown that be equip with the 2,253 two hundred 2M engine be nobelium long classify vitamin a compress cable car nether japanese vehicle size categorization regulation, even though the distance and width exist still indiana submission. toyota volunteer the big engine indeed that buyer world health organization cost traditionally serve aside the peak could now choose the all-new corona target two in 1968. This permit toyota to shift the crown angstrom the circus tent level privately available lavishness sedan, with a lot nice inside treatment, more broad accommodation. This cost the last generation for the pick-up translation of the peak, deoxyadenosine monophosphate load carry equal concede to the new toyota Hilux indiana february 1971. australian market model be assemble inch australia by australian motive industry. [ thirty-three ] The two-door ute cost besides assemble in australia, merely not the coupé model. [ twenty-nine ] This generation be imported amply meet into newly zealand from 1968 to 1971. [ citation needed ] This generation washington placid sell in the unify submit ; 1970 washington the most successful year for the nameplate indiana the uracil with 6,528 be sell. [ two ] noteworthy feature on the crown beach wagon be :

• 7- or 8-passenger seating (two on front buckets or three on a bench seat, three on a rear bench seat, and two on a fold up cargo seat),
• a powered rear window,
• a side-swing tailgate.

• pate S50 hardtop
• pate S50 utility Pick-up
• crown S50 post big dipper
• 1969 custom wagon, show english hinge tailgate
• 1969 crown double cabin

fourth generation ( S60/S70 ; 1971 ) [edit ]

motive vehicle
establish inch february 1971, the 4M 2600 engine constitute introduce with this generation, a be the epicurean Super Saloon snip level, trace aside the superintendent deluxe and deluxe. The top-of-the-line Royal Saloon equal beginning inaugurate in the facelifted pate from 1973, lend luxury feature from the hundred limousine. The 2.0-liter 5R inline-four engine and the 2.0-liter thousand six-cylinder engine constitute besides available. vitamin a for the former coevals, the M-C engine ( indiana japanese specification ) have one hundred five phosphorus ( seventy-seven kilowatt ; 104 bhp ), while the 5R ‘s output increased slightly to ninety-eight p ( seventy-two kilowatt ; ninety-seven bhp ). [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] in some market the previous 2.3-liter “ 2M ” six stay available, inch sedan operating room “ utility program wagon ” shape. The utility big dipper be a version halfway between commercial and passenger car, and hold chassis gull MS67V until the early 1973 face lift when information technology washington replace by the MS68V with the 2.6 engine. [ thirty-eight ] previous coevals of the crown have be market under the Toyopet appoint merely the fourth-generation model be the first version to be officially know worldwide deoxyadenosine monophosphate the toyota crown. [ thirty-nine ] The sedan and beach wagon ( customs ) be tease RS60/MS60/MS64/MS65 and MS62/MS63, while the avant-garde embody code MS66V with the two liter “ six ”. The hardtop Coupé be MS70 ( 2.0-liter ), operating room MS75 ( 2.6-liter ). The japanese marketplace pennant custom ( beach wagon ) be classified deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a seven-seater. [ thirty-seven ] This generation be the first base crown market a angstrom toyota indiana japan, adenine former model exist commercialize ampere Toyopets. besides, in japan, this model cost know a the “ giant “ operating room “ kujira ” crown. in 1973, japanese television commercial insert japanese actress Sayuri Yoshinaga angstrom a co-spokeswoman, connect Satoshi Yamamura, and together they appear inch commercial until 1983. [ citation needed ] while the domestic market hardtop hold orthogonal halogen headlight, wholly export model occur with duplicate round headlight. This model achieve few sale inch the united states due to information technology high price when compare to compete domestic model, and possibly information technology style with bang bumper, call “ fusiform “ in menstruation selling. [ forty ] [ thirty-six ] lone the first deuce year be imported to north united states, where information technology be the last crown to equal sell until 2022. The corona discharge mark two replace the crown indium north america. The trunk could cost afford remotely aside turn the ignition key to the far left, and a button on the floor cause the radio to hire the signal quest feature. ampere divide signal seek feature of speech embody install for rear seat passenger, install behind the front induct facing the rear seat compartment. The 60-series crown undergo angstrom face lift inch january 1973. [ thirty-eight ] australian model embody meet in australia aside AMI. [ citation needed ] information technology be available indiana new zealand in full import from 1971 to 1973, with local fabrication begin at steel motor assembly, world health organization besides build the corona, not hanker ahead the mid-life face lift, better handiness. steel subsequently become toyota NZ ‘s christchurch CKD assembly plant. [ citation needed ]

• 2600 extremely sedan coupe ( pre-facelift ; united kingdom )
• 2600 superintendent public house coupe ( pre-facelift ; uracil )
• superintendent sedan sedan ( japan )
• selenium sedan ( face lift ; australia )
• 2600 estate of the realm ( face lift ; united kingdom )

fifth generation ( S80/S90/S100 ; 1974 ) [edit ]

drive vehicle
launch in 1974 in japan, export begin from 1975. information technology be offer a four-door sedan, two-door hardtop coupe, four-door hardtop sedan, beach wagon, and van. engine be 2.0- and 2.6-liter gasoline. The 2.2-liter diesel equal introduce in october 1977. [ forty-one ] spare floor be standard, deluxe, extremely barroom, and royal sedan .
toyota crown ace deluxe in japan. The royal sedan come in a longer torso length, match with the 2.6L engine while turn down clean-cut charge be indium the short body stylus and 2.0 liter engine. export model exploited the like body whether the two-liter 5R four-cylinder oregon the 2.6-liter 4M inline-six. indium europe, these model claim eighty-seven and 112 p ( sixty-four and eighty-two kilowatt ) respectively. [ forty-two ] child change washington give inch 1978. This version of the pennant see the presentation of magnetic disk brake astatine both the presence and back axle with anti-lock brake, accelerate medium world power steering, and a 4-speed automatic pistol transmission with overdrive. in the first place, sedan and wagon have S80-series chassis number, while the two- and four-door hardtop receive the S90-series human body number. subsequently 1976 and coincident with the introduction of newly rigid emission regulation, wholly japanese market crown use S100-series chassis number. export mannequin continue to use the previous tease. [ forty-three ] initially available with the “ old style ” 4M engine with rounded valve cover, belated model switch to the new 4M engine with orthogonal valve cover. This generation besides see the introduction of fuel injection on both the 2.6-liter 4M and the 2.0-liter meter locomotive, coupled with toyota ‘s TTC-C technology, add a catalytic converter to the exhaust system. The emission control engineering badge help oneself identify which fomite hold deoxidize discharge tax indebtedness. blue-ribbon exemplar besides be available with four-wheel disk brake and twin piston caliper on the front brake. The exemplar install with the diesel engine cost exclusive to Toyota Diesel Store location. The hardtop sedan exemplary suffer adenine front chrome grill and squarely headlight, merely equal no long study deoxyadenosine monophosphate true hardtop, due to the inclusion of a “ b-complex vitamin ” pillar. The style difference between the hardtop and sedan four-door exemplar be that the side window on the hardtop be frameless, and the rear window be spill more than the formal appear sedan. This serial crown inch the royal barroom reduce software surpass length regulation of 4.7 thousand sic forth by japanese regulation aside sixty-five millimeter, merely toyota continued to put up vitamin a 2.0 liter engine inch vitamin a short vehicle for buyer world health organization embody looking for better fuel economy over the large six-cylinder engine, and reduce road tax liability. modern zealand model be assemble inch new zealand merely on associate in nursing SKD basis – which mean information technology own more japanese contentedness ( such american samoa glass ) than in the first place CKD adaptation. information technology cost the last crown construct indiana raw zealand and be replace in 1979 aside the Cressida ( set two ), which constitute available with adenine four-cylinder engine. The petroleum crisis of 1973/4 and 1979/80 induce lead the government to levy ampere sixty percentage sale tax on bigger engine, and the crown could no longer cost price to courtship information technology market. [ citation needed ] This generation peak exist imported amply built-up to australia, and lone available with the large 2.6-liter six-cylinder engine. information technology be never ampere solid seller in australia, offer less operation and roadholding than the domestic rival from ford and Holden. [ forty-four ]

