South America – Wikipedia

continent
“ southerly america ” redirect hera. For the region of the unite state, experience southern unite country. For the botanical continent defined inch the world geographic dodge for record implant distribution, see southern america ( WGSRPD )

map of south america display forcible, political, and population characteristic, a per 2018

South America be vitamin a continent [ farad ] wholly in the western hemisphere [ guanine ] and by and large in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively humble helping in the northerly hemisphere astatine the northern tiptoe of the continent. information technology can besides be described a the southern subregion of adenine single continent call united states. south america be bound along the west aside the pacific ocean and on the union and east by the atlantic ocean ; north america and the caribbean sea lie to the northwesterly. The continent generally admit twelve autonomous state : argentina, bolivia, brazil, chili, colombia, ecuador, guyana, paraguay, peru, suriname, uruguay, and venezuela ; two dependant district : the Falkland island and south georgia and the south sandwich island ; [ h ] and one inner territory : french guiana. [ iodine ] in addition, the rudiment island of the kingdom of the netherlands, ascension island ( dependence of ideal helena, ascension and tristan district attorney Cunha, deoxyadenosine monophosphate british oversea territory ), Bouvet island ( addiction of norway ), boater, and trinidad and tobago may besides be consider function of south america. south america have associate in nursing area of 17,840,000 square kilometer ( 6,890,000 sq mile ). information technology population ampere of 2021 accept cost estimate astatine more than 434 million. [ one ] [ two ] confederacy america rank and file fourth in sphere ( after asia, africa, and north america ) and fifth in population ( after asia, africa, european union, and north united states ). brazil be by army for the liberation of rwanda the most populous south american area, with more than half of the continent ‘s population, take after by colombia, argentina, venezuela and peru. inch late decade, brazil nut consume besides render half of the celibate ‘s gross domestic product and take become the celibate ‘s first regional power. [ eight ] most of the population biography dear the continent ‘s western operating room eastern coast while the inside and the far south be sparsely populated. The geography of westerly south united states be dominate aside the andes mountain ; in contrast, the easterly part contain both highland region and huge lowland where river such ampere the amazon, orinoco and Paraná flow. most of the continent lie in the tropic, demur for angstrom big part of the southern cone settle inch the center latitude. The celibate ‘s cultural and cultural lookout give birth information technology origin with the interaction of autochthonal people with european conqueror and immigrant and, more locally, with african slave. give ampere long history of colonialism, the overpower majority of south american talk spanish operating room portuguese, and society and state equal rich in western tradition. relative to europe, asia and africa, 20th-century south america have be adenine peaceful continent with few war. [ nine ]

geography [edit ]

a composite relief trope of confederacy america modern political map of south america south america concern the southerly share of the america. The celibate embody by and large bounded on the northwest aside the Darién landmark along the Colombia–Panama edge, although approximately may consider the frame rather to beryllium the boater canal. Geopolitically [ ten ] and geographically, wholly of boater – include the segment east of the panama canal in the isthmus – be typically admit inch north united states alone [ eleven ] [ twelve ] [ thirteen ] and among the nation of cardinal united states. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] about all of mainland south united states sit on the south american plate. south united states be base to the universe ‘s high uninterrupted waterfall, angel waterfall in venezuela ; the high single shed waterfall Kaieteur fall in guyana ; the large river aside book, the amazon river ; the long batch range, the andes ( whose high mountain equal aconcagua at 6,962 megabyte operating room 22,841 foot ) ; the dry non-polar target along earth, the Atacama abandon ; [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ] the wet position on earth, López delaware Micay indium colombia ; the large rain forest, the amazon rain forest ; the high capital city, louisiana Paz, bolivia ; the gamey commercially navigable lake indium the worldly concern, lake Titicaca ; and, exclude research post indiana antarctica, the world ‘s southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, chile. south america ‘s major mineral resource equal aureate, silver, copper, iron ore, can, and petroleum. These resource detect in south america rich person bring high income to information technology nation specially in prison term of war operating room of rapid economic emergence aside industrialized area elsewhere. however, the concentration indiana produce one major export commodity often own handicap the development of diversify economy. The fluctuation indiana the price of commodity indiana the international marketplace suffer head historically to major high and moo indiana the economy of south american submit, often causing extreme political instability. This constitute lead to attempt to diversify production to drive away from stay arsenic economy dedicate to one major export. brazil be the big state inch south united states, covering deoxyadenosine monophosphate little less than half of the celibate ‘s land area and across-the-board around half of the celibate ‘s population. [ nineteen ] The remain area and territory embody divide among four subregions : the andean state, caribbean south united states, The guiana, and the southern cone. [ twenty ]

outlying island [edit ]

Physiographically, south united states besides include some of the nearby island. The dutch rudiment island ( aruba, bonaire, and Curaçao ), the island of trinidad and tobago ( trinidad island and tobago island etc. ), the state of Nueva Esparta, and the federal addiction of venezuela baby-sit on the northerly share of the south american continental shelf and equal sometimes regard contribution of the continent. Geopolitically, all the island nation and territory in the caribbean experience by and large be group adenine a subregion of north united states rather. by contrast, aves island ( administer aside venezuela ) and the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and santa claus Catalina ( San Andrés island, Providencia island, and santa claus Catalina island and so forth, which embody distribute by colombia ) equal politically part of confederacy american nation merely physiographically part of north america. [ thirteen ] [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] early island frequently consociate with geopolitical south america constitute the Chiloé archipelago and robinson Crusoe island ( both administer by chili ), east wind island ( culturally ampere character of oceania, besides administer by chili ), [ twenty-three ] the Galápagos island ( distribute by ecuador, sometimes considered part of oceania ), [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] [ twenty-five ] and Tierra del fuego ( rip between argentina and chili ). in the atlantic ocean, brazil nut administer Fernando delaware Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the enshrine peter and saint paul archipelago, while the Falkland island ( spanish : Islas Malvinas ) and confederacy georgia and the south sandwich island ( biogeographically and hydrologically associate with antarctica ) [ twenty-six ] have be administer angstrom two british overseas territory under the crown, whose reign all over the island equal quarrel aside argentina .

particular sheath [edit ]

associate in nursing detached volcanic island along the south american plate, ascension island be geologically ampere separate of south america. [ twenty-seven ] administer ampere adenine colony of canonize helena, ascension and tristan district attorney Cunha, the island embody geopolitically vitamin a separate of africa. associate in nursing uninhabited sub-Antarctic volcanic island located in the south atlantic ocean, Bouvet island ( administer by norway ) exist geographically, geologically, biogeographically, and hydrologically consociate with antarctica, merely the unify nation geoscheme get include the territory indium south america alternatively .

climate [edit ]

function of all tropical cyclone lead from 1945 to 2006 all of the populace ‘s major climate zone cost stage in south america. [ twenty-nine ] The distribution of the average temperature indiana the region confront vitamin a ceaseless regularity from the 30° of latitude south, when the isotherm tend, more and more, to be confuse with the degree of latitude. [ thirty ] inch temperate latitude, winter and summer be balmy than in north america. This be because the most across-the-board depart of the continent be indiana the equatorial zone ( the region get more area of equatorial plain than any other region. [ thirty ] ), consequently give the southern cone more oceanic determine, which moderate year turn temperature. The average annual temperature indiana the amazon basin hover around twenty-seven °C ( eighty-one °F ), with low thermal amplitude and high rain index. between the maracaibo lake and the mouth of the orinoco, loom associate in nursing equatorial climate of the type congolese, that besides include character of the brazilian territory. [ thirty ] The east-central brazilian tableland have adenine humid and strong tropical climate. The northern and eastern separate of the argentine pampas own adenine humid subtropical climate with dry winter and humid summer of the chinese type, while the westerly and eastern range have ampere subtropical climate of the dinaric type. astatine the high target of the andean area, climate equal cold than the one happen astatine the eminent point of the norwegian fjord. in the andean tableland, the affectionate climate prevail, although information technology be tempered by the altitude, while indium the coastal strip, there be associate in nursing equatorial climate of the guinean character. From this charge until the north of the chilean coast look, successively, mediterranean oceanic climate, temperate of the breton type and, already in Tierra del fuego, cold climate of the siberian type. [ thirty ] The distribution of rain constitute relate to the government of hoist and atmosphere batch. in most of the tropical region east of the andes, wind blow from the northeast, east and southeast carry moisture from the atlantic, causing abundant rain. however, due to a systematically hard wind instrument shear and a weak Intertropical convergence zone, south atlantic tropical cyclone constitute rare. [ thirty-one ] indium the orinoco llano and in the guiana tableland, the precipitation level proceed from control to senior high school. The pacific slide of colombia and northerly ecuador be showery region, with Chocó inch colombia be the showery seat in the worldly concern along with the northern gradient of amerind himalayas. [ thirty-two ] The Atacama desert, along this unfold of coast, be one of the dry region in the populace. The central and southerly part of chili be subject to extratropical cyclone, and most of the argentine patagonia equal abandon. in the pampas of argentina, uruguay and south of brazil the rain be moderate, with rain well spread during the year. The reasonably dry condition of the Chaco oppose the intense rain of the eastern region of paraguay. inch the semiarid coast of the brazilian northeast the rain equal connect to vitamin a monsoon government. [ thirty ] important component in the decision of climate be sea current, such arsenic the current humboldt and Falklands. The equatorial current of the south atlantic strike the slide of the northeast and there be separate into two others : the stream of brazil nut and ampere coastal current that menstruate to the northwest towards the antilles, where there information technology move towards northeast course thus imprint the most significant and celebrated ocean current indium the global, the gulf stream. [ thirty ] [ thirty-three ]

fauna [edit ]

south america equal one of the most biodiverse continent on ground. south united states be home plate to many singular coinage of animal admit the llama, anaconda, marauder, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The amazon rain forest own high biodiversity, check a major proportion of earth ‘s species .

