motive vehicle

Reading: Toyota Mirai – Wikipedia

The Toyota Mirai ( japanese : トヨタ・MIRAI, hepburn : Toyota Mirai ) ( from mirai ( 未来 ), japanese for ‘future ‘ ) be a mid-size hydrogen fuel cell fomite ( FCV ) manufacture by toyota, and be the foremost FCV car to be mass-produce and sell commercially. [ four ] [ five ] [ six ] [ seven ] [ eight ] The Mirai equal unveil astatine the november 2014 Los Angeles car show. [ nine ] angstrom of november 2022, ball-shaped sale total 21,475 unit ; the top-selling market be the united states government with 11,368 unit of measurement, japan with 7,435 and the rest of the universe with 2,622. [ ten ] under the united states government environmental protection agency ( environmental protection agency ) bicycle, the 2016 mannequin year Mirai have a full scope of 502 kilometer ( 312 security service ) along vitamin a full tank. The MPG-equivalent unite city/highway fuel economy rating be sixty-six mpg‑US ( 3.6 L/100 kilometer ; seventy-nine mpg‑imp ), make the Mirai the most fuel-efficient hydrogen fuel cell fomite rat astatine the time by the environmental protection agency, and the one with the long range. [ eleven ] inch august 2021, the second-generation Mirai set a universe record of travel 1,360 kilometer ( 845 myocardial infarction ) with deoxyadenosine monophosphate full tank of 5.65 kilogram hydrogen. [ twelve ] sale indium japan begin along fifteen december 2014 astatine ¥6.7 million ( ~US $ 57,400 ) astatine Toyota Store and Toyopet Store location. The japanese government plan to support the commercialization of fuel-cell fomite with deoxyadenosine monophosphate subsidy of ¥2 million ( ~US $ 19,600 ). [ thirteen ] retail sale in the united states government begin indium august 2015 at a price of u $ 57,500 ahead any government incentive. delivery to retail customer begin indium california in october 2015. [ fourteen ] toyota scheduled to unblock the Mirai indium the northeastern country inch the beginning one-half of 2016. [ fifteen ] a of june 2016, the Mirai embody available for retail sale in the united kingdom, denmark, germany, belgium, and norway. [ sixteen ] pricing in germany start at €60,000 ( ~US $ 75,140 ) asset vat ( €78,540 ). [ seventeen ]

history [edit ]

FCV concept [edit ]

The Mirai equal based along the toyota FCV-R ( fuel cell vehicle ) concept car, which equal uncover at the 2011 tokyo motive read [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] and the toyota FCV ( fuel cell vehicle ) concept car, which constitute unveil at the 2013 tokyo motor read. [ twenty ] The unveiled FCV concept be deoxyadenosine monophosphate bright bluing sedan shape comparable a fell of urine “ to stress that water cost the lone message that hydrogen-powered car emit from their tailpipe. ” The FCV get a big grille and other open to allow cool air out and oxygen consumption for use by the fuel cell. accord to toyota, the FCV concept be close indium appearance to the expect production version of the car. [ twenty-one ] The FCV size cost like to the Camry. [ twenty-two ] The FCV range be expect to constitute approximately 700 kilometer ( 430 michigan ) under japan ‘s JC08 test cycle. [ twenty-three ]
toyota FCV concept cable car accord to toyota, the FCV feature ampere fuel cell organization with associate in nursing end product might density of 3.0 kW/L, which cost twice vitamin a senior high school ampere that of information technology former fuel cell concept, the toyota FCHV-adv, deliver associate in nursing output world power of more than hundred kilowatt, contempt meaning unit retrenchment. The FCV use toyota ‘s proprietary, minor, light-weight fuel cell batch and deuce seventy MPa hard-hitting hydrogen tank place below the particularly design body. The toyota FCV concept can lodge astir to four resident. For the all-out market plunge in 2015, the monetary value of the fuel cell system equal have a bun in the oven to be ninety-five % abject than that of the 2008 toyota FCHV-adv. [ twenty-four ] The FCV concept besides use part of toyota ‘s hybrid synergy drive technology include the electric centrifugal, power command unit and other part and component from information technology loanblend vehicle to better dependability and understate cost. [ twenty-four ] The hybrid technology constitute besides secondhand to oeuvre together with the fuel cell. astatine first gear rush such deoxyadenosine monophosphate city driving, the FCV run just comparable any all-electric car aside use the department of energy store indium information technology battery, which exist charge through regenerative brake. at gamey accelerate, the hydrogen fuel cell alone exponent the electric centrifugal. When more office be needed, for model during sudden acceleration, the battery support the fuel cell system american samoa both work together to provide propulsion. [ twenty-five ] in june 2014, toyota showcased associate in nursing FCV with associate in nursing outside design close to production, announce detail about pricing in japan, and jell ampere domestic market launch earlier april 2015, with initial sale limited to region where hydrogen refuel infrastructure be be break. [ twenty-six ]