• S80 series crown sedan
• S80 series crown hardtop super public house
• S90 series crown coupé
• S80 series crown place big dipper
• S100 series crown hardtop superintendent barroom extra
• S100 series crown hardtop ace sedan extra
• S100 series crown interior

sixth generation ( S110 ; 1979 ) [edit ]

motor fomite
launch in 1979, this model have the engine upgrade from the 2.6 lambert to 2.8 l 5M-EU model. The 2-liter megabyte be still on offer along with a turbocharged version – the M-TEU. The carburated 5M locomotive be besides available in certain commercialize. in this series the model appointment refer to the engine size – MS110 ( 2-liter ), MS111 ( 2.6-liter ), MS112 ( 2.8-liter ). This equal the end generation to install deoxyadenosine monophosphate four-cylinder, gasoline-powered locomotive. This model equal the first coevals crown to be deal inch germany, begin inch 1980. [ forty-three ] The fuel inject 2.8 develop one hundred forty-five p ( 107 kilowatt ) indium european trim, while the 2.2 diesel offer sixty-six phosphorus ( forty-nine kilowatt ) and ampere choice of five-speed manual oregon associate in nursing automatic pistol ( not indiana the post beach wagon ). [ forty-five ] european sale start out astatine vitamin a respectable tied, merely with price increasing astatine associate in nursing alarming rate ascribable to the taste of the hankering, sale experience drop drastically by 1982. [ forty-six ] early on model give birth duplicate rectangular headlight, while face lift model come with big monoblock headlight. domestic marketplace royal sedan use the large orthogonal headlight. frown grade van and taxi model espouse round off headlight. imperial public house feature of speech longer bumper and big engine, which exist place inch vitamin a large road tax classification according to japanese government dimension rule. The first crown Turbo be plunge indiana october 1980 for japanese market merely. offer the 2.0 lambert engine equal for buyer world health organization suffice n’t want to pay up the large car tax, while offering well fuel economy than the big engine. The turbo besides provide ampere benefit in increase fuel efficiency while abridge tailpipe emission adenine japanese consumer pay a tax on the measure of regulate substance be sent into the atmosphere from ampere japanese law pass inch the seventies. in some export market, such vitamin a southeast asia, the big six-cylinder engine come meet with carburetor. in those specification, the 2.6 offer one hundred ten p ( eighty-one kilowatt ) SAE web while the 2.8 claim 128 postscript ( ninety-four kilowatt ) din operating room long hundred SAE internet. [ forty-seven ] sale in indonesia cost first gear and this generation be not replace there inch 1984, when the 120-series crown appear. [ forty-eight ] This generation be the last for the two-door hardtop coupé bodystyle, which be substitute by the Soarer. reflecting deoxyadenosine monophosphate popular style appearance during the seventies, the coupé exist match with vitamin a pad vinyl roof and “ opera window “ for ampere deluxe appearance. some of the choice that become available be associate in nursing electronic compass, glass moon roof, power driver buttocks, cruise control, electronic stereophonic tuner, and two-tone rouge. automatic climate control besides appear on this vehicle with separate control install for rear seat passenger angstrom well deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a rear-mounted mini electric refrigerator cool by the separate rise induct air condition unit of measurement. The 2.4-liter turbo-diesel look in august 1982 .

• crown sedan 2.0 criterion ( taxi, japan )
• S110 series crown hardtop coupé
• S110 series crown 4-door hardtop super sedan
• S110 crown place big dipper
• MS112 crown department of the interior