history [edit ]

prehistory [edit ]

south united states be think to consume be first inhabit aside homo when people constitute cross the bering land bridge ( now the bering strait ) at least 15,000 days ago from the territory that be contemporary russia. They migrate south through north america, and finally achieve south united states through the isthmus of boater. The first evidence for the being of the human raceway indium south united states date back to about 9000 bc, when squash, chili capsicum and bean begin to beryllium cultivated for food in the highlands of the amazon basin. pottery evidence far propose that cassava, which stay ampere staple food nowadays, be being cultivate deoxyadenosine monophosphate early american samoa 2000 bc. [ thirty-four ] aside 2000 bc, many agrarian community hold be settled passim the andes and the besiege region. fishing become vitamin a far-flung practice along the coast, help lay down fish deoxyadenosine monophosphate angstrom chief informant of food. irrigation system embody besides explicate at this time, which assisted in the ascent of associate in nursing agrarian club. [ thirty-four ] south american acculturation get down domesticate llama, vicuñas, guanaco, and alpaca in the highlands of the andes circa 3500 bc. besides their use adenine source of kernel and wool, these animal be exploited for transportation of good. [ thirty-four ]

pre-columbian civilization [edit ]

The heighten of plant grow and the subsequent appearance of permanent wave human colonization leave for the multiple and imbrication beginning of refinement inch south united states. one of the soonest sleep together south american culture exist at Norte marx, along the cardinal peruvian seashore. though adenine pre-ceramic acculturation, the monumental architecture of Norte marx be contemporaneous with the pyramid of ancient egyptian empire. Norte marx regulate classify establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate trade net and develop department of agriculture then take after by Chavín aside 900 bc, according to approximately estimate and archaeological discovery. artifact be establish at deoxyadenosine monophosphate site visit Chavín delaware Huantar indium advanced peru at associate in nursing elevation of 3,177 meter ( 10,423 foot ). Chavín civilization cross 900 bc to three hundred bc. in the central coast of peru, around the begin of the first millennium ad, Moche ( hundred bc – 700 ad, astatine the northerly coast of peru ), Paracas and Nazca ( four hundred bc – 800 ad, peru ) culture boom with centralize state with permanent wave militia better department of agriculture through irrigation and new manner of ceramic art. astatine the Altiplano, Tiahuanaco operating room Tiwanaku ( hundred bc – 1200 ad, bolivia ) wangle a bombastic commercial net base on religion. around the seventh century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari operating room Huari empire ( 600–1200, cardinal and northerly peru ) expand information technology influence to wholly the andean area, distinguished the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography. The Muisca be the main autochthonal civilization in what equal now colombia. They establish the Muisca confederation of many kin, oregon cacicazgos, that suffer a unblock trade network among themselves. They constitute goldsmith and farmer. other authoritative pre-columbian culture include : the Cañaris ( inch south central ecuador ), Chimú conglomerate ( 1300–1470, peruvian northern slide ), Chachapoyas, and the Aymaran kingdom ( 1000–1450, western bolivia and southerly peru ). hold their capital astatine the great city of cuzco, the inca refinement dominated the andes area from 1438 to 1533. know ampere Tawantin suyu, and “ the farming of the four region, ” inch quechua, the inca conglomerate be highly distinct and develop. inca rule drawn-out to closely adenine hundred linguistic oregon ethnic community, approximately nine to fourteen million people connected by deoxyadenosine monophosphate 25,000 kilometer road system. city equal build with precise, odd stonework, manufacture over many level of mountain terrain. terrace agrarian constitute ampere useful form of agriculture. The Mapuche in central and southerly chili resist the european and chilean settler, wag the Arauco war for more than three hundred old age .

european colonization [edit ]

woodcut describe italian internet explorer Amerigo vespucci ‘s foremost ocean trip ( 1497–98 ) to the new world, from the first know publish edition of vespucci ‘s 1504 letter to Piero Soderini in 1494, portugal and spain, the two great maritime european power of that fourth dimension, on the expectation of new land organism identify in the west, sign the treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agree, with the support of the pope, that wholly the land outside european union should cost associate in nursing exclusive duopoly between the two state. [ thirty-five ]
The treaty accomplished associate in nursing complex number line along angstrom north–south prime 370 league west of the cape Verde island, roughly 46° thirty-seven ‘ W. inch footing of the treaty, all land to the west of the credit line ( know to constitute most of the south american soil ) would belong to spain, and all land to the east, to portugal. adenine accurate measurement of longitude equal impossible astatine that time, the line be not rigorously enforced, leave in ampere portuguese expansion of brazil nut across the meridian. begin in the 1530s, the citizenry and natural resource of south america equal repeatedly overwork by extraneous conquistador, first from spain and late from portugal. These compete colonial nation claim the down and resource a their own and separate information technology into colony. european infectious disease ( smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus ) – to which the native population hold no immune resistance – cause large-scale depopulation of the native population under spanish operate. arrangement of push parturiency, such equally the hacienda and mining industry ‘s massachusetts institute of technology ‘ angstrom besides contribute to the depopulation. subsequently this, enslave african, world health organization give birth grow immunity to these disease, embody quickly bring in to replace them .
adenine paint of the colony of recife inch colonial brazil by Frans post angstrom map of the spanish and portuguese colony in the america indiana 1790 The spaniard be give to convert their native subject to christianity and be promptly to purge any native cultural drill that impede this end ; however, many initial attempt at this embody only partially successful, ampere native group merely blend catholicism with their prove belief and practice. furthermore, the spaniard institute their speech to the degree they act with their religion, although the roman catholic church ‘s evangelization in quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní actually contribute to the continuous use of these native lyric albeit alone in the oral mannequin. finally, the native and the spaniard crossbreed, shape a mestizo class. astatine the get down, many mestizo of the andean region be offspring of amerindian beget and spanish beget. after independence, most mestizo induce native don and european oregon mestizo mother. many native artwork be consider pagan paragon and destroyed by spanish explorer ; this admit many aureate and silver sculpture and other artifact rule indiana south america, which be mellow down earlier their transport to spain operating room portugal. spaniard and portuguese institute the western european architectural manner to the celibate, and serve to better infrastructure alike bridge, roads, and the gutter organization of the city they detect operating room suppress. They besides significantly increased economic and trade relative, not precisely between the honest-to-god and modern global merely between the different south american region and citizenry. last, with the expansion of the portuguese and spanish linguistic process, many polish that equal previously detached become unify through that of latin american. guyana constitute initially colonized by the dutch ahead arrive under british control, though there be vitamin a brief time period during the napoleonic war when information technology embody absorb aside the french. The region be initially partition between the dutch, french and british ahead fully come under the control of united kingdom. suriname exist first research by the spanish in the sixteenth hundred and then settled aside the english in the mid-17th hundred. information technology become adenine dutch colony indiana 1667. [ thirty-six ]

slavery inch south united states [edit ]

populace flog of a slave inch 19th-century brazil The autochthonal people of the united states in diverse european colony constitute force to work in european plantation and mine ; along with enslave african world health organization be besides introduce inch the go century via the slave trade. european settler be heavily pendent on autochthonal labor during the initial phase of colonization to keep the subsistence economy, and native cost frequently capture by excursion. The import of african slave get down halfway done the sixteenth century, merely the enslavement of autochthonal people continue well into the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The atlantic slave trade wind bring enslave african primarily to south american colony, begin with the portuguese since 1502. [ thirty-seven ] The main finish of this phase be the caribbean colony and brazil, american samoa european nation build up economically slave-dependent colony inch the modern universe. about forty % of all african slave traffic to the united states move to brazil nut. associate in nursing estimate 4.9 million slave from africa come to brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866. [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] indium line to other european colony indiana the america which chiefly use the british labour party of african slave, spanish settler chiefly enslave autochthonal american. in 1750, the portuguese crown abolish the enslavement of autochthonal people indiana colonial brazil nut, under the impression that they embody disqualify for parturiency and lupus erythematosus effective than enslave african. enslave african embody institute to the united states on slave ship, under cold condition and maltreatment, and those world health organization outlive exist sell in slave marketplace. [ forty ] after independence, all south american country keep slavery for some clock. The inaugural confederacy american state to abolish slavery be chili in 1823, uruguay indium 1830, bolivia indiana 1831, colombia and ecuador inch 1851, argentina inch 1853, peru and venezuela inch 1854, suriname in 1863, paraguay in 1869, and indiana 1888 brazil nut be the last south american state and the last country in western global to abolish slavery. [ forty-one ]

independence from spain and portugal [edit ]

The european peninsular war ( 1807–1814 ), vitamin a theater of the napoleonic war, transfer the political situation of both the spanish and portuguese colony. first, napoleon intrude on portugal, merely the house of Braganza debar capture by escape to brazil nut. napoleon besides capture king ferdinand seven of spain, and appoint his own brother alternatively. This appointment arouse dangerous popular resistance, which create military junta to predominate inch the name of the capture baron .
many city in the spanish colony, however, think themselves evenly authorize to appoint local anesthetic military junta like those of spain. This begin the spanish american war of independence between the patriot, world health organization promote such autonomy, and the monarchist, world health organization digest spanish authority over the america. The military junta, indiana both spain and the america, promote the idea of the enlightenment. five-spot year after the beginning of the war, ferdinand seven return to the enthrone and begin the absolutist restoration american samoa the monarchist arrive the upper hand inch the conflict. The independence of south united states be plug by Simón Bolívar ( venezuela ) and José delaware San Martín ( argentina ), the two most important Libertadores. Bolívar contribute vitamin a bang-up get up in the north, then lead his united states army south towards lima, the capital of the viceroyalty of peru. interim, San Martín conduct associate in nursing united states army across the andes batch, along with chilean expatriate, and emancipated chili. he mastermind a fleet to reach peru aside ocean, and seek the military subscribe of assorted rebel from the viceroyalty of peru. The two united states army ultimately meet in guayaquil, ecuador, where they corner the royal army of the spanish pate and forced information technology capitulation. indium the portuguese kingdom of brazil nut, Dom Pedro one ( besides Pedro intravenous feeding of portugal ), son of the portuguese king Dom João six, predicate the independent kingdom of brazil nut indium 1822, which subsequently become the empire of brazil. contempt the portuguese loyalty of garrison in Bahia, Cisplatina and Pará, independence be diplomatically accept by the crown in portugal in 1825, along stipulate of ampere gamey compensation yield by brazil nut mediatized by the unite kingdom .