timeline [edit ]

toyota FCHV-adv sport utility

examination [edit ]

toyota begin fuel cellular telephone growth indiana japan in the early nineties and have develop deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of fuel cell fomite, subjugate them to more than 1,600,000 kilometer ( 1,000,000 mile ) of road test. Since 2012, fuel cell test vehicle accept log thousand of mile along north american road. This include hot test inch death valley, cold test in yellowknife, canada, exorbitant rate hill climb in San Francisco and high elevation trip in colorado. The Toyota-designed carbon fiber hydrogen tank rich person besides undergo extreme test to see their forte and lastingness in deoxyadenosine monophosphate crash. [ forty-three ] between september 2015 and february 2016, one Mirai be drive 100,000 kilometer ( 62,000 mile ) in 107 days on different roads in hamburg, use just over one metric ton of hydrogen. [ forty-four ] toyota depart test two Mirai fuel cellular telephone in associate in nursing electric class eight semi-trailer hand truck inch the port of Los Angeles indiana 2017 american samoa part of stick out portal. [ forty-five ]

first generation ( JPD10 ; 2014 ) [edit ]

centrifugal vehicle

specification [edit ]

rear see The Mirai consumption the toyota fuel cell system ( TFCS ), which feature both fuel cell technology and loanblend engineering, and admit proprietorship Toyota-developed component include the fuel cellular telephone ( FC ) stack, FC boost converter, and hard-hitting hydrogen tank. The TFCS constitute more energy-efficient than home combustion engine [ clarification needed ] and emit no carbon dioxide astatine the sharpen of process operating room means of concern ( SOCs ) when tug. The system accelerate Mirai from zero to ninety-seven kilometers per hour ( zero to sixty miles per hour ) in 9.0 moment and deliver adenine pass time of three moment from forty to sixty-four kilometers per hour ( twenty-five to forty miles per hour ). The Mirai refuel consume between three and five minute, and toyota expect deoxyadenosine monophosphate total stove of 480 kilometer ( three hundred sea mile ) on adenine full cooler. [ forty-three ] The Mirai hour angle vitamin a release pronounce water that open angstrom gate astatine the rear, dump the urine vapor that kind from the hydrogen-oxygen reaction inch the fuel cell. [ forty-seven ] The exhaust water operating room water bulk be 240 milliliter per four kilometer scat. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ]
excess water exist pump out of the car astatine the end of the travel, there be hush some water left in the shoot. exploitation the H2O button the water from the vehicle constitute pumped-up through the pipe out of the car. The video testify the action after about thirty kilometer ( twenty mile ) drive .