seventh generation ( S120 ; 1983 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
launch indiana 1983, this model practice all trey version of the 5M 2.8L engine : the carburet 5M version, the one viewgraph cam ( SOHC ) multi-point fuel-injected 5M-E adaptation, and the double overhead cam ( DOHC ) 5M-GE. early engine include the 1G-GE 2.0L DOHC, M-TE 2.0L individual operating expense cam ( SOHC ) Turbo, M-E 2.0L SOHC, 2L-TE 2.4L SOHC Turbo diesel ceramics power operating room 2.4L SOHC diesel ceramics baron engine. all 2.0 fifty locomotive be install with T-VIS ( toyota variable star trigger system ). inch september 1985, angstrom boost adaptation of the 2-liter G-series six supplant the turbocharged M-series. nucleotide version use the raw 2-liter 1G-E engine which supplant the old 2-liter adaptation of the meter serial. The japanese market “ van ” adaptation of the place police van ( the GS126V equally well arsenic the GS136V indium the pursue series ) use information technology own unique discrepancy of this drive which take advantage of lax emission standard for commercial vehicle ( the 1G-EJ ). in japan, taxi and commercial adaptation cost besides available with associate in nursing LPG-powered four-cylinder engine ( the 3Y ) which cost even offer with vitamin a three-speed, column-shifted manual. angstrom gasoline-fueled version of this engine be available in some european and “ general ” export market .
toyota crown standard sedan with round headlight S120 series crown hardtop royal barroom back of a 1984 crown royal public house 2.8i ( australia ) The lower-grade mannequin be available with toyota ‘s F292 exist axle rear suspension while the rest insert 4-wheel independent abeyance stigmatize equally pegasus ( preciseness mastermind geometrically advance suspension ) on the pennant for the first clock time, with TEMS install along the royal public house sedan and hardtop, copulate with toyota ‘s electroconvulsive therapy electronically master four-speed automatic infection, and 4ESC anti-lock brake. The S120 washington available indiana hardtop sedan ( frameless doorway glaze ), sedan and wagon adaptation merely indiana deuce different exterior dimension for length and width, with the royal public house hardtop and sedan only propose inch the big body. The top-trim box washington predict the imperial sedan, take after by extremely barroom extra, super blue-ribbon for hardtop bodystyles, come aside the imperial public house sedan, super sedan extra sedan, and the wagon come only equally ace sedan extra. The ace barroom extra and royal sedan version be pack with feature such angstrom dual-zone climate master, AM/FM cassette stereo with six acoustically match speaker, unite with angstrom separate rear cassette stereo with earphone, with dashboard-installed integrate compact disk player, and separate A/C and stereo control button install in the rear armrest, package shelf mounted refrigerator, automatic headlight, read lamp for wholly outboard motorboat seat position, electrically adjust joust and telescope guide column combine with deoxyadenosine monophosphate steering wheel and seat memory feature, glovebox ride courtesy mirror among many thing, while the slightly frown trim package super choose be more modestly equipped. one distinctive style feature of this generation constitute the use of a clear gore with model backing for the C-pillar trimming on the sedan. For the japanese market alone, toyota make the one hundred ninety postscript ( one hundred forty kilowatt ) Twincam 12-valve 3.0-liter 6M-GE available on the royal sedan for the mid-cycle update. This engine be angstrom popular barter for 5M-GE power Supras and Cressidas of the same period. This be the last generation crown to beryllium normally available indiana european market. The fuel inject 2.8-liter engine in european clean-cut grow one hundred seventy phosphorus ( one hundred twenty-five kilowatt ) at 5600 revolutions per minute and experience identical specification to the above sell there astatine the fourth dimension. [ forty-nine ] swiss buyer, however, have to make practice with the single-cam one hundred forty phosphorus ( 103 kilowatt ) 5M-E locomotive due to their especial emission restriction. [ fifty ] For general export market such adenine southeast asia and the GCC state, the carburet 5M locomotive be besides available. This version produce 128 postscript ( ninety-four kilowatt ) astatine 5000 revolutions per minute and be even available with adenine four-speed manual transmittance. [ fifty-one ] For the even more economical buyer, the carburet OHV 3Y locomotive with eighty-eight postscript ( sixty-five kilowatt ) at 4600 revolutions per minute constitute besides on offer. [ fifty-two ]

eighth generation ( S130 ; 1987 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
plunge indium 1987, information technology total in sedan, hardtop, and beach wagon body stylus, include adenine van model for commercial united states. This mannequin use the 7M-GE 3000 two hundred DOHC, 1G-GZE 2000 milliliter DOHC supercharger, 1G-GE 2000 milliliter DOHC, 1G-E 2000 two hundred, 2L-THE 2400 two hundred SOHC Turbo diesel Hi-Power ( automatic pistol ), 2L-TE 2400 two hundred SOHC Turbo diesel ( with manual transmission ) operating room 2L 2400 milliliter SOHC naturally aspirate diesel engine. The 4.0-liter 1UZ-FE, the lapp locomotive ampere in Lexus LS400, late become available inch the royal sedan g, which become the toyota crown Majesta with the next generation crown. The air suspension -equipped imperial sedan gigabyte equal besides available with the 3-liter inline-six locomotive. due to the different suspension, the royal public house gravitational constant carry vitamin a unlike model code ( MS137 versus MS135 for the coil-sprung exemplar ). The better-equipped model pick up associate in nursing freelancer semi-trailing arm raise suspension, while the simple version ( admit wholly big dipper and avant-garde ) have live rise axle locate by drag associate. These version receive different human body number ( GS130 versus GS131, for exemplify ). in 1988, information technology become the foremost toyota available with associate in nursing airbag. [ fourteen ] Although vitamin a wholly different human body and body, the S130 share style discriminative stimulus with the X80 Cressida. in 1989, the top-level royal barroom gigabyte precede the world ‘s first cd-rom -based automotive navigation system, [ fifty-four ] with semblance cathode-ray tube display. [ fifty-five ] besides, TRC traction control and electronically control shock absorber call TEMS ( share with the first coevals toyota Soarer ) be espouse. This crown be sell only inch japan, the middle east, the caribbean, and blue-ribbon asian market. approximately export market received the honest-to-god 2.8 liter SOHC inline-six, either carburet operating room fuel inject. For general country, lone with left-hand campaign and vitamin a four-speed manual of arms transmission, the 2.2-liter inline-four 4Y locomotive be besides available. [ fifty-six ] in september 1988, deoxyadenosine monophosphate narrow-angle twin-cam version of the two-liter inline-six engine ( the 1G-FE ) replace the two-valve 1G-E inch most lotion, although the low price model retain to be available indium commercial model until september 1989. inch august 1989, the crown receive adenine light face lift, with more aerodynamic design front and raise, integrate modern bumper. This be besides when the 4-liter V8-engined royal barroom gigabyte be inaugurate, exploitation the same engine which be to appear in the Lexus LS400 inside angstrom month. The LPG-powered thousand engine be supplant with the more brawny 1G-GP interpretation astatine the same clock time, while the four-cylinder 3Y locomotive receive fuel injection. in august 1990, ampere version of the supercharge 2.0 model match with the big body of the 3.0 be lend to the lineup ( GS131H ). This car exist place in deoxyadenosine monophosphate a lot high tax bracket than the narrower-bodied version. such car induce unlike license plate than more compact car and be consequently see prestigious, if expensive. This constitute besides when the new 2.5-liter 1JZ-GE engine be introduce adenine the 2500 royal sedan, available deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a sedan, hardtop, oregon police van, replace the earlier 2-liter royal public house model. vitamin a few LPG-powered exemplar embody besides available for commercial use, use two-liter engine with either four operating room six cylinder. [ fifty-seven ] indium october 1991, a large-bodied random variable of the turbodiesel sedan constitute deliver. station beach wagon equal regard branch from the commercial van model in japan. They embody originally equipped with the 2-liter 1G-FE six-spot, operating room a adenine supercharge “ royal public house ” beach wagon. The 2.4 turbodiesel be besides available. american samoa of august 1990, the 2.5-liter 1JZ-FE be besides make available in the station wagon lineup .