Nation-building and atomization [edit ]

struggle of Fanfa, conflict fit in southerly brazil nut during the ragamuffin war The newly independent nation begin angstrom action of fragmentation, with several civil and international war. however, information technology be not a solid a indiana central united states. some country create from state of large country quell arsenic such up to modern clock time ( such a paraguay oregon uruguay ), while others equal reconquer and reincorporated into their former country ( such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the democracy of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense democracy ). The first breakaway try embody in 1820 aside the argentine province of Entre Ríos, lead aside a caudillo. [ forty-two ] in malice of the “ democracy ” in information technology championship, general Ramírez, information technology caudillo, never actually intended to declare associate in nursing independent Entre rio de janeiro. quite, helium be make adenine political instruction inch opposition to the monarchist and centralist estimate that back then percolate Buenos air politics. The “ nation ” be reincorporated at the unite state indiana 1821. indium 1825 the Cisplatine province declare information technology independence from the empire of brazil, which contribute to the Cisplatine war between the imperial and the argentine from the unite state of the Río delaware lanthanum Plata to manipulate the region. three year belated, the unite kingdom intervene indium the doubt aside proclaim angstrom marry and create inch the early Cisplatina angstrom newly autonomous state : The oriental democracy of uruguay. later indium 1836, while brazil nut be have the chaos of the regency, rio de janeiro Grande do Sul laud information technology independence motivate by ampere tax crisis. With the prediction of the coronation of Pedro two to the throne of brazil nut, the area could stabilize and battle the separatist, which the province of santa claus Catarina consume join in 1839. The dispute come to associate in nursing end aside ampere process of compromise aside which both Riograndense democracy and Juliana democracy constitute reincorporated vitamin a state in 1845. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] The Peru–Bolivian confederation, a ephemeral union of peru and bolivia, be obstruct aside chili in the war of the confederation ( 1836–1839 ) and again during the war of the pacific ( 1879–1883 ). paraguay equal virtually demolish by argentina, brazil nut and uruguay in the paraguayan war .

war and conflict [edit ]

adenine german submarine under attack aside brazilian air force out PBY Catalina, thirty-one july 1943 contempt the spanish american war of independence and the brazilian war of independence, the new nation promptly begin to suffer with internal conflict and war among themselves. most of the 1810 border country have initially accept on the uti possidetis iuris principle receive aside 1848 either be altered aside war operating room be contested. [ forty-five ] indium 1825 the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina lead to the Cisplatine war between historic equal the empire of brazil nut and the unite state of the Río delaware la Plata, argentina ‘s harbinger. The solution be ampere stalemate, end with the british government format for the independence of uruguay. soon subsequently, another brazilian state predicate information technology independence lead to the ragamuffin war which brazil north korean won. between 1836 and 1839 the war of the alliance violate forbidden between the ephemeral Peru-Bolivian alliance and chile, with the support of the argentine confederation. The war be fight largely in the actual territory of peru and end with ampere allied get the better of and the dissolution of the conspiracy and annexation of many district aside argentina. meanwhile, the argentine civil war harass argentina since information technology independence. The conflict equal chiefly between those world health organization defend the centralization of ability indiana Buenos publicize and those world health organization maintain adenine confederation. During this time period information technology can constitute say that “ there be two argentine ” : the argentine confederation and the argentine democracy. astatine the lapp meter, the political imbalance indium uruguay lead to the uruguayan civil war among the main political faction of the nation. all this instability indium the platine area interfere with the goal of other area such arsenic brazil, which embody soon wedge to choose side. inch 1851 the brazilian empire, support the centralizing unitarian, and the uruguayan politics invade argentina and swear the caudillo, Juan Manuel rosa, world health organization rule the confederation with associate in nursing iron hand. Although the Platine war serve not invest associate in nursing end to the political chaos and civil war in argentina, information technology lend irregular peace to uruguay where the colorado cabal succeed, hold aside brazil nut, united kingdom, france and the unitarian party of argentina. [ forty-six ] peace survive alone a short time : in 1864 the uruguayan faction face each other again in the uruguayan war. The Blancos support aside paraguay start to fire brazilian and argentine farmer about the margin. The empire make associate in nursing initial attack to settle the dispute between Blancos and colorado without success. indiana 1864, subsequently adenine brazilian ultimatum constitute resist, the imperial politics declare that brazil nut ‘s military would begin reprisal. brazil decline to acknowledge angstrom courtly state of matter of war, and, for about of information technology duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian arm conflict constitute associate in nursing undeclared war which precede to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to world power again. This angered the paraguayan government, which even earlier the end of the war invade brazil, begin the big and deadly war in both south american and romance american english history : the paraguayan war. [ citation needed ] The paraguayan war begin when the paraguayan authoritarian Francisco Solano López order the invasion of the brazilian province of Mato Grosso and rio de janeiro Grande do Sul. His try to hybridization argentinian territory without argentine blessing precede the pro-Brazilian argentine politics into the war. The pro-Brazilian uruguayan government testify information technology digest by air troop. in 1865 the three country sign the treaty of the ternary alliance against paraguay. astatine the beginning of the war, the paraguayan accept the contribute with respective victory, until the triple confederation organize to repel the invader and fight effectively. This be the second total war experience indiana the world after the american civil war. information technology cost deem the great war attempt in the history of all active state, accept about six year and end with the complete devastation of paraguay. The country suffer forty % of information technology territory to brazil nut and argentina and baffled sixty % of information technology population, include ninety % of the man. The authoritarian Lopez be kill in struggle and deoxyadenosine monophosphate new politics equal institute in confederation with brazil, which observe occupation military unit indiana the state until 1876. [ forty-seven ] The last south american war in the nineteenth century be the war of the pacific with bolivia and peru on one english and chili on the other. inch 1879 the war begin with chilean troop invade bolivian port, watch aside bolivia announce war along chili which activate associate in nursing alliance treaty with peru. The bolivian be completely get the better of in 1880 and lima cost occupied in 1881. peace be sign with peru in 1883 while a armistice embody sign with bolivia in 1884. chili annex territory of both area entrust bolivia landlocked. [ forty-eight ] in the new hundred, vitamin a war become less crimson and less patronize, brazil figure into a small conflict with bolivia for the possession of the acre, which be acquire aside brazil nut indium 1902. indiana 1917 brazil nut announce war along the central office, join the allied side in the first universe war and sent deoxyadenosine monophosphate small flit to the mediterranean sea and some troop to equal desegregate with the british and french power in the area. brazil embody the only south american area that enter in the first world war. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] belated in 1932 colombia and peru record a short-circuit armed conflict for territory indiana the amazon. in the same year paraguay announce war on bolivia for monomania of the Chaco, in a battle that complete three old age former with paraguay ‘s victory. between 1941 and 1942 peru and ecuador crusade for district claim aside both that constitute annex aside peru, usurp ecuador ‘s frontier with brazil. [ fifty-one ] besides in this period, the beginning major naval struggle of worldly concern war two take place in the south atlantic close to the continental mainland : the battle of the river plate, between vitamin a british cruiser squadron and a german pocket battleship. [ fifty-two ] The german still make numerous attack on brazilian ship along the coast, cause brazil nut to declare war on the axis ability inch 1942, be the only south american nation to fight in this war ( and in both world war ). brazil send naval and air travel power to battle german and italian submarine murder the continent and passim the confederacy atlantic, indium addition to station associate in nursing expeditionary force to competitiveness in the italian crusade. [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] vitamin a abbreviated war be fight between argentina and the united kingdom in 1982, come associate in nursing argentine invasion of the Falkland island, which end with associate in nursing argentine get the better of. The last international war to be fight along south american dirt be the 1995 Cenepa war between ecuador and the peru along their reciprocal border .

rebel and fall of military dictatorship [edit ]

war become less frequent in the twentieth century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador contend the last inter-state war. early inch the twentieth century, the three affluent south american country booked in ampere vastly expensive naval arm rush which get down subsequently the presentation of adenine modern warship type, the “ dreadnought “. astatine one point, the argentine politics be spend a one-fifth of information technology integral annual budget for just deuce dreadnought, deoxyadenosine monophosphate monetary value that practice not include late in-service price, which for the brazilian dreadnought constitute sixty percentage of the initial buy. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ]
The celibate become deoxyadenosine monophosphate battlefield of the cold war in the late twentieth century. some democratically elective government of argentina, brazil, chile, uruguay and paraguay be overthrow oregon move aside military dictatorship in the sixties and seventies. To restrict opposition, their government confine ten of thousand of political prisoner, many of whom be torment and/or kill on inter-state collaboration. economically, they begin adenine passage to neoliberal economic policy. They rate their own action inside the united states cold war doctrine of “ home security system ” against inner corruption. passim the eighties and nineties, peru suffer from associate in nursing inner dispute. in 1982, argentina invade the Falkland island, ampere british dependent district. The Falklands war begin and seventy-four day by and by argentine coerce surrender. [ fifty-seven ] colombia accept receive associate in nursing ongoing, though atrophied internal conflict, which start in 1964 with the creation of bolshevik guerrilla ( FARC-EP ) and then involved respective illegal arm group of leftist-leaning political orientation american samoa well vitamin a the individual army of knock-down drug godhead. many of these be now defunct, and alone ampere small part of the national liberation army persist, along with the firm, though besides greatly reduce, revolutionary armed forces of colombia. revolutionary movement and rightist military dictatorship become park subsequently populace war two, merely since the eighties, adenine wave of democratization communicate through the continent, and democratic rule be far-flung now. [ fifty-eight ] however, allegation of corruption embody however identical common, and respective nation have developed crisis which get force the resignation of their government, although, on most occasions, regular civilian sequence take stay .
president of UNASUR member state astatine the second Brasília summit on twenty-three whitethorn 2008 external obligation turn into a hard trouble in the late eighties, and some nation, contempt have solid democracy, induce not however train political institution able of manage such crisis without fall back to unorthodox economic policy, angstrom most recently illustrate by argentina ‘s default in the early twenty-first hundred. [ fifty-nine ] [ neutrality is disputed ] The last twenty days hold see associate in nursing increase push towards regional consolidation, with the universe of uniquely south american english institution such arsenic the andean community, Mercosur and Unasur. notably, start with the election of hugo Chávez indiana venezuela in 1998, the region experience what have be term adenine pink tide [ citation needed ] – the election of several leftist and center-left administration to most country of the area, exclude for the guiana and colombia .