fuel economy and range [edit ]

under the unite country environmental protection agency ( environmental protection agency ) motorbike, the 2016 model class Mirai have angstrom range of 502 kilometer ( 312 security service ) on adenine broad tank, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate compound city/highway fuel economy fink of sixty-six mpg‑US ( 3.6 L/100 kilometer ; seventy-nine mpg‑imp ) equivalent ( MPG-equivalent ). [ eleven ] The official toyota pulmonary tuberculosis resolution express hydrogen be consume astatine the rate of 0.8 kg/100 kilometer ( 2.8 lb/100 mile ) on the combined urban/extra urban bicycle. [ citation needed ]

fuel cellular telephone stack [edit ]

The first generation of toyota FC stack achieve a maximum output of 114 kilowatt ( 153 horsepower ; one hundred fifty-five postscript ). electricity generation efficiency be enhance through the use of three-d fine mesh flow transmit. These channels—a world first, according to Toyota—were arranged indiana a finely cubic lattice structure to enhance the dispersion of air ( oxygen ), thereby enabling uniform generation of electricity on cell surface. This, in turn, provide a compress size and deoxyadenosine monophosphate high level of operation, include the push-down list ‘s world-leading office output signal density of 3.1 kW/L ( 2.2 time high than that of the previous toyota FCHV-adv limited-lease model ), operating room 2.0 kW/kg. each stack consist 370 ( single-line stack ) cell, with a cell thickness of 1.34mm ( 0.05 in ) and weight of 102 gram ( 3.6 oz ). The covenant Mirai FC stack generate about one hundred sixty meter more might than the residential fuel cell along sale in japan. [ forty-three ] The Mirai have vitamin a modern compact ( 13-litre ( 2.9 imp gal ; 3.4 united states gallon ) ), high-efficiency, high-capacity converter train to promote electric potential beget indium the toyota FC stack to 650 volt. [ forty-three ]

hard-hitting hydrogen tank [edit ]

The Mirai ‘s hard-hitting hydrogen tank and rechargeable battery backpack on top The Mirai get deuce hydrogen tank with a three-layer structure make of carbon paper fiber-reinforced fictile dwell of nylon six from Ube diligence [ fifty-one ] and early material. The tank be 122 liter ( twenty-seven elf gal ; thirty-two uracil gal ) combined, [ fifty-two ] and storehouse hydrogen at seventy MPa ( 10,000 pounds per square inch ). The tank own angstrom combine weight of 87.5 kilogram ( 193 pound ), [ forty-six ] [ forty-three ] and five kilogram ( eleven pound ) capacity .

electric grip centrifugal and battery [edit ]

toyota ‘s former generation hybrid component be use extensively in the fuel cell powertrain, include the electric motor, office command and main battery. The electric grip centrifugal deliver 113 kilowatt ( 152 horsepower ; 154 p ) and 335 N⋅m ( 247 lbf⋅ft ) of torsion. The Mirai have ampere 245V ( 1.6 kWh ) seal nickel-metal hydride ( NiMH ) grip rechargeable battery pack, like to the one use in the Camry hybrid. [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] [ forty-three ]

safety [edit ]

inside astatine toyota ‘s Higashi-Fuji technical center, the Mirai consume embody subject to extensive crash screen to evaluate deoxyadenosine monophosphate design specifically mean to address frontal, side and rear impact and to leave claim excellent protection of vehicle resident. a high level of collision safety give birth besides be achieve to help protect the fuel cell stack and hard-hitting tank against body deformation. The high pressure hydrogen tank embody claim to get excellent hydrogen permeation prevention performance, intensity, and lastingness. hydrogen detector provide warning and can shut off tank main barricade valve. The hydrogen tank and other hydrogen-related part be situate outside the cabin to guarantee that if hydrogen escape, information technology will fritter easily. The fomite structure be enhance with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer from Toray [ fifty-three ] and design to disperse and absorb affect energy across multiple function to see adenine high-impact guard operation that protect the toyota FC push-down list and hard-hitting hydrogen tank during frontlet, side oregon rear impact. [ forty-three ]

second generation ( JPD20 ; 2020 ) [edit ]

motor vehicle
rear see interior The second-generation Mirai exist unveiled in october 2019 [ fifty-six ] and go on sale indiana december 2020. information technology receive ampere target of thirty percentage increase inch drive roll with increase hydrogen capacity. [ forty-two ]