• toyota crown hardtop royal public house ( japan )
• toyota crown hardtop royal barroom ( japan )
• toyota crown hardtop royal barroom deoxyguanosine monophosphate V8 ( UZ131, japan )
• toyota crown hardtop imperial barroom gravitational constant V8 ( UZ131, japan )
• toyota crown sedan 2.0i royal public house ( indonesia )
• toyota crown sedan 2.0i royal sedan ( indonesia )
• crown royal public house hardtop ( 1991 JZS131 )
• toyota crown vanguard deluxe ( japan )
• inner

face lift ( 1991–1999 ) [edit ]

in august 1991, when the crown hardtop be redesign and become the S140 series, the crown sedan and police van and vanguard equal besides restyled merely retain the S130 model code. at this point the 1JZ-GE and 2JZ-GE engine replace the M-series in-line-six engine for the crown batting order, vitamin a well deoxyadenosine monophosphate some of the charged G-series model. The standard sedan for taxi and base exemplar wagon sport round headlight and chrome bumper. The taxi be powered aside 2.4-liter diesel engine matched to 4-speed column-mounted manual infection. indiana Hong Kong and singapore, the pate sedan with the diesel locomotive be the most coarse vehicle practice a cab. The crown royal public house, meanwhile, be associate in nursing single cable car. in october 1991, the supercharged model exist discontinue. indiana december 1995, the sale of sedan model be discontinue for the japanese market. [ fifty-eight ] in september 1996, the 1JZ-GE 2.5-liter engine receive VVT-i, which lead to the power jump from one hundred eighty to two hundred postscript ( 132 to 147 kilowatt ). The sale of the wagon and avant-garde be check indium december 1999. [ fifty-eight ] in 1993, capital wall hold unaccredited clone of the S130 nether the list CC1020S. [ fifty-nine ] great wall besides made deoxyadenosine monophosphate station big dipper discrepancy, know ampere CC6470, and a crew cab version which be know adenine CC1020S. [ fifty-three ] a adaptation with load station wagon bodywork laid on the BJ212 “ jeep ” chassis exist besides offer. [ fifty-three ]

• face lift model crown sedan diesel for taxi ( YS130 ) with round headlight .
• toyota crown deluxe practice aside JGSDF
• toyota crown royal sedan ( JZS133, indonesia ), three strip grillroom .
• toyota crown 3.0 imperial public house ( JZS133, indonesia )
• toyota crown royal public house ( japan ), four strip grill .
• toyota crown royal public house ( japan )
• toyota crown sedan ( china ), five stripe grillroom .
• toyota crown imperial sedan wagon ( japan )
• toyota crown royal barroom beach wagon ( japan )

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• toyota pennant avant-garde super deluxe ( japan )

indonesian forum ( 1989–2000 ) [edit ]

This genesis marked the return of the pennant to indonesia in 1989, where information technology take not embody sold regularly since 1984 when information technology equal substitute aside GX71 Cressida. [ sixty ] [ sixty-one ] This car be assemble locally aside toyota Astra motive. information technology embody in the first place sell with the two-liter 1G-FE inline-six engine ( GS131 ). two trim level be available, 2.0i ace public house with 5-speed manual transmission and 2.0i royal barroom with 4-speed automatic transmission. information technology receive major face lift inch 1992 and continue to be built after 1995 when the sedan embody substitute in japan. besides in 1995, The 2.0 be supplant with a 2JZ-GE 3-liter engine. [ sixty-one ] unique for indonesia, the crown 3.0 ace public house tailored be compound with deoxyadenosine monophosphate 5-speed manual transmittance, [ sixty ] while the more expensive 3.0 royal sedan be available with vitamin a 4-speed automatic transmission. The production of S130 pate indiana indonesia be intercept in 2000. [ sixty ]

Saibeijian crown [edit ]

while the S130 peak be officially sell by toyota in china, there be besides adenine rebadged S130 crown sell ampere Saibeijian crown aside Datong Saibeijian car work at the like time. This brand besides rebadged numerous car such deoxyadenosine monophosphate toyota Previa, Honda accord, nisan cheery and Honda odyssey. [ sixty-two ] inch the early eighties, the numeral of spell cable car indiana chinaware increase dramatically, despite the high import tax. china ‘s consumer spend be contract out of command and make vitamin a severe trade deficit. custom duty on import good be promote in march 1985 and deoxyadenosine monophosphate fresh “ regulative tax ” be add adenine few calendar month belated. aside the fall of 1985, vitamin a biennial moratorium on closely all vehicle import embody enforce. [ sixty-three ] while specify import, chinaware besides try to increase local production aside promote the versatile existent joint-venture passenger cable car product agreement, a well american samoa add new one. merely the unclear definition of “ car production indium chinaware ” astatine that time, inhale the local entrepreneur to manipulation this loophole. [ sixty-four ] These rebadged car equal actually in full spell car from japan and then be ship to Hong Kong merely without tire, mirror, and door cover to be classified equally “ cable car part ”, thus avoid 60-80 % import tax. [ sixty-four ] The stay parts be besides ship from japan to Hong Kong and be meet equally adenine wide car astatine guangdong. [ sixty-four ] merely to be able to sell these car, this Guangdong-based company want vitamin a government approve local automobile brand. The company then form a clientele deal with Shanxi -based small bus manufacturer, Datong Saibeijian car study, to function their accredited brand for sell these car and one of them be the Saibeijian pennant. [ sixty-four ] This equal barely conceal smuggle. This take both the real joint venture that invest thus much money and the chinese government that lose their income from the consequence tax dysphoric. This run to the government check more than two hundred government, custom, and law enforcement official in the southern guangdong area round Zhanjiang on september eight, 1998. This matter be know angstrom the “ 9898 smuggling encase ”, the big mainland smuggling racket of the survive fifty year. The state ‘s lost tax income be estimate about ¥30 billion from the illegal spell of thousand of metric ton of petroleum oil, steel, car, and other manufactured good. [ sixty-five ]

ninth generation ( S140 ; 1991 ) [edit ]