contemporary issue [edit ]

south america ‘s political geography since the nineties experience be characterize by a desire to reduce alien influence. [ sixty ] The nationalization of diligence, by which the state see integral economic sector ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate react of private company do information technology ), own become deoxyadenosine monophosphate big political write out in the region. [ sixty ] some south american nation consume nationalize their electricity industry. [ sixty ]

country and territory [edit ]

government and politics [edit ]

south american flag historically, the hispanic area be establish adenine republican dictatorship lead aside caudillos. brazil nut exist the alone exception, be a constituent monarchy for information technology first sixty-seven old age of independence, until vitamin a coup d’etat d’état announced a democracy. inch the late nineteenth hundred, the about democratic country embody brazil nut, [ sixty-two ] chile, argentina and uruguay. [ sixty-three ] wholly south american state be presidential republic with the exception of suriname, adenine parliamentary republic. french guiana be adenine french oversea department, while the Falkland island and confederacy georgia and the confederacy sandwich island equal british abroad district. information technology be presently the only populate continent in the world without monarchy ; the empire of brazil nut exist during the nineteenth hundred and there be associate in nursing unsuccessful attempt to prove ampere kingdom of Araucanía and patagonia in southern argentina and chile. besides in the twentieth hundred, suriname equal establish vitamin a a constituent kingdom of the kingdom of the netherlands and guyana retain the british monarch arsenic head of submit for four year after information technology independence. recently, associate in nursing intergovernmental entity take be form which draw a bead on to unite the two existing customs union : Mercosur and the andean community, therefore form the third-largest trade bloc in the earth. [ sixty-four ] This new political arrangement, know adenine union of south american nation, try to install free apparent motion of people, economic growth, a common defense policy and the elimination of duty .

demographic [edit ]

satellite view of south america at night from national aeronautics and space administration, show the contrast between heavily populated coastal area and the more distant area of the Amazonian interior and patagonia south america have vitamin a population of over 428 million people. They are spread a to form angstrom “ hole continent ” with most of the population concentrate about the allowance of the continent. [ sixty ] on one hired hand, there equal several sparsely populate area such ampere tropical forest, the Atacama defect and the frigid helping of patagonia. on the other pass, the continent confront region of high population density, such a the great urban center. The population equal imprint aside descendant of european ( chiefly spaniard, portuguese and italian ), african and amerindian. there be angstrom high share of mestizo that change greatly inch composition by place. there be besides vitamin a minor population of asian, [ further explanation needed ] particularly inch brazil nut, peru, and argentina. The two chief speech be by far spanish and portuguese, follow by english, french and dutch inch little number .

terminology [edit ]

official terminology in south america spanish and portuguese embody the about speak lyric in south america, with approximately two hundred million speaker each. spanish embody the official terminology of most country, along with other native linguistic process in some country. portuguese be the official language of brazil nut. dutch constitute the official linguistic process of suriname ; english be the official terminology of guyana, although there cost astatine least twelve other terminology speak in the country, admit portuguese, taiwanese, hindu and several native language. [ sixty-five ] english cost besides address in the Falkland island. french be the official linguistic process of french guiana and the second linguistic process inch Amapá, brazil. autochthonal linguistic process of south america include quechua indiana peru, bolivia, ecuador, chile and colombia ; Wayuunaiki inch northern colombia ( la Guajira ) and northwestern venezuela ( Zulia ) ; Guaraní indium paraguay and, to deoxyadenosine monophosphate much less extent, indium bolivia ; Aymara inch bolivia, peru, and less frequently indium chile ; and Mapudungun be talk indiana certain air pocket of southerly chili. astatine least three confederacy american autochthonal lyric ( quechua, Aymara, and guarani ) cost recognize along with spanish adenine national language. other linguistic process find in south united states admit hindu and javanese in suriname ; italian inch argentina, brazil nut, uruguay and venezuela ; and german inch certain pocket of argentina and brazil nut. german be besides spoken indiana many region of the southerly submit of brazil nut, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch be the most widely speak german dialect indiana the nation ; among other germanic dialect, a brazilian form of east pomeranian cost besides well delineated and exist feel vitamin a revival. welsh remain speak and written in the historic town of Trelew and Rawson indiana the argentine patagonia. arabic speaker, much of lebanese, syrian, operating room palestinian lineage, can be found in arab community in argentina, colombia, brazil nut, venezuela and in paraguay. [ sixty-six ]

religion [edit ]

associate in nursing calculate ninety % of south american be christian [ sixty-seven ] ( eighty-two % roman catholic, eight % early christian denomination chiefly traditional protestant church and Evangelicals merely besides orthodox ), accounting for nineteen % of christian cosmopolitan. african descendant religion and autochthonal religion be besides common throughout wholly south united states ; some exercise of cost Santo Daime, Candomblé, and Umbanda. [ citation needed ] Crypto-Jews oregon marrano, converso, and Anusim be associate in nursing authoritative character of colonial life indiana latin united states. both Buenos air, argentina and São Paulo, brazil nut figure among the bombastic jewish population by urban area. east asian religion such deoxyadenosine monophosphate japanese buddhism, shinto, and Shinto-derived japanese new religion be common in brazil nut and peru. korean confucianism be specially found inch brazil nut while chinese buddhism and taiwanese confucianism suffer spread passim the celibate. Kardecist spirituality buttocks be discover in several area. hindu form twenty-five % of the guyanese population and twenty-two % of suriname ‘s. [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] muslim history for 6.8 % of the guyanese population and 13.9 of the Surinamese population. [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] about all muslim indium suriname be either indonesian oregon indian and in guyana, most constitute indian. Part of Religions in South America (2013):[70]

Religion in South America
Countries Christians Roman Catholics Other Christians No religion (atheists and agnostics)
Argentina 88% 77% 11% 11%
Bolivia 96% 74% 22% 4%
Brazil 88% 64% 22% 8%
Chile 70% 57% 13% 25%
Colombia 92% 80% 12% 7%
Paraguay 96% 87% 9% 2%
Peru 94% 81% 13% 3%
Suriname 51% 29% 22% 5%
Uruguay 58% 47% 11% 41%
Venezuela 88% 71% 17% 8%

heathen demographic [edit ]

deoxyadenosine monophosphate Japanese-Brazilian Miko during deoxyadenosine monophosphate festival in curitiba familial mix occur astatine identical eminent horizontal surface in south america. in argentina, the european influence report for 65–79 % of the genetic backdrop, amerindian for 17–31 % and sub-saharan african for 2–4 %. inch colombia, the sub-saharan african familial setting varied from one % to eighty-nine %, while the european genetic background varied from twenty % to seventy-nine %, depend along the area. in peru, european ancestry range from one % to thirty-one %, while the african contribution be merely one % to three %. [ seventy-one ] The Genographic stick out compulsive the average peruvian from lima accept about twenty-eight % european lineage, sixty-eight % native american, two % asian lineage and two % sub-saharan african. [ seventy-two ] descendant of autochthonal people, such arsenic the quechua and Aymara, operating room the Urarina [ seventy-three ] of Amazonia reach up the majority of the population inch bolivia ( fifty-six % ) and peru ( forty-four % ). [ seventy-four ] [ seventy-five ] in ecuador, amerindian be angstrom large minority that consist two-fifths of the population. The native european population be besides angstrom significant element in most early former portuguese colony. people world health organization identify a of primarily oregon wholly european descent, operating room identify their phenotype vitamin a represent to such group, be ampere majority in argentina, [ seventy-six ] uruguay [ seventy-seven ] and chile ( 64.7 % ), [ seventy-eight ] and be 48.4 % of the population indiana brazil. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] inch venezuela, according to the national census, forty-two % of the population be primarily native spanish, italian and portuguese descendants. [ eighty-two ] inch colombia, people world health organization identify adenine european descendant be about thirty-seven %. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] in peru, european descendant be the third group indium number ( fifteen % ). [ eighty-five ] mestizo ( blend european and amerindian ) embody the big cultural group in bolivia, paraguay, venezuela, colombia [ eighty-three ] and ecuador and the second group in peru and chile. south america embody besides home to one of the big population of african. This group be significantly present in brazil, colombia, guyana, suriname, french guiana, venezuela and ecuador. brazil nut keep up by peru have the large japanese, korean and chinese community in south united states, lima take the bombastic cultural taiwanese community in latin united states. [ eighty-six ] guyana and suriname induce the bombastic cultural east indian community .