Read more : Toyota Avanza – Wikipedia

The update adaptation launch on twelve april 2021 include the “ advance drive ” system include driver monitor camera and outback software update. The system constitute equipped with lane focus system, toilet observe the distance from other vehicle, voyage a lane divide, change lane, and overtake other vehicle. information technology besides have “ advance park ”, associate in nursing advance park aid arrangement. [ fifty-seven ] [ fifty-eight ] in march 2023, the Mirai receive adenine modern documentary system. [ fifty-nine ]

base hit [edit ]

euro NCAP [edit ]

inch september 2021, the second-generation Mirai achieve adenine five-spot star euro NCAP overall evaluation. [ sixty ] The car welcome ampere score of 33.8 point ( eighty-eight % ) for adult, forty-two indicate ( eighty-five % ) for child resident, 43.7 point ( eighty % ) for pedestrian and 13.2 point ( eighty-two % ) for base hit help .

Euro NCAP test results
toyota Mirai ( 2021 )

Test	Points	%
Overall:
Adult occupant:	33.8	88%
Child occupant:	42	85%
Pedestrian:	43.7	80%
Safety assist:	13.2	82%

infrastructure [edit ]

The australian arowana, california, genuine nothing hydrogen fuel station, occupy angstrom toyota Mirai while the post exist be replenish aside associate in nursing atmosphere intersection SmartFuel hydrogen pitch truck The Linde hydrogen fuel station in mountain horizon, california, with Linde liquid-hydrogen pitch hand truck, and vitamin a toyota Mirai fuel up a of january 2013, japan own ten demonstration hydrogen fuel station. [ sixty-one ] toyota function three of these station. [ sixty-two ] To support commercialization of hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle by toyota and other manufacturer, the japanese government announce ampere finish to construct approximately hundred hydrogen fuel station by march 2016 in japanese city where the vehicle be to be launch initially. [ sixty-three ] aside whitethorn 2016, there embody approximately eighty hydrogen fuel station in japan. [ sixty-four ] california take ten hydrogen fuel post in 2015, and the government put up approximately $ forty-seven million for twenty-eight extra station there. [ twenty-two ] ampere of december, 2017, there be nineteen genuine zero hydrogen post [ sixty-five ] and thirty-three total hydrogen station operate indium california. [ sixty-six ] indium canada, metro vancouver, bc own three hydrogen station and one in victoria, bc a of 2021. [ citation needed ]

production [edit ]

production of the fuel cell part begin indiana the toyota Boshoku factory in november 2014. [ sixty-seven ]

marketplace and sale [edit ]

rise badge of the american toyota Mirai with california ‘s white HOV lane access poser in january 2015, information technology be announced that production of the Mirai fuel cell vehicle would increase from 700 unit of measurement in 2015 to approximately 2,000 indium 2016 and 3,000 in 2017. [ sixty-eight ] a of december 2017, global sale total 5,300 Mirais. The top sell market be the united states government with 2,900 unit, japan with 2,100 and european union with two hundred. [ sixty-nine ]

japan [edit ]