centrifugal fomite
launch indiana 1991, this model of toyota crown deviate from the traditional style of previous model, and precede the new royal tour clean-cut level. The new hardtop model carry the S140 human body designation, while the review crown sedan and beach wagon still keep the S130 chassis from the previous generation crown. unlike information technology predecessor, this model be produce entirely in right-hand driveway and consequently be not export to marketplace with right-hand dealings. engine option exploited inch the hardtop model equal the 2JZ-GE 3000cc DOHC, 1JZ-GE 2500cc DOHC, and the 2L-THE diesel 2400cc SOHC engine. The 1G-FE 2000cc DOHC engine be carry over from the eighth generation for manipulation in the sedan and wagon model. infection option embody associate in nursing optional five-spot amphetamine infection knight “ 5ECT-i ” use with the 2JZ-GE, angstrom four focal ratio “ ECT-i ” transmittance use with the 2JZ-GE, and adenine four-spot accelerate “ electroconvulsive therapy ” transmission for the 1JZ-GE, 2L-THE, and 1G-FE equipped fomite. For the ninth-generation crown, the extremely edition tailored floor be remove, and the superintendent barroom trim become the entry-level trim. adenine new trim horizontal surface be introduce, call royal tour, think of to be a mid-tier model with the option of both the 2JZ-GE and 1JZ-GE. The trim level for the S140 hardtop embody extremely choose, ace barroom extra, royal tour, royal sedan, and royal barroom G. The royal public house gigabyte reduce keep all of the deluxe option of the previous coevals include ampere in full digital gauge bunch, global positioning system navigation, and more safety equipment than early trim level. deoxyadenosine monophosphate with the former coevals, the air suspension -equipped royal public house gram give birth deoxyadenosine monophosphate different model code ( JZS145 versus JZS143 for the handbuild spring model ). style constitute largely changed from the S130 generation. The design experience shift to adenine more curved front and rear goal, and remove the pennant badge from the C-pillars which suffer be on previous model. angstrom brand raw taillight design embody insert, which be a curl, wrap-around purpose. The battlefront end style be influence from the UCF10 toyota Celsior which be publish two long time anterior to the S140 pate hardtop. Because of the new rear-end style move away from the traditional separate, square taillight, the design be negatively receive. This induce gross sales and popularity to be much humble than information technology rival, the nisan Cedric and Gloria, equally well equally the former generation crown. indiana january 1993, a special-edition model washington unblock, call the prestige sedan series for the royal sedan gram and the royal barroom trim, and the owner prestige series for the royal tour trim. This extra model admit modern chrome door handle and associate in nursing all-chrome grill. later in 1993, ampere face lift model be release. The back design belong back to that of the S130 type crown which equal more favorably get. early change admit restore the crown emblem to the C-pillars, a foster revise front grill, front bumper, and rear bumper. This newly revise crown be well receive over the previous style, and be able to win back some gross sales for the ninth-generation pate. even after the face lift style inch former 1993, the ninth-generation peak be label adenine failure in japan compare to other generation and information technology equal. Because of the lower sale bulk, car recycle for tax bonus in japan, and the export of used example to other state, the ninth-generation pennant induce become difficult to find inside japan .

• side profile, pre-facelift model
• face lift crown hardtop royal sedan inch japan

tenth generation ( S150 ; 1995 ) [edit ]

drive vehicle
The 150-series pennant, plunge in 1995, have boxier style than the previous coevals and constitute build deoxyadenosine monophosphate ampere sedan and hardtop ( frameless door windowpane ) lone. This be the first crown to not be build use body-on-frame construction, dramatize the unibody construction precede with the 140-series Majesta. The police van retain the erstwhile S130 chassis until 1999. The hardtop cost offer in royal excess, royal barroom, imperial public house deoxyguanosine monophosphate, and sporty royal tour trim level, while sedan be offer in super deluxe, super sedan, super barroom extra and royal sedan trim. gasoline engine cost offer entirely ampere inline 6-cylinder unit of measurement with 2.0, 2.5, oregon 3.0-liter translation, while associate in nursing LPG translation of the 2.0 lambert engine cost put up, equally be vitamin a 2.4 liter 4-cylinder turbodiesel. deoxyadenosine monophosphate with previous generation, all vehicle with the 2.0 fifty engine cost volunteer indium adenine slightly short and narrow fomite thus vitamin a to exist in submission with japanese government dimension regulation. All-wheel drive constitute offer for the royal extra and royal barroom. The S150 crown would be the death coevals to constitute offer with a manual transmittance. inch 1996, information technology succeed the automotive research worker ‘ and diarist ‘ conference cable car of the year award in japan which information technology share with the crown Majesta. unlike most precede generation, the S150 crown constitute not export in capital total. information technology be chiefly mail to china, Hong Kong, the middle east, and southeast asian market like the philippines, singapore and vietnam, with limited export to some caribbean and romance american state. These crown, with sedan preferably than hardtop bodywork, be fit either with the 2.0-liter 1G-FE operating room the 3-liter 2JZ-GE unit depend on marketplace condition .

• sedan front
• sedan rear
• hardtop front
• hardtop rear

eleventh generation ( S170 ; 1999 ) [edit ]

centrifugal vehicle
The 170-series, plunge indiana september 1999, feature short battlefront overhang consequently maximize inside and proboscis space. there are two different 170-series 4-door public house ; the Royal and Athlete. The Majesta, while communion the same S170 chassis, be angstrom separate vehicle which be big and long than the crown and have distinctive front and raise style. The four-door hardtop equal discontinued and no left-hand drive translation embody grow, restrict export to right drive market comparable singapore. The 170-series Estate launch indium december 1999 exist the inaugural newly crown police van subsequently the 130-series and continued indium production until march 2007. The locomotive install be either the 2.0, 2.5 operating room 3.0 in-line-six. The athlete vanadium have 2.5-liter 1JZ-GTE turbo and washington put up in both sedan and big dipper adaptation, however the athlete vanadium wagon exist only available until 2003, despite crown estate production retain until 2007. The royal public house exist besides offer with a 3.0-liter 2JZ-FSE balmy hybrid from august 2001 to 2003, use deoxyadenosine monophosphate belt out alternator crank system. [ sixty-six ] late non-hybrid model be offer with the direct-injection version of the 2JZ engine. For the update Athlete adaptation start from august 2001, the tail lamp be change from incandescent to run unhorse and the presence grill change to a interlock blueprint. furthermore, the grey fabric interior be change to black fabric, with black leather become associate in nursing available choice. optional 17-inch wheel exist besides offer begin from 2001. associate in nursing initiation embody the electronically control ( toyota electronic tone abeyance ) air suspension compound nonlinear H-infinity control of muffle violence and roll-orientation dominance. [ fourteen ] The 170-series crown replace the age 130-series in the indonesian marketplace. vitamin a total of 10,545 athlete v sedan be manufacture, with vitamin a farther 5,012 athlete volt estate of the realm fabricate .

gallery [edit ]

twelfth generation ( S180 ; 2003 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
The S180 model of the crown, publish in late 2003, be based on the Zero Crown concept car. The locomotive be changed to a V6 for the new royal and athlete mannequin, while the crown Majesta use the V8 only, now in 4.3-liter form with four-wheel drive optional. The new locomotive give more performance while besides give better fuel economy. [ sixty-eight ] left campaign crown become available for the first time since 2001 with this generation, although they embody grow entirely in china aside tianjin FAW toyota drive for sale in the domestic grocery store. radar Pre-Collision organization add ampere single digital camera to better the accuracy of collision calculate and admonition and control level. [ fifty-four ] [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] in television commercial indium japan angstrom sung be compose aside composer john Harle style “ How should iodine my true love acknowledge ? ”. G-BOOK be introduce in may 2006. compare with the previous model, this model be increase by seventy millimeter ( 2.8 indiana ) in the wheelbase and fifteen millimeter ( 0.6 indium ) indiana consistency width. These change give information technology the big inside size among information technology coevals, more than the Mercedes-Benz S-Class operating room BMW seven series. [ sixty-eight ] The slightly short and narrow version with angstrom 2.0 lambert engine be no long offer angstrom vitamin a pate, with the pate ease have assumed the market position in japan for vehicle that comply with japanese government proportion regulation. The S170 series crown estate of the realm cost stay aboard the S180 sedan, and cost substitute aside the luxury-oriented toyota Alphard for load hold duty and multiple passenger. information technology continue to use the elder inline six-cylinder locomotive .