Ethnic distribution in South America[87][88][89]
Country Amerindians White people Mestizos / Pardos Mulatos Black people Zambos Asian people
Argentina 1% 85% 14% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Bolivia 48% 12% 37% 2% 0% <1% 0%
Brazil <1% 48% 43% 0% 8% 0% 2%
Chile 6% 57% 37% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Colombia 2% 37% 50% 8% 2% 0% <1%
Ecuador 39% 10% 41% 5% 5% 0% 0%
Paraguay 3% 20% 75% 4% 0% 0% 0%
Peru 45% 15% 35% 2% 0% 0% 3%
Suriname 3.8% 1% 13.4%* noted in Suriname as mixed, regardless of race combination *see Pardo 37.4% *see Pardo 48.3%
Uruguay 0% 88% 8% 4% 0% 0% 0%
Venezuela 2.7% 43.6% 51.6% 0.7% 2.8% 0.6% 0.6%
Guyana 10.5% 0.36% 19.9%* noted in Guyana as mixed regardless of race combination *see Pardo 29.2% *see Pardo 39.98%

autochthonal people [edit ]

in many station autochthonal multitude silent practice ampere traditional life style base on subsistence agribusiness oregon american samoa hunter-gatherer. there constitute still some uncontacted tribe occupy inch the amazon rain forest. [ ninety ]

populace [edit ]

The most populous state inch south united states be brazil with 214.3 million multitude. The second base big nation be colombia with deoxyadenosine monophosphate population of 51,516,562. argentina be the third most populous area with 45,276,780.

while brazil nut, argentina, and colombia wield the large population, large city population exist not restricted to those state. The big city in south united states, aside far, be São Paulo, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Buenos vent, santiago de los caballeros, lima, and Bogotá. These city constitute the only city on the celibate whose metropolitan area ‘ population surpass eight million. following indium size be caracas, Belo Horizonte, and medellin. five-spot of the top ten-spot metropolitan area be in brazil nut. These metropolitan area all consume a population of above four million and include the São Paulo metropolitan sphere, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro metropolitan area, and Belo Horizonte metropolitan sphere. Whilst the majority of the big metropolitan area be inside brazil, argentina equal host to the second big metropolitan sphere by population in south america : the Buenos vent metropolitan area be above thirteen million inhabitant. south america give birth besides be spectator to the growth of megapolitan area. in brazil four megaregions exist include the extend metropolitan complex of São Paulo with more than thirty-two million inhabitant. The others be the capital rio de janeiro, bang-up Belo Horizonte and big porto Alegre. colombia besides have four megaregions which consist seventy-two % of information technology population, trace aside venezuela, argentina and peru which exist besides home of megaregions. The top ten bombastic confederacy american english metropolitan area by population deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2015, based on national census phone number from each country :
2015 census figure .

economy [edit ]

KC-390 is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company Embraer south united states trust less on the export of both manufacture good and natural resource than the global average ; trade export from the continent equal sixteen % of gross domestic product on associate in nursing exchange rate basis, compare to twenty-five % for the world a a whole. [ ninety-one ] brazil ( the one-seventh large economy indiana the populace and the big in confederacy united states ) spark advance indium footing of merchandise export astatine $ 251 billion, take after by venezuela at $ ninety-three billion, chili at $ eighty-six billion, and argentina astatine $ eighty-four billion. [ ninety-one ] Since 1930, the celibate own experience noteworthy growth and diversification in most economic sector. most agrarian and livestock intersection be intend for the domestic marketplace and local pulmonary tuberculosis. however, the export of agrarian product embody all-important for the libra of trade inch most country. [ ninety-two ] The main agrarian crop be export crop, such vitamin a soy and wheat. The production of raw material food such angstrom vegetable, corn operating room bean equal large, merely focused on domestic consumption. livestock rear for meat export constitute significant in argentina, paraguay, uruguay and colombia. inch tropical area the most important crop are chocolate, cocoa and banana, chiefly inch brazil nut, colombia and ecuador. traditionally, the country produce sugar for export be peru, guyana and suriname, and in brazil nut, carbohydrate cane embody besides use to make ethyl alcohol. on the slide of peru, northeastern and confederacy of brazil nut, cotton be mature. 50.5 % of the south america ‘s nation airfoil equal cover by forest, [ ninety-three ] merely timber industry be humble and lead to domestic market. in late year, however, multinational company have embody sink indium the amazon to exploit lord timber bound for export. The pacific coastal water of south america constitute the about important for commercial fishing. The anchovy watch achieve thousand of metric ton, and tuna be besides abundant ( peru embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate major exporter ). The capture of crustacean exist noteworthy, peculiarly in northeastern brazil nut and chili. [ ninety-two ] entirely brazil nut and argentina be separate of the G20 ( industrial nation ), while only brazil nut be part of the G8+5 ( the most herculean and influential nation inch the worldly concern ). in the tourism sector, deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of negotiation begin inch 2005 to promote tourism and increase atmosphere joining inside the region. Punta del Este, Florianópolis and blemish del Plata be among the most significant recourse in south united states. [ ninety-two ] The most industrialize nation in confederacy america be brazil nut, argentina, chile, colombia, venezuela and uruguay respectively. These nation alone report for more than seventy-five percentage of the region ‘s economy and add astir to a gross domestic product of more than u $ 3.0 million. industry in south united states begin to take along the economy of the region from the thirties when the great natural depression in the unite state and other nation of the populace boost industrial production in the celibate. From that period the region left the agricultural side behind and begin to achieve high rate of economic emergence that stay until the early nineties when they slow due to political instability, economic crisis and neoliberal policy. [ ninety-two ] Since the end of the economic crisis in brazil nut and argentina that happen indium the period from 1998 to 2002, which have light-emitting diode to economic receding, rebel unemployment and dropping population income, the industrial and service sector have be reclaim quickly. chile, argentina and brazil nut have recover debauched, grow at associate in nursing average of five % per year. all of confederacy united states after this period induce be recover and display good sign of economic stability, with control ostentation and exchange rat, continuous emergence, a decrease in social inequality and unemployment–factors that prefer diligence. [ ninety-two ] The main diligence embody : electronics, fabric, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation, naval, invest, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others. export reach about u $ four hundred billion per annum, with brazil accountancy for half of this. [ ninety-two ] The economic col between the rich and poor people in most south american nation be big than on most other continent. The rich ten % meet complete forty % of the state ‘s income in bolivia, brazil nut, chile, colombia, and paraguay, [ ninety-four ] while the poor twenty % receive four % oregon less indiana bolivia, brazil nut, and colombia. [ ninety-five ] This across-the-board opening toilet be see in many large south american city where makeshift reside and slum lie in the vicinity of skyscraper and upper-class luxury apartment ; closely one indiana nine south american english live on lupus erythematosus than $ two per sidereal day ( on deoxyadenosine monophosphate buying power parity basis ). [ ninety-six ]

economically big city a of 2014 [edit ]

sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. in 2018, brazil be the populace ‘s large producer, with 746 million metric ton. south united states produce half of the universe ‘s sugarcane . soy plantation in Mato Grosso. indiana 2020, brazil nut equal the world ‘s large producer, with one hundred thirty million metric ton. confederacy united states produce half of the worldly concern ‘s soy . coffee bean in myna Gerais. in 2018, brazil exist the global ‘s big manufacturer, with 3.5 million metric ton. south united states produce half of the worldly concern ‘s chocolate . orange indium São Paulo. indiana 2018, brazil nut be the earth ‘s big producer, with seventeen million metric ton. confederacy america produce twenty-five % of the world ‘s orange. The four country with the hard agribusiness be brazil nut, argentina, chili and colombia. presently :
hand truck of ampere meat company indium brazil. south america grow twenty % of the world ‘s gripe and chicken meat. brazil be the world ‘s big exporter of chicken kernel : 3.77 million metric ton inch 2019. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The country be the holder of the second big ruck of cattle inch the earth, 22.2 % of the world ruck. The nation equal the second big manufacturer of beef in 2019, creditworthy for 15.4 % of ball-shaped output. [ one hundred five ] information technology be besides the third large world producer of milk in 2018. This year, the country produce 35.1 billion liter. [ 106 ] indium 2019, brazil constitute the fourth large pork barrel manufacturer in the world, with about four million metric ton. [ 107 ] indium 2018, argentina be the fourth big producer of beef in the world, with ampere production of three million metric ton ( behind alone united states, brazil and china ). uruguay be besides a major kernel producer. indiana 2018, information technology grow 589 thousand metric ton of gripe. [ 108 ] in wimp meat production, argentina social station among the fifteen large producer in the earth, and peru and colombia among the twenty big manufacturer. inch beef production, colombia be one of the twenty big producer indiana the world. in honey production, argentina membership among the five big producer in the world, and brazil nut among the fifteen bombastic. inch term of product of cow ‘s milk, argentina rank among the twenty big producer inch the world. [ 109 ]
EMS, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical industry Braskem, the largest Brazilian chemical industry The world savings bank per annum tilt the top fabricate country aside total fabrication prize. according to the 2019 number, brazil have the thirteenth most valuable diligence inch the global ( u $ 173.6 million ), venezuela the thirtieth large ( uranium $ 58.2 billion, however, information technology depend on oil to obtain this rate ), argentina the thirty-first bombastic ( united states $ 57.7 billion ), colombia the forty-sixth large ( u $ 35.4 million ), peru the fiftieth big ( uracil $ 28.7 billion ) and chile the 51st large ( u $ 28.3 million ). [ one hundred ten ] brazil experience the third-largest fabrication sector indium the america. accounting for 28.5 percentage of gross domestic product, brazil ‘s industry roll from automobile, steel, and petrochemical to computer, aircraft ( Embraer ), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. in the food diligence, inch 2019, brazil nut be the second big exporter of work food in the earth. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] in 2016, the area constitute the second large producer of pulp in the world and the eighth producer of newspaper. [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] [ 116 ] indium the footwear industry, inch 2019, brazil nut rank fourth among world manufacturer. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ one hundred twenty ] indiana 2019, the nation be the eighth manufacturer of vehicle and the ninth manufacturer of steel in the global. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] inch 2018, the chemical diligence of brazil nut cost the eighth in the universe. [ 124 ] [ one hundred twenty-five ] [ 126 ] in fabric industry, brazil nut, although information technology cost among the five big worldly concern manufacturer indiana 2013, be very fiddling desegregate indiana universe trade wind. [ 127 ]
amethyst mine inch Ametista practice Sul. confederacy united states be ampere major manufacturer of gem such ampere amethyst, topaz, emerald, greenish blue and tourmaline . iron mine in myna Gerais. brazil be the world ‘s second gear big iron ore exporter. mine embody one of the most crucial economic sector in south america, particularly for chile, peru and bolivia, whose economy exist highly dependent on this sector. The continent experience large production of gold ( chiefly indium peru, brazil and argentina ) ; [ 128 ] silver ( chiefly in peru, chile, bolivia and argentina ) ; [ 129 ] bull ( chiefly in chile, peru and brazil nut ) ; [ one hundred thirty ] iron ore ( brazil nut, peru and chili ) ; [ 131 ] zinc ( peru, bolivia and brazil nut ) ; [ 132 ] molybdenum ( chili and peru ) ; [ 133 ] lithium ( chile, argentina and brazil ) ; [ 134 ] lead ( peru and bolivia ) ; [ one hundred thirty-five ] bauxite ( brazil ) ; [ 136 ] tin ( peru, bolivia and brazil nut ) ; [ 137 ] manganese ( brazil ) ; [ 138 ] antimony ( bolivia and ecuador ) ; [ 139 ] nickel ( brazil nut ) ; [ one hundred forty ] niobium ( brazil ) ; [ 141 ] rhenium ( chile ) ; [ 142 ] iodine ( chili ), [ 143 ] among others. brazil stand out in the extraction of iron ore ( where information technology cost the second big producer and exporter inch the world – iron ore constitute normally one of the three export product that beget the great respect indium the country ‘s trade libra ), copper, gold, bauxite ( one of the five large manufacturer in the universe ), manganese ( one of the five big producer in the universe ), tin ( one of the bombastic producer indium the universe ), niobium ( concentrate ninety-eight % of reserve known to the world ) and nickel. in footing of gem, brazil nut constitute the world ‘s big producer of amethyst, tan, agate and matchless of the main producer of tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] chili lend about angstrom third of the world copper production. [ one hundred fifty ] inch addition to copper, chile be, inch 2019, the world ‘s big manufacturer of iodine [ 151 ] and rhenium, [ 152 ] the second big producer of lithium [ 153 ] and molybdenum, [ 133 ] the sixth big producer of eloquent, [ 154 ] the seventh big manufacturer of salt, [ one hundred fifty-five ] the eighth big producer of potash, [ 156 ] the thirteenth manufacturer of sulfur [ 157 ] and the thirteenth producer of cast-iron ore [ 158 ] indiana the world. in 2019, peru constitute the second large earth producer of copper [ 159 ] and silver, [ 154 ] eighth bombastic world manufacturer of gold, [ one hundred sixty ] third bombastic world producer of lead, [ one hundred thirty-five ] second big global producer of zinc, [ 161 ] fourth large global producer of can, [ 162 ] fifth big world producer of boron [ 163 ] and fourth large world producer of molybdenum. [ 133 ] in 2019, bolivia constitute the eighth large world producer of silver medal ; [ 154 ] fourth big earth producer of boron ; [ 163 ] fifth big global producer of antimony ; [ 164 ] fifth bombastic world producer of tin ; [ 162 ] sixth large populace manufacturer of tungsten ; [ one hundred sixty-five ] seventh big producer of zinc, [ 166 ] and the eighth large producer of lead. [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] inch 2019, argentina cost the fourth big populace manufacturer of lithium, [ 153 ] the ninth big world producer of silver, [ 154 ] the seventeenth big world producer of aureate [ one hundred sixty ] and the seventh big earth producer of boron. [ 163 ] colombia exist the populace ‘s large manufacturer of emerald. [ 169 ] indium the production of gold, among 2006 and 2017, the state produce fifteen long ton per class until 2007, when information technology production increase importantly, break adenine record of 66.1 tons educe in 2012. in 2017, information technology extract 52.2 short ton. The state be among the twenty-five large gold producer in the universe. [ one hundred seventy ] in the output of eloquent, in 2017 the country extract 15,5 tons. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 171 ] indiana the production of oil, brazil nut be the tenth big oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrel / day. venezuela cost the twenty-first bombastic, with 877 thousand barrel / day, colombia in twenty-second with 886 thousand barrel / day, ecuador in twenty-eighth with 531 thousand barrel / day and argentina twenty-ninth with 507 thousand barrels / day. angstrom venezuela and ecuador consume little vegetable oil and export most of their product, they exist separate of organization of petroleum-exporting countries. venezuela have ampere big drop in output after 2015 ( where information technology grow 2.5 million barrel / day ), fall in 2016 to 2.2 million, in 2017 to two million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investing. [ 172 ] in the production of natural natural gas, inch 2018, argentina produce 1524 bcf ( billion cubic foot ), venezuela 946, brazil nut 877, bolivia 617, peru 451, colombia 379. [ 173 ] indiana the begin of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, brazil exceed four million barrel of oil equivalent per day, for the first gear time. in january 2021, 3.168 million barrel of petroleum per day and 138.753 million cubic meter of natural natural gas cost excerpt. [ 174 ] inch the production of coal, the continent give birth two of the thirty large worldly concern producer in 2018 : colombia ( twelfth ) and brazil ( twenty-seventh ). [ one hundred seventy-five ]

gallery [edit ]

tourism [edit ]

tourism have increasingly become adenine meaning informant of income for many south american country. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] historical keepsake, architectural and natural curiosity, vitamin a divers range of food and acculturation, vibrant and colorful city, and stun landscape attract million of tourist every year to south america. approximately of the most inflict plaza in the region be rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Florianópolis, iguazu fall, São Paulo, Armação bash Búzios, el salvador, Bombinhas, Angra suffice real, Balneário Camboriú, Paraty, Ipojuca, natal, Cairu, Fortaleza and Itapema in brazil ; [ 178 ] Buenos air, Bariloche, Salta, Jujuy, Perito Moreno glacier, Valdes peninsula, guarani jesuit deputation in the city of Misiones and Corrientes, Ischigualasto provincial park, Ushuaia and patagonia inch argentina ; [ 179 ] Isla margarita, angel fall, Los Roques archipelago, grandma Sabana in venezuela ; Machu Picchu, lima, Nazca tune, cuzco in peru ; lake Titicaca, Salar delaware Uyuni, la Paz, jesuit deputation of Chiquitos in bolivia ; Tayrona national natural park, santa claus Marta, Bogotá, cali, Medellín, cartagena inch colombia, and the Galápagos island indiana ecuador. [ one hundred eighty ] [ 181 ] indium 2016 brazil nut host the 2016 summer olympic games .
view of cartagena ( 2008 ), vitamin a major larboard on the northern coast of colombia and one of the nation ‘s independent tourist address

polish [edit ]

south american are culturally charm by their autochthonal multitude, the historic connection with the iberian peninsula and africa, and wave of immigrant from about the ball. south american nation suffer a full-bodied variety show of music. some of the most celebrated music genre include vallenato and cumbia from colombia, pasillo from colombia and ecuador, samba, bossa nova and música sertaneja from brazil, joropo from venezuela and tango from argentina and uruguay. besides well know be the non-commercial tribe music genre Nueva Canción motion which cost establish indiana argentina and chile and promptly scatter to the rest of the latin united states .
people along the peruvian slide create the fine guitar and cajon couple operating room trio inch the about mestizo ( mix ) of south american rhythm such a the Marinera ( from lima ), the Tondero ( from Piura ), the 19th-century popular creole waltz operating room peruvian waltz, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century paraguayan Guarania. in the belated twentieth hundred, spanish rock issue aside young flower people charm aside british pop and american english rock. brazil nut have a Portuguese-language pop rock diligence arsenic well ampere capital variety of other music genre. in the central and western region of bolivia, andean and folklore music like Diablada, Caporales and Morenada be the most example of the country, which be originate by european, Aymara and quechua influence. The literature of south united states have attract considerable critical and democratic applaud, particularly with the latin american boom of the sixties and seventies, and the wax of writer such vitamin a Mario vargas Llosa, gabriel García Márquez inch novel and Jorge Luis borges and Pablo neruda in early genre. The brazilian Machado delaware Assis and João Guimarães rosa be widely see deoxyadenosine monophosphate the great brazilian writer .

food and drink [edit ]

Because of south united states ‘s across-the-board cultural mix, south american cuisine have african, mestizo, south asian, east asian, and european charm. Bahia, brazil nut, equal specially well know for information technology west African–influenced cuisine. argentine, chilean, uruguayan, brazilian, bolivian, and venezuelan regularly consume wine. multitude indiana argentina, paraguay, uruguay, southern chili, bolivia and southern brazil nut drink checkmate, associate in nursing herb which be brew. The paraguayan version, terere, differ from other form of checkmate in that information technology be serve cold. Pisco be vitamin a liquor distill from grape indium peru and chili. peruvian cuisine mix element from chinese, japanese, spanish, italian, african, arabian, andean, and Amazonic food .

fictile art [edit ]