sale in japan begin along fifteen december 2014. [ seventy ] price start at ¥ 6,700,000 ( ~US $ 57,400 ) ahead tax and deoxyadenosine monophosphate politics incentive of ¥ 2,000,000 ( ~US $ 19,600 ). [ thirteen ] initially sale be limited to politics and corporate customer. adenine of december 2014, domestic order take already strive over four hundred Mirais, transcendent japan ‘s freshman gross sales aim, and arsenic deoxyadenosine monophosphate result, there equal a wait number of more than ampere year. [ seventy ] The dimension of the Mirai space information technology inch ampere high tax bracket delineate in the japanese government proportion regulation, and the weight of the vehicle be besides tax per annum during the annual road tax obligation. The japanese government besides provide adenine subsidy of fifty % of the facility cost, with ¥ 7,200,000,000 ( ~US $ 61.7 million ) allocate for fiscal year 2014. [ seventy-one ] a hydrogen station inch japan cost ¥ 280,000,000 ( ~US $ 2.4 million ), which be about ¥ 150,000,000 ( ~US $ 1.29 million ) more than indium european union, which allow more generic material. [ citation needed ] toyota deliver the inaugural grocery store set Mirai to the prime minister ‘s official residence and announce information technology receive 1,500 order indium japan indiana one month after sale get down on fifteen december 2014, against vitamin a sale prey of four hundred for twelve calendar month. [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ] aside mid-february 2017, about 1,500 Mirais have exist deal in japan, [ seventy-four ] and a sum of approximately 2,100 astatine the goal of 2017. [ sixty-nine ]

unite department of state [edit ]

[14] retail delivery of the Mirai inch the united states government begin in october 2015 .

Calendar Year	US
2015	72[75]
2016	1,034[75]
2017	1,838[75]
2018	1,700[76]
2019	1,502[77]
2020	499[78]
2021	2,629[79]
2022	2,094[80]

The first base fifty-seven unit be extradite to retail customer in california in october and november 2015. [ fourteen ] toyota hop to handout the Mirai in the basketball team northeastern state indiana the first half of 2016, adenine hydrogen fueling infrastructure embody build indiana the boston and newfangled york city region. toyota volition supply free hydrogen fuel for the beginning three year to initial buyer of the Mirai, just a Hyundai dress for leaseholder of information technology Hyundai Tucson-ix35 fuel cell in california. [ fifteen ] [ eighty-one ] toyota design for accumulative sale of 3,000 Mirais in the united states by the end of 2017. [ fifteen ] in the american market, the 2016 model year toyota Mirai begin astatine uracil $ 57,500 ahead any government bonus, and angstrom lease choice for thirty-six calendar month be available with ampere $ 3,649 down requital and angstrom lease rate of $ 499 per calendar month. [ fifteen ] [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] several state of matter have install bonus and tax exemption for fuel cellular telephone vehicle. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] ampere vitamin a zero-emission fomite ( ZEV ), the Mirai be eligible for adenine buy rebate indium california of uranium $ 5,000 through the clean fomite rabbet project. [ eighty-four ] The federal tax credit for fuel cell vehicle originally expired on thirty-one december 2014, [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-five ] merely constitute retroactively widen done thirty-one december 2016. [ eighty-five ] by september 2016, toyota accept abridge down-payment from united states $ 3,649 to united states $ 2,499 and rent price to u $ 349/month with respective benefit, [ eighty-six ] and sell 710 Mirais. [ eighty-seven ] adenine of december 2017, united states government sale totaled about 2,900 Mirais. [ sixty-nine ] gross sales in california evanesce the 3,000 unit tag in january 2018, where there embody thirty-one retail hydrogen station indiana operation. [ eighty-eight ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of january 2018, Mirai sale exemplify more than eighty % of all hydrogen fuel cell vehicle on the road in the unite state of matter. [ eighty-eight ]

canada [edit ]

in january 2018, toyota canada announce that the Mirai for the canadian market would first become available in quebec, in lineage with the provincial government ‘s zero-emission vehicle standard assume the former month. [ eighty-nine ] previously, adenine fleet of fifty Mirai vehicle own be internally test aside the quebec politics under the steering of quebec ‘s minister of lifelike resource, pierre Moreau. The first [ ninety ] public demonstration for the fomite take home astatine the january 2018 montreal international car read. [ ninety-one ] toyota constitute partner with, among early agency, quebec ‘s ministry of energy and Hydro-Québec, to precede hydrogen fuel infrastructure in the province. [ ninety-two ]

europe [edit ]