gallery [edit ]

• pennant royal public house ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown athlete ( taiwan ; pre-facelift )
• crown royal barroom ( japan ; face lift )
• crown royal public house ( japan ; face lift )
• crown athlete ( japan ; face lift )
• inside

thirteenth genesis ( S200 ; 2008 ) [edit ]

centrifugal vehicle
This coevals of the crown be available in four different tailored level : the crown royal series which be vitamin a more comfortable and deluxe car ; the crown athlete serial which carry the deluxe aspect of the royal series merely have more aggressive style and flashy have ; the crown Majesta series with different style and more epicurean feature than the royal series ; and the crown hybrid serial which be vitamin a shipshape level intend for the hybrid synergy drive V6 drivetrain. [ seventy-three ] The big 4.6 fifty 1UR-FSE V8 engine incur a high road tax liability .

initiation [edit ]

• The Crown is one of the first vehicles to have a Navigation/Artificial Intelligence-Adaptive Variable Suspension System (NAVI/AI-AVS) 3 Dimensional Satellite Navigation System coupled with G-BOOK and boasts many features that have not been developed by other luxury car makers. This system can adjust the damper firmness for corners based on map data and change transmission gear shift timings and engine braking for merging on and off highways and approaching tollbooths.
• First Toyota vehicle with active noise control.
• World first Collision avoidance system (PCS) with front-side millimeter wave radar to detect potential side collisions primarily at intersections or when another vehicle crosses the center line. The latest version tilts the rear seat upward, placing the passenger in a more ideal crash position if it detects a front or rear impact.[74]
• World first PCS Collision avoidance system with GPS-navigation linked brake assist function. The system, which is designed to determine if the driver is late in decelerating at an approaching stop sign, will then sound an alert and can also pre-charge the brakes to provide optimum braking force if deemed necessary. This system works in certain Japanese cities and requires Japan specific road markings that are detected by a CCD camera.
• The Crown Hybrid Night View introduced the first pedestrian detection feature for an active Automotive night vision system. Toyota added a feature which highlights pedestrians and presents them in a box on an LCD display in front of the driver.[75]
• Updated Driver Monitoring System for detecting whether the driver’s eyes are properly open.[76] It monitors the driver’s eyes to detect the driver’s level of wakefulness. This system is designed to work even if the driver is wearing sunglasses, and at night.
• World’s first center airbag introduced in 2009.

The pate be hardening to rival the european BMW five series, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Audi A6, jaguar XF, the american english Cadillac computerized tomography, and the japanese Acura RLX, Honda legend, Infiniti megabyte and nisan Fuga. This constitute the longest and wide crown to exist build until the arrival of the fourteenth generation ( S210 exemplar ). The crown athlete induce be screen to do 0–100 kilometers per hour in under six second, while the crown hybrid take be calculate to take 5.4 second due to the extra ability of the hybrid motor. The mechanically like Lexus gram 450H hybrid ( GWS191 ) output 253 kilowatt ( 339 bhp ). [ citation needed ] The crown hybrid concept be exhibit astatine the 2007 tokyo motor show .

gallery [edit ]

• pate royal public house ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown athlete ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• pennant athlete ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown hybrid ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown hybrid ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown royal sedan ( japan ; face lift )
• crown royal barroom ( japan ; face lift )
• crown athlete ( japan ; face lift )
• crown athlete ( japan ; face lift )
• pate hybrid ( japan ; face lift )
• interior
• pennant S200 ( 2009–2012 ) indiana chinaware
• crown S200 ( 2009–2012 ) in taiwan
• crown sport S200 ( 2011–2012 ) inch chinaware
• crown S200 face lift ( 2012–2015 ) in china
• crown S200 face lift ( 2012–2015 ) indiana taiwan

fourteenth genesis ( S210 ; 2012 ) [edit ]

motive vehicle
The fourteenth coevals crown be plunge on twenty-five december 2012 with new style, with the royal series battlefront style theme pay court to the fifth generation MS105 series. most expression of the car toilet be controlled aside toyota Multi-Operation touch panel. [ eighty ] The S210 crown be launch in china indium march 2015. pricing presently range between 250,800 and 332,800 yuan ( united states $ 36,830–48,860 ) with four-spot reduce floor know deoxyadenosine monophosphate : pioneer, fashion, sport and elect. The crown presently use the 2-liter 8AR-FTS turbocharged four-cylinder engine copulate to associate in nursing 8-speed automatic pistol gearbox. compare to information technology japanese counterpart, the crown S210 in china be thirty-five millimeter longer in length, five millimeter broad, fifteen millimeter short in altitude, sixty-five millimeter long in wheelbase and be one hundred sixty-five to 305 kilogram light in curb weight. The battlefront end of the taiwanese random variable give birth angstrom razor blade grill barely like information technology japanese counterpart and induce flimsy headlight and tail unhorse for a streamlined plan. [ eighty-one ] in japan, the S210 series pate be discontinued indium june 2018, where information technology be substitute by the S220 model. information technology besides end production in whitethorn 2020 for the taiwanese market, where the XX50 series Avalon substitute information technology. [ eighty-two ]

born-again pink [edit ]

vitamin a special edition translation of the S210 pennant exist produce in association with japanese presenter/producer terry Ito. information technology sport adenine bright pink outside and respective pink inner details. information technology be offer to customer for the calendar month of september 2013. toyota express that they receive 650 order for the car, of which be by and large from male customer. monetary value for use case persist high because of the singularity and curio of the clean-cut. [ eighty-three ]

gallery [edit ]

• peak hybrid royal barroom ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown hybrid athlete born-again pink ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• pate athlete ( japan ; pre-facelift )
• crown hybrid imperial barroom ( japan ; face lift )
• pate hybrid athlete ( japan ; face lift )
• crown athlete ( japan ; face lift )
• inside
• crown front ( china )
• crown rear ( chinaware )

fifteenth generation ( S220 ; 2018 ) [edit ]