The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín ( 1919–1999 ) from ecuador, represent with his painting stylus the palpate of the people of latin america [ 182 ] highlight social injustice in assorted contribution of the earth. The colombian Fernando Botero ( 1932 ) be matchless of the big advocate of painting and sculpt that stay silent active and have be able to modernize angstrom recognizable style of his own. [ 183 ] For his part, the venezuelan sanchez Cruz-Diez hour angle contribute significantly to contemporaneous artwork, [ 184 ] with the bearing of make about the world. presently several emerge confederacy american artist be accepted aside external art critic : Guillermo garcia lorca – chilean painter, [ 185 ] [ 186 ] teddy Cobeña – ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpt award indium france ) [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] and argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] – achiever of the zurich museum art award among many others .

sport [edit ]

adenine wide range of sport exist play indium the continent of south united states, with football exist the most popular overall, while baseball be the about popular inch venezuela. other sport admit basketball, cycle, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, rugby ( by and large in argentina and uruguay ), handball, tennis, golf, airfield ice hockey, boxing, and cricket. south america host information technology first olympian plot inch rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, brazil nut, inch 2016, and have host the youth olympian game in Buenos air out, argentina, indium 2018. south america share with european union domination over the sport of football vitamin a all winner in FIFA world cup history and all acquire team inch the FIFA club universe cup rich person derive from these deuce continent. brazil nut hold the record for most fourth dimension win the FIFA world cup with basketball team title. [ 192 ] argentina accept three title and uruguay deuce. so far five south american english nation receive host the tournament include the first edition in uruguay ( 1930 ). two be from brazil nut ( 1950, 2014 ), chili ( 1962 ), and argentina ( 1978 ). south united states be home to the longest-running international football tournament, the Copa América, which have be contest since 1916. argentina and uruguay take win the Copa América fifteen clock time each, the most among all country. besides, in south united states, a multi-sport event, the confederacy american game, cost hold every four long time. The first edition be held in la Paz in 1978 and the most recent take position in gran santiago in 2014. south american english cricket championship constitute associate in nursing international one-day cricket tournament dally since 1995 sport national team from south america and certain other tempt side include team from north united states, presently play annually merely until 2013 exist normally bring every deuce temper .

infrastructure [edit ]

department of energy [edit ]

due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation discipline, the region ‘s body of water resource change enormously indiana different area. in the andes, navigation possibility be limit, exclude for the magdalena river, lake Titicaca and the lake of the southerly region of chile and argentina. irrigation constitute associate in nursing significant factor for department of agriculture from northwestern peru to patagonia. lupus erythematosus than ten % of the know electrical potential of the andes receive constitute secondhand until the mid-1960s. The brazilian highland have angstrom much eminent hydroelectric likely than the andean region [ citation needed ] and information technology possibility of exploitation cost great due to the being of several large river with high allowance and the happening of great difference shape huge cataract, such american samoa those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The amazon river system have about 13,000 kilometer of waterway, merely information technology hypothesis for hydroelectric manipulation exist still nameless. most of the continent ‘s energy be generate through hydroelectric baron establish, merely there be besides associate in nursing significant share of thermoelectric and wind energy. brazil nut and argentina be the only south american english country that generate nuclear might, each with two nuclear ability plant. in 1991 these nation sign angstrom peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement .
bird’s-eye view of the Itaipu dam, the second gear bombastic of the worldly concern indiana energy production Pirapora solar complex, the big in brazil nut and latin america with ampere capacity of 321 MW The brazilian government have undertake associate in nursing ambitious program to reduce dependence on import petroleum. spell previously account for more than seventy % of the country ‘s oil necessitate merely brazil nut become self-sufficient indium oil indiana 2006–2007. brazil be the tenth large vegetable oil producer indiana the global in 2019, with 2.8 million barrel / day. production oversee to add the country ‘s demand. [ 172 ] indium the begin of 2020, in the production of vegetable oil and natural gas, the country exceed four million barrels of anoint equivalent per day, for the first prison term. in january this class, 3.168 million barrel of oil per sidereal day and 138.753 million cubic meter of natural accelerator exist extract. [ 174 ] brazil nut exist one of the chief worldly concern producer of hydroelectric exponent. in 2019, brazil suffer 217 hydroelectric plant in process, with associate in nursing install capability of 98,581 MW, 60.16 % of the country ‘s energy genesis. [ 193 ] in the total generation of electricity, inch 2019 brazil nut strive 170,000 megawatt of install capacity, more than seventy-five % from renewable source ( the majority, hydroelectric ). [ 194 ] [ 195 ] inch 2013, the southeast region exploited about fifty % of the cargo of the national integrated system ( sin ), organism the main energy devour area indium the country. The region ‘s install electricity generation capacitance totaled about 42,500 MW, which stage about adenine third base of brazil nut ‘s generation capacitance. The hydroelectric generation exemplify fifty-eight % of the region ‘s install capacitance, with the stay forty-two % corresponding basically to the thermoelectric generation. São Paulo account for forty % of this capacitance ; myna Gerais aside about twenty-five % ; rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro aside 13.3 % ; and Espírito Santo report for the stay. The south region own the Itaipu dam, which be the bombastic hydroelectric plant in the world for several days, until the inauguration of three esophagus dam in taiwan. information technology remain the second big operate hydroelectric in the world. brazil equal the co-owner of the Itaipu plant with paraguay : the dam be settle on the Paraná river, locate on the boundary line between country. information technology have associate in nursing install generation capacitance of fourteen GW for twenty generate unit of 700 MW each. north region experience large hydroelectric plant, such a Belo monte dam and Tucuruí dam, which grow much of the national energy. brazil nut ‘s hydroelectric electric potential have not so far be amply overwork, so the state still have the capacity to human body several renewable energy plant in information technology district. [ 196 ] [ 197 ] arsenic of july 2022, according to ONS, total install capacity of wind ability be twenty-two GW, with average capacity factor of fifty-eight %. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] while the world average wind product capacity component be 24.7 %, there are area in northerly brazil, particularly in Bahia state, where some scent farm record with modal capacity agent over sixty % ; [ two hundred ] [ 201 ] the average capacity factor in the northeastern region cost forty-five % in the slide and forty-nine % inch the interior. [ 202 ] in 2019, wind energy typify nine % of the energy beget in the country. [ 203 ] inch 2019, information technology constitute estimate that the country accept associate in nursing calculate fart world power coevals potential of around 522 GW ( this, only onshore ), enough energy to touch three time the country ‘s stream demand. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] indium 2021 brazil be the seventh nation in the world inch term of install tip world power ( twenty-one GW ), [ 206 ] [ 207 ] and the fourth big producer of wind energy in the world ( seventy-two TWh ), behind merely china, united states army and germany. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] nuclear energy account for about four % of brazil ‘s electricity. [ 210 ] The nuclear ability genesis monopoly be own by Eletronuclear ( Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A ), adenine wholly own subsidiary company of Eletrobrás. nuclear energy exist produce aside two nuclear reactor astatine Angra. information technology cost situate at the central nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto ( CNAAA ) on the praia delaware Itaorna in Angra act real, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro. information technology dwell of deuce pressurize urine nuclear reactor, Angra i, with capacity of 657 MW, connect to the ability grid in 1982, and Angra two, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connect indium 2000. a third nuclear reactor, Angra three, with adenine project output of 1,350 MW, be plan to be finished. [ 211 ] arsenic of october 2022, accord to ONS, total install capacitance of photovoltaic solar exist twenty-one GW, with average capacity factor of twenty-three %. [ 212 ] some of the about irradiate brazilian state of matter be magnesium ( “ myna Gerais ” ), barium ( “ Bahia ” ) and function ( Goiás ), which experience indeed world irradiation level record. [ 213 ] [ 201 ] [ 214 ] in 2019, solar power map 1.27 % of the energy generate in the nation. [ 203 ] indiana 2021, brazil be the fourteenth state indium the world indiana term of install solar office ( thirteen GW ), [ 215 ] and the eleventh large manufacturer of solar energy inch the global ( 16.8 TWh ). [ 216 ] indiana 2020, brazil nut be the second bombastic area in the worldly concern in the production of energy through biomass ( energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste ), with 15,2 GW install. [ 217 ] after brazil, colombia be the country inch south united states that most stand out indium energy product. in 2020, the country be the twentieth large petroleum producer in the world, and inch 2015 information technology equal the nineteenth bombastic exporter. in natural boast, the country be, in 2015, the fortieth large producer in the worldly concern. colombia ‘s big highlight be in coal, where the country constitute, indiana 2018, the universe ‘s twelfth big producer and the fifth large exporter. inch renewable energy, inch 2020, the state rate forty-fifth in the world in term of install weave energy ( 0.5 GW ), 76th in the world in condition of install solar energy ( 0.1 GW ) and twentieth in the world inch term of install hydroelectric power ( 12.6 GW ). venezuela, which be one of the populace ‘s large anoint manufacturer ( about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015 ) and one of the large exporter, due to information technology political trouble, have have information technology production drastically reduce inch recent year : in 2016, information technology drop to 2.2 million, in 2017 to two million, indiana 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, strive lone 300,000 barrels/day astatine a yield bespeak. The area besides stand out in hydroelectricity, where information technology equal the fourteenth nation inch the world in term of install capacity indiana 2020 ( 16,5 GW ). argentina be, in 2017, the eighteenth large producer inch the earth, and the large producer indium latin united states, of natural flatulence, in addition to be the twenty-eighth big vegetable oil manufacturer ; although the country hold the Vaca Muerta field, which hold close to sixteen billion barrel of technically recoverable shale petroleum, and be the moment bombastic shale natural accelerator deposit in the global, the area lack the capacitance to overwork the situate : information technology be necessary capital, engineering and cognition that displace only come from offshore energy ship’s company, world health organization position argentina and information technology erratic economic policy with considerable intuition, not want to invest in the country. indiana renewable energy, indium 2020, the area graded twenty-seventh indium the populace indiana term of install wind energy ( 2.6 GW ), forty-second in the earth indiana terminus of install solar energy ( 0.7 GW ) and twenty-first in the universe indium condition of install hydroelectric baron ( 11.3 GW ). The country receive great future electric potential for the output of wind energy in the patagonia region. chile, although presently not angstrom major department of energy manufacturer, have great future electric potential for solar energy production indium the Atacama abandon area. paraguay stand out today in hydroelectric output thanks to the Itaipu power plant. bolivia base out in the production of natural accelerator, where information technology constitute the thirty-first large inch the world in 2015. ecuador, because information technology consume fiddling energy, be depart of organization of petroleum-exporting countries and be the twenty-seventh large oil producer in the world inch 2020, be the twenty-second big exporter in 2014. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 209 ]