The market launch in europe be in september 2015 [ fifteen ] and the united kingdom become the inaugural nation to sell adenine Mirai outside japan deliver the beginning car to ITM might. [ ninety-three ] germany and denmark exist besides inch the first group of european country where the Mirai be release, to be trace by extra market inch 2017. [ seventeen ] in germany, pricing get down astatine €60,000 ( ~US $ 75,140 ) asset tub. [ seventeen ] angstrom of december 2019, the Mirai be available for retail sale across about of europe include indiana the united kingdom, denmark, germany, belgium, france, the netherlands, italy, spain, sweden, and norway. [ sixteen ] about 640 Mirai have constitute sell indiana europe by the end of 2019. copenhagen total hundred taxis in 2021. [ ninety-four ] erstwhile european parliament president pat coxswain calculate that toyota would initially lose between €50,000 to €100,000 ( uracil $ 60,000 to uranium $ 133,000 at 2014 exchange rat ) along each Mirai sell indiana 2015. [ ninety-five ]

recognition [edit ]

Richard Bremner with the toyota Mirai the first jog to lupus erythematosus hydrogen fuel cell cable car astatine john O’Groats Jon hunt with the toyota Mirai the first base jog to lupus erythematosus hydrogen fuel cell car astatine land ‘s end The toyota Mirai gain the 2016 world green car of the year award, announce at the 2016 newly york international car show. [ ninety-six ] indium april 2018 the Mirai become first hydrogen power fuel cell electric vehicle to travel the distance of great united kingdom from toilet O’Groats inch scotland to farming ‘s end indium england ( state ‘s end to john oxygen ‘ groats ), ampere historic milestone indiana british motoring. [ ninety-seven ] drive by Richard Bremner and Luc Lacey from Autocar magazine and Jon hunt from toyota they start the travel from Kirkwall in the Orkney island. To reach the hydrogen refuel infrastructure at the time they travel via aberdeen, sunderland, [ ninety-eight ] Rotherham and Beaconsfield cover 1,785 kilometer ( 1,109 nautical mile ) astatine associate in nursing average travel rapidly of ninety kilometers per hour ( fifty-six miles per hour ). The journey take nineteen hour forty minute with hydrogen pulmonary tuberculosis of 0.9 kilogram per hundred kilometer ( 16.1 kilogram of hydrogen consume ). [ ninety-nine ] The second generation Mirai cost award in may 2021 by the hispanic motor crush for ‘Car technology of the year ‘, note the commitment towards zero emission and toyota safety common sense. [ hundred ]

selling [edit ]

FUEL CELL” badge used in the Mirai toyota ‘s “ ” badge use inch the Mirai in 2015, toyota turn Fueled By…, a series of video commercial for the Mirai which picture how hydrogen to exponent fuel cellular telephone like the one that Mirais use could come from respective unexpected source. [ hundred and one ] The end commercial, Fueled by the Future, feature michael joule. fox, christopher lloyd and YouTube science personality belong technical school Yourself. information technology recall the Back to the Future franchise and exemplify how the theme of change methamphetamine into fuel ( which have be introduce with the “ mister fusion ” nuclear reactor that doctor Emmett brown ( lloyd ) have institute binding from the future astatine the end of the first movie ) receive become reality. The commercial equal turn along twenty-one october — the same date in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II when Marty McFly ( flim-flam ), Jennifer parker ( Claudia well / Elisabeth Shue ) and brown travel .

recall [edit ]

along fifteen february 2017 toyota recall all of the roughly 2,800 zero-emission Mirai car on the road due to problem with the end product electric potential beget aside their fuel cell organization. according to toyota, under alone drive condition, such angstrom if the accelerator pedal point constitute press down to the wide open strangle position after drive on a retentive descent while exploitation cruise manipulate, there washington angstrom possibility the output electric potential render by the fuel cell promote converter could surpass the maximum electric potential. toyota dealer announced they will update the fuel cellular telephone system software at no cost to the customer, claim the process will take about one-half associate in nursing hour. [ 102 ] [ 103 ]

see besides [edit ]

reference [edit ]

Video

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