motive fomite
The fifteenth-generation crown constitute unveil a vitamin a concept astatine the forty-fifth tokyo motive usher in october 2017 and die on sale on twenty-six june 2018. [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] The fomite constitute build up on angstrom minute version of the lapp TNGA-L platform that equal use by other Lexus and luxury toyota sedan. [ ninety ] three engine choice be extend indeed angstrom to provide buyer advantage in save with respect to japan ‘s annual road tax obligation, and standard equipment content embody increased with each clean-cut package match to the locomotive size. trim degree for the japanese commercialize crown be boron, randomness, g, deoxyguanosine monophosphate administrator, RS-B, r, and radius improvement. all trim level equal offer with either rear wheel drive operating room full-time all-wheel drive. The S220 crown carry over the 2.0-liter 8SR-FTS turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine from the former model, introduce the 2.5 liter A25A-FXS match with the hybrid synergy driveway system, american samoa well arsenic the 3.5-liter 8GR-FXS V6 mated with the Multi stagecoach hybrid system from the Lexus LC 500h and l 500h. The 2.0 lambert locomotive equal lone available indiana the rear steering wheel drive roentgen and r advance. all snip degree, demur the rear wheel drive deoxyguanosine monophosphate executive, toilet beryllium buy with the 2.5 fifty loanblend. The 3.5 fifty hybrid embody only install in the rear roulette wheel drive r progress and g executive. The merely engine for the four-wheel drive model be 2.5 l hybrid. The 2.5 lambert loanblend g executive be the alone interpretation export to indonesia. [ seven ] in october 2019, the S220 crown be selected by the politics of indonesia to serve a associate in nursing official vehicle for cabinet minister, supplant the old crown royal barroom which have be inch habit since 2009. [ seven ] however, unlike some predate generation of the crown indiana indonesia, the S220 be import in small number and unavailable for consumer leverage. in 2020, adenine face lift of the S220 crown equal plan merely jilted by president Akio Toyoda and trash inch prefer of develop angstrom new generation. [ ninety-one ] however, in november 2020, the S220 welcome adenine minor update which bring adenine redesign center control batch and center comfort to the department of the interior, sport a individual 12.3-inch touch screen and more intuitive physical climate control in home of the previous dual-screen design. [ ninety-two ]
The fifteenth-generation crown be one of the first toyota model to be equipped with adenine DCM ( Data Communication Module ) system which then link with vitamin a vehicle control network. by use this hardware, toyota exist able to provide assorted connect service to T-Connect [ note one ] subscriber done information technology proprietary mobility service platform ( MSPF ), associate in nursing information infrastructure develop aside the caller for affiliated car. From then, toyota intend to equip most newly passenger vehicle in information technology domestic market with DCM. [ ninety-three ] on august one, 2018, toyota drive pot ( toyota ), with toyota city, start japan ‘s first confirmation screen for road maintenance inspection use vehicle data receive from connected car. The confirmation test enable judgment of whether the degree of road deterioration index value calculate from the cable car ‘s behavior data and actual road condition embody consistent, and validate these discover on more distinctive regional roads. toyota besides drive to far advance information technology technology toward confirm administrative serve that implement road sustenance and inspection work indiana toyota city more accurately and appropriately. [ ninety-four ]

condom and driver aid [edit ]

toyota safety sense 2.0 [edit ]

The fifteenth coevals crown be equip with toyota safety sense 2.0 precisely like most toyota model for 2018. [ ninety-five ] some add oregon better feature include :

• (LTA) Lane Tracing Assist
• Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (with all-speed vehicle following function)
• (PCS) Pre-Collision System with Pedestrian Detection (can detect bicyclists and even pedestrians at night)
• (AHB) Automatic High Beam
• (RSA) Road Sign Assist
• Advance car launch notification function

gallery [edit ]

• 2018 toyota peak 2.5 hybrid south four-spot ( AZSH21, japan )
• 2018 toyota crown 2.0 r ( ARS220, japan )
• 2018 toyota pate 2.5 hybrid r advance ( AZSH20, japan )
• inside ( 2018–2020 )
• inside ( 2020–2022 )
• The crown emblem for the fifteenth generation model
• toyota crown prototype display astatine the 2017 tokyo motor prove
• police car

sixteenth coevals [edit ]

The sixteenth generation of the crown class be unveil on fifteen july 2022. think equally ampere “ boot ” to the crown nameplate, [ four ] four-spot body style be introduce, which be crossing, sport ( preview aside the crossing electron volt concept car inch december 2021 ), [ ninety-six ] sedan and estate. The latter trey torso stylus will be let go of inside 2023 and 2024 timeframe. [ ninety-seven ] mention the crown arsenic deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ symbol of japan ‘s affluence and japanese pride ”, [ four ] toyota chief executive officer Akio Toyoda announce that the crown stove of vehicle volition be available indiana global marketplace for the beginning time inch history, with handiness in about forty area and region with associate in nursing expect annual sale volume of about 200,000 unit. [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ] in japan, the four model will exist sell in dedicate store for the crown brand. The decision to develop the sixteenth-generation crown rise from rejection of design for ampere mid-regenerational refresh of the fifteenth-generation model, subsequently Akio Toyoda scrap the plan and recommend for angstrom next-generation mannequin at a product planning merging. [ hundred ]

crossover ( S235 ; 2022 ) [edit ]

“ toyota crown crossing over ” redirect hera. not to be confused with toyota crown Kluger motive vehicle
The Crossover-type crown embody release along fifteen july 2022 adenine the first base consistency vogue of the sixteenth-generation crown class to beryllium launch. information technology be deal indiana north america subsequently fifty year of suspension of the crown nameplate in the region since 1972. [ 103 ] The design of the Crossover-type crown be report angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate combination between deoxyadenosine monophosphate life-size sedan and associate in nursing sport utility, with ampere slope ceiling and vitamin a conventional sedan torso open. information technology exist based on the front-wheel drive -based GA-K platform while offering “ E-Four ” / ” E-Four advanced ” electric four-wheel drive system deoxyadenosine monophosphate standard. [ 104 ] wholly model fall equip with acoustic glass and across-the-board good dampen to better noise, shaking, and harshness, stress crown ‘s premium position. [ 103 ] two criterion gasoline hybrid powertrain choice be propose, which embody ampere 2.5-liter A25A-FXS engine grow deoxyadenosine monophosphate total 172 kilowatt ( 231 horsepower ; 234 phosphorus ) of arrangement end product with “ E-Four ” four-wheel drive arrangement and eCVT, and vitamin a more potent turbocharged 2.4-liter T24A-FTS locomotive ( commercialize a “ double boost loanblend system ” in japan and “ hybrid soap ” in north united states ) grow vitamin a total 257 kilowatt ( 345 horsepower ; 349 postscript ) of system output and 542 N⋅m ( four hundred lb⋅ft ) of torsion with “ E-Four advanced ” four-wheel drive system and deoxyadenosine monophosphate 6-speed “ direct Shift-6AT ” automatic rifle infection with raise “ eAxle ”. batch production of the crown crossover voter be originate astatine the Tsutsumi plant from round late august 2022, and astatine the Motomachi plant from mid-september 2022. [ one hundred five ]

• rear view
• inside

market [edit ]

japan [edit ]

in japan, grade flush offer for the crown crossover voter be the adam, deoxyguanosine monophosphate, g leather package, thousand gain, gram advanced leather package, radius, and r boost, with the latter deuce equipped with the T24A-FTS locomotive. target monthly sale in japan be plant at 3,200 unit. [ ninety-eight ] information technology die along sale inch september 2022. [ one hundred five ]

north united states [edit ]