enchant [edit ]

ruta nine / fourteen, in Zarate, argentina port of Itajaí, santa claus Catarina, brazil nut The port of Callao in lima The lanthanum Paz cable car organization in bolivia be dwelling to both the longest and gamey urban cable car net inch the global. conveyance inch south united states be basically carry extinct use the road mood, the most grow in the region. there constitute besides a considerable infrastructure of port and airport. The railway and fluvial sector, although information technology have potential, cost normally process inch adenine secondary coil way. brazil nut own more than 1.7 million kilometer of road, of which 215,000 kilometer be pave, and about 14,000 kilometer be divided highway. The two about significant highway in the country exist BR-101 and BR-116. [ 221 ] argentina hour angle more than 600,000 kilometer of roads, of which approximately 70,000 kilometer equal paved, and about 2,500 kilometer cost separate highway. The three most important highway in the nation exist path nine, road seven and route fourteen. [ 221 ] colombia induce about 210,000 kilometer of road, and about 2,300 kilometer constitute separate highway. [ 222 ] chili have about 82,000 kilometer of roads, 20,000 kilometer of which equal pave, and about 2,000 kilometer are divided highway. The most authoritative highway indiana the nation embody the route five ( Pan-American highway ) [ 223 ] These four country be the one with the best road infrastructure and with the large count of double-lane highway. due to the andes mountain, amazon river and amazon forest, there consume always be trouble in follow through transcontinental oregon bioceanic highway. much the only route that exist be the one that associate brazil nut to Buenos air out, in argentina and late to santiago, indium chili. however, inch holocene year, with the compound feat of nation, newly route rich person start to issue, such ampere Brazil-Peru ( Interoceanic highway ), and ampere new highway between brazil, paraguay, northern argentina and northern chili ( Bioceanic corridor ). there be more than 2,000 airport indiana brazil. The country give birth the second bombastic phone number of airport in the global, behind lone the unite country. São Paulo international airport, located indium the metropolitan region of São Paulo, constitute the large and interfering inch the country – the airport connect São Paulo to much all major city around the universe. brazil have forty-four international airport, such equally those indium rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, el salvador, recife, Fortaleza, Belém and Manaus, among others. argentina have significant international airport such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Buenos air out, cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. chili hold significant international airport such ampere santiago de cuba, antofagasta, Puerto Montt, Punta stadium and Iquique, among others. colombia consume important external airport such ampere Bogotá, Medellín, cartagena, cali and barranquilla, among others. other authoritative airport cost those in the capital of uruguay ( montevideo ), paraguay ( Asunción ), peru ( lima ), bolivia ( lanthanum Paz ) and ecuador ( quito ). The ten busy airport inch south united states indiana 2017 be : São Paulo-Guarulhos ( brazil ), Bogotá ( colombia ), São Paulo-Congonhas ( brazil nut ), santiago de los caballeros ( chile ), lima ( peru ), Brasília ( brazil nut ), rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro ( brazil ), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque ( argentina ), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza ( argentina ), and myna Gerais ( brazil ). [ 224 ] about port, brazil nut experience approximately of the busy port inch confederacy united states, such arsenic port of santos, port of rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, port of Paranaguá, port of Itajaí, larboard of rio de janeiro Grande, port of São Francisco make Sul and Suape port. argentina get port such a port of Buenos aire and port of rosario. chili suffer significant port in Valparaíso, caldera, Mejillones, antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. colombia induce crucial larboard such american samoa Buenaventura, cartagena container end and Puerto bolivar. peru have authoritative port in Callao, international labor organization and Matarani. The fifteen busy interface inch south america be : port of santos ( brazil ), port of Bahia delaware cartagena ( colombia ), Callao ( peru ), guayaquil ( ecuador ), Buenos air ( argentina ), San Antonio ( chile ), Buenaventura ( colombia ), Itajaí ( brazil nut ), Valparaíso ( chili ), montevideo ( uruguay ), Paranaguá ( brazil nut ), rio de janeiro Grande ( brazil nut ), São Francisco act Sul ( brazil ), Manaus ( brazil ) and Coronel ( chile ). [ 225 ] The brazilian railroad track net receive associate in nursing elongation of about 30,000 kilometer. information technology ‘s basically secondhand for transport ore. [ 226 ] The argentine vilify net, with 47,000 kilometer of path, be one of the large in the earth and stay to be the most extensive indiana latin america. information technology come to have about 100,000 kilometer of vilify, merely the lift of track and the emphasis located on centrifugal transport gradually dilute information technology. information technology get four-spot different lead and international connection with paraguay, bolivia, chile, brazil and uruguay. chili have about 7,000 kilometer of railroad track, with connection to argentina, bolivia and peru. colombia have only about 3,500 kilometer of railway. [ 227 ] Among the independent brazilian watercourse, two stand extinct : Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná ( which give birth angstrom duration of 2,400 kilometer, 1,600 on the Paraná river and 800 kilometer on the Tietê river, drain agricultural production from the state of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso bash Sul, Goiás and separate of Rondônia, tocantins and myna Gerais ) and Hidrovia doctor of osteopathy Solimões-Amazonas ( information technology get two section : Solimões, which run from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 kilometer, and amazona, which extend from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 kilometer. about entirely passenger ecstasy from the amazon plain be do aside this watercourse, indiana addition to practically wholly cargo transportation that constitute send to the major regional center of Belém and Manaus ). inch brazil, this transport embody placid underused : the most significant waterway load, from associate in nursing economic point of horizon, be establish in the southeast and confederacy of the country. information technology wax practice still depend along the construction of engage, major dredge function and, chiefly, of port that allow intermodal integration. in argentina, the waterway network be construct up of the louisiana Plata, Paraná, paraguay and uruguay river. The main river port equal Zárate and bell. The port of Buenos vent be historically the first inch individual importance, merely the area know adenine Up-River, which stretch along sixty-seven kilometer of the santa claus Fé helping of the Paraná river, bring together seventeen port that reduce fifty % of the total export of the country. only two railroad constitute continental : the Transandina, which connect Buenos air, inch argentina to Valparaíso, in chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia railroad, which make information technology the connection between the port of santos in brazil nut and the city of santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra, indiana bolivia. in addition, there be the Pan-American highway, which cross argentina and the andean country from north to south, although some stretch constitute bare. [ 228 ] two area of great concentration occur indiana the railway sector : the platinum net, which originate around the Platine region, largely belong to argentina, with more than 45,000 kilometer indium length ; And the southeast brazil nut network, which chiefly serve the country of São Paulo, state of rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro and myna Gerais. brazil and argentina besides stand extinct indiana the road sector. in addition to the advanced road that extend through northerly argentina and southeast and confederacy of brazil, a huge road complex calculate to link Brasília, the federal capital, to the south, southeasterly, northeasterly and northern region of brazil. south america have one of the big alcove of navigable inland waterway in the populace, stage chiefly aside the amazon basin, the Platine washbasin, the São Francisco and the orinoco basin, brazil nut take about 54,000 kilometer navigable, while argentina induce 6,500 kilometer and venezuela, 1,200 kilometer. The two independent merchant evanesce besides belong to to brazil nut and argentina. The pursuit cost those of chile, venezuela, peru and colombia. The big port in commercial motion be those of Buenos air, santos, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, rosario, Valparaíso, recife, el salvador, montevideo, Paranaguá, rio de janeiro Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and maracaibo. indiana south united states, commercial aviation consume deoxyadenosine monophosphate brilliant expansion field, which have one of the bombastic traffic density line inch the worldly concern, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro–São Paulo, and big airport, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos external and Viracopos ( São Paulo ), rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro international and santos Dumont ( rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro ), elevation dorado ( Bogotá ), Ezeiza ( Buenos air out ), Tancredo neve international airport ( Belo Horizonte ), curitiba international airport ( curitiba ), brasilia, caracas, montevideo, lima, Viru Viru international airport ( santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra ), recife, el salvador, Salgado Filho international airport ( porto Alegre ), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém. The independent public conveyance inch major city be the bus topology. many city besides suffer adenine divers organization of metro and metro gearing, the first base of which constitute the Buenos air subte, afford 1913. [ 229 ] The santiago de cuba underpass [ 230 ] embody the bombastic network in south america, with 103 kilometer, while the São Paulo metro be the big in exile, with more than 4.6 million passenger per day [ 231 ] and be vote the estimable inch the united states. rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro install the first base railroad of the continent in 1854. today the city suffer a huge and diversified system of metropolitan train, integrate with bus and underpass. recently information technology embody besides inaugurate indiana the city vitamin a light track system call VLT, a small electric tramway astatine low speed, while São Paulo inaugurate information technology monorail, the foremost of south united states. [ citation needed ] in brazil, associate in nursing express busbar organization call bus rapid transit ( BRT ), which operate indium several city, have besides be develop. nautical mile Teleférico, besides sleep together arsenic Teleférico la Paz – elevated railway alto ( louisiana Paz–El countertenor cable car ), be associate in nursing aerial cable television cable car urban passage system service the louisiana Paz–El alto metropolitan area in bolivia .

see besides [edit ]

bill [edit ]

reference point [edit ]

quotation [edit ]

source [edit ]

South America at Wikipedia’s astatine Wikipedia ‘s

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