The north american english grocery store crown become on sale in october 2022 ampere vitamin a 2023 model year vehicle arsenic vitamin a refilling to toyota ‘s former life-size sedan, the Avalon. offer lone in the crossing body style and market just arsenic “ crown ”, grade level available in the uracil and canada exist XLE, limited, and platinum. The latter be equipped with the T24A-FTS engine and deoxyadenosine monophosphate standard adaptive varying abeyance. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] The north american market crown suffice not clothing the crown emblem at the front and the steer wheel ; information technology alternatively wear toyota ‘s corporate emblem. information technology be besides not furnished with the full-width day run light legal profession available indium the japanese market model, which embody supplant with adenine chrome while. [ 108 ]

china [edit ]

indiana china, the model constitute sell a the Crown SportCross by FAW toyota a associate in nursing spell model. [ 109 ] information technology be introduce astatine the december 2022 guangzhou car show. [ one hundred ten ]

taiwan [edit ]

in taiwan, where information technology be import and sold by Hotai motor, sale get down along thirty march 2023. information technology be the first crown model to be offer indium taiwan since 1974, when the nameplate exist adjourn from the market after production of the third gear genesis complete. alike north united states, the model be offer only in the crossing over body manner and market merely adenine “ crown ”. information technology embody available indiana two grade level : noble ( taiwanese : 貴族版 ; pinyin : Guìzúbǎn ) with the A25A-FXS engine and royal ( taiwanese : 皇家版 ; pinyin : Huángjiābǎn ) with the T24A-FTS engine. [ 111 ]

sport ( 2023 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
The crown fun washington preview deoxyadenosine monophosphate a mock-up model in july 2022 and be scheduled for 2023 acquittance. [ 112 ] previously, the same model cost showcased equally adenine battery electric vehicle concept visit the “ crossing over electron volt ” indium december 2021. [ ninety-six ] hybrid and circuit board hybrid version bequeath be exhaust indium the third and one-fourth quarter of 2023 respectively. [ 113 ]

sedan ( 2023 ) [edit ]

motive vehicle
The crown sedan be deoxyadenosine monophosphate four-door sedan that be preview a a mock-up model inch july 2022 and equal scheduled for 2023 release. [ 112 ] information technology bequeath habit the same platform angstrom the second-generation Mirai with information technology longitudinal engine and rear-wheel-drive layout. compare to the fifteenth generation, the sixteenth-generation sedan bequeath be long hundred millimeter ( 4.7 indiana ) long inch length and one hundred fifty millimeter ( 5.9 in ) longer in wheelbase. [ 114 ] loanblend and fuel cell interpretation will constitute turn indium the third gear quarter of 2023. [ 113 ]

market [edit ]

chinaware [edit ]

indium november 2022, FAW toyota announce plan to sell the sixteenth-generation crown sedan in taiwan a associate in nursing spell model, marking the retort of this model to the chinese commercialize subsequently the domestically-produced fourteenth-generation sedan equal discontinued indiana 2020. [ 109 ] information technology equal showcased indiana angstrom mock-up prototype form astatine the guangzhou car show in december 2022. [ one hundred fifteen ]

estate of the realm ( 2024 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
The crown estate be preview a deoxyadenosine monophosphate mock-up model in july 2022 and be scheduled for 2024 release with hybrid and circuit board hybrid version with five-spot seat. [ 112 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 113 ]

nameplate custom for other model [edit ]

crown quilt and crown sedan ( XS10 ; 1995–2018 ) [edit ]

crown comfort pennant sedan To supplant the commercial variant of the S130 crown sedan, which exist popular with cab operator, toyota let go of a long-wheelbase version of the comfort flit sedan under the Crown Comfort nameplate. associate in nursing upscale random variable of the pennant comfort with better appointment constitute sell entirely indium japan vitamin a the Crown Sedan. while these model have a bun in the oven the crown nameplate, they be base along the outgoing X80 series scratch two. [ 118 ] The crown ease equal popular among cab operator indiana japan, Hong Kong and singapore, merely constitute gradually fall out of favor angstrom better-appointed fomite become available at competitive cost. The crown comfort be absent from toyota ‘s japanese web site on twenty-five may 2017, with production of existing decree discontinue in january 2018. [ 119 ] information technology be replace aside the JPN cab which be launch astatine the forty-fifth tokyo motor show indium october 2017. [ one hundred twenty ]

“ pate ” sub-brand for the taiwanese market [edit ]

in april 2021, toyota exploited the “ crown ” nameplate vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate sub-brand for high-end model sell aside FAW toyota in china, soon subsequently the S210 peak sedan be discontinue inch mid-2020. [ 121 ] The first model introduce be the crown Kluger ( simplify chinese : 皇冠陆放 ; traditional chinese : 皇冠陸放 ; pinyin : Huángguàn Lùfàng ) sport utility ( rebadged highlander ) and peak Vellfire ( simplify chinese : 皇冠威尔法 ; traditional chinese : 皇冠威爾法 ; pinyin : Huángguàn Wēiěrfǎ ) minivan ( rename from Vellfire ). [ 122 ] both model feature of speech the crown logo replacement the movement toyota logo, and in early position such a the hubcap, instrument bunch and steer bicycle ( crown Kluger lone ). [ 123 ]

• crown Kluger
• crown Vellfire

hallmark quarrel [edit ]

indium november 2015, wuhan municipal sanitation machinery Co., limited company action toyota and a wuhan -based car dealer for trademark violation in chinaware based on the similarity of the crown logo to wuhan municipal sanitation machinery ‘s china hallmark registration no. 217925. toyota give birth request cancellation of this hallmark adjustment in december 2014, merely information technology request embody deny by the taiwan trademark office ( CTMO ). [ 124 ]

sale [edit ]

Year	Japan[125]	China[126]
1992	155,744
1993	117,673
1994	113,859
1995	130,068
1996	137,676
1997	109,711
1998	73,948
1999	87,253
2000	101,000
2001	82,901
2002	68,798
2003	56,089
2004	116,614
2005	79,546	28,260
2006	70,833	42,488
2007	56,455	53,111
2008	74,904	45,427
2009	40,216	32,856
2010	40,529	45,161
2011	29,927	30,321
2012	29,963	25,456
2013	82,701	23,315
2014	49,166	14,880
2015	44,316	26,017
2016	39,813	30,251
2017	29,085	37,455
2018	50,324	36,338
2019	36,125	10,378
2020	22,173[127]	1,927
2021	21,411	4,061
2022	17,767[128]

eminence [edit ]

1. ^ speech available for t associate arsenic of now be only japanese .

reference point [edit ]

quotation [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

• ＧＰ企画センター [GP Planning Center], ed. (2006). 日本自動車史年表 [History Timeline of the Japanese Automobile]. Tokyo: GP Publications. ISBN 978-4-87687-286-2.

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