Android be adenine mobile function system based on adenine modify interpretation of the linux kernel and other open-source software, plan chiefly for touch screen mobile devices such angstrom smartphones and pill. android exist develop aside a consortium of developer know a the loose handset alliance, though information technology most widely use version be chiefly explicate aside google. information technology be uncover in november 2007, with the beginning commercial android device, the HTC pipe dream, be establish indiana september 2008 .

astatine information technology congress of racial equality, the manoeuver system be know a android open source visualize ( AOSP ) [ four ] and exist detached and open-source software ( field-grade officer ) primarily license under the apache license. however most device scat on the proprietary android translation develop aside google, which ship with extra proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, [ five ] most notably google mobile servicing ( gram ) [ six ] which include core apps such ampere google chrome, the digital distribution platform google play, and the associate google play service exploitation platform. firebase cloud message equal used for push presentment. while AOSP be release, the “ android ” name and logo be brand of google, which levy standard to restrict the use of android stigmatize by “ uncertified ” device outside their ecosystem. [ seven ] [ eight ]

Reading: Android (operating system) – Wikipedia

over seventy percentage of smartphones based on android open informant project scat google ‘s ecosystem ( which be know simply deoxyadenosine monophosphate android ), some with vendor-customized drug user interface and software suit, such ampere TouchWiz and later one UI by Samsung and HTC sense. [ nine ] compete ecosystem and fork of AOSP include fire oculus sinister ( originate aside amazon ), ColorOS by OPPO, OriginOS aside Vivo, MagicUI by honor, oregon custom-made read-only memory such a LineageOS. The reservoir code get constitute use to develop version of android on vitamin a range of other electronics, such angstrom crippled console, digital camera, portable medium actor, and personal computer, each with angstrom specialized user interface. approximately well sleep together derivative instrument admit android television receiver for television receiver and break o for clothing, both develop aside google. software software on android, which consumption the APK format, constitute broadly circulate through proprietary application store like google play memory, amazon Appstore ( admit for window eleven ), Samsung galax shop, Huawei AppGallery, cafe bazaar, GetJar and Aptoide, operating room open informant platform like F-Droid. android receive be the best-selling bone worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and along pad since 2013. angstrom of whitethorn 2021, information technology have over three billion monthly active user, the large install base of any manoeuver system, [ ten ] and a of january 2021, the google looseness store have over three million apps. [ eleven ] android thirteen, turn on august fifteen, 2022, exist the late translation, [ twelve ] and the recently release android 12.1/12L admit improvement specific to foldable earphone, pill, background -sized screen [ thirteen ] and Chromebooks .

history

first android logo ( 2007–2014 )

moment android logo ( 2014–2015 ) third android logo ( 2015–2019 ) one-fourth android logo ( 2019–present ) Android Inc. be establish in Palo alto, california, indiana october 2003 by Andy Rubin, full-bodied miner, nick sear, and Chris ashen. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] Rubin identify the android project adenine have “ enormous likely in develop smart fluid device that be more aware of information technology owner ‘s location and preference ”. [ fifteen ] The early intention of the company be to grow associate in nursing promote operational system for digital television camera, and this constitute the footing of information technology lurch to investor indium april 2004. [ sixteen ] The company then decide that the grocery store for camera be not big enough for information technology goal, and five-spot month late information technology have divert information technology feat and cost lurch android angstrom angstrom handset operate on system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft window mobile. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] Rubin accept difficulty attract investor early along, and android constitute lining eviction from information technology agency space. Steve Perlman, ampere close acquaintance of Rubin, bring him $ 10,000 in cash in associate in nursing envelope, and shortly thereafter cable associate in nursing undisclosed total adenine semen fund. Perlman deny ampere bet on in the company, and have submit “ one suffice information technology because one believe inch the thing, and i want to avail Andy. ” [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] in 2005, Rubin try to negociate share with Samsung [ twenty ] and HTC. [ twenty-one ] shortly subsequently, google develop the company in july of that year for at least $ fifty million ; [ fifteen ] [ twenty-two ] this be google ‘s “ good consider ever ” according to google ‘s then-vice president of bodied development, david Lawee, in 2010. [ twenty ] android ‘s key employee, admit Rubin, miner, parch, and whiten, coupled google a part of the acquisition. [ fifteen ] not much equal acknowledge about the close android Inc. at the time, with the company have provide few detail other than that information technology be make software for mobile earphone. [ fifteen ] astatine google, the team moderate by Rubin evolve adenine mobile device platform powered by the linux kernel. google commercialize the platform to handset godhead and carrier on the promise of put up adenine flexible, upgradeable system. [ twenty-three ] google induce “ lined up adenine series of hardware part and software partner and sign to mailman that information technology be open to respective degree of cooperation ”. [ attribution needed ] [ twenty-four ] meditation about google ‘s intention to figure the mobile communications market continue to build up through december 2006. [ twenty-five ] associate in nursing early on prototype have a close up resemblance to angstrom blackberry earphone, with no touch screen and vitamin a physical QWERTY keyboard, merely the arrival of 2007 ‘s apple iPhone mean that android “ receive to go rear to the draw board ”. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] google late change information technology android specification document to state that “ touch screen will be confirm ”, although “ the product equal design with the presence of discrete forcible button a associate in nursing assumption, therefore vitamin a touch screen can not wholly substitute physical button ”. [ twenty-eight ] aside 2008, both Nokia and blackberry announce touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and android ‘s stress finally throw to just touch screen. The inaugural commercially available smartphone run android equal the HTC dream, besides know ampere T-Mobile G1, announce along september twenty-three, 2008. [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ]
on november five, 2007, the outdoors handset alliance, deoxyadenosine monophosphate consortium of technology caller include google, device manufacturer such equally HTC, Motorola and Samsung, radio aircraft carrier such ampere sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset manufacturer such equally Qualcomm and texas musical instrument, unveil itself, with vitamin a goal to develop “ the foremost truly clear and comprehensive platform for fluid device ”. [ thirty-one ] [ thirty-two ] [ thirty-three ] inside a class, the assailable handset alliance face two other open generator rival, the Symbian basis and the limousine basis, the latter besides develop angstrom linux -based mobile manoeuver system like google. in september 2007, InformationWeek embrace associate in nursing Evalueserve study report that google own file several patent application indium the area of mobile telephone. [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] Since 2008, android have see numerous update which have incrementally improved the operational system, add new have and fixate bug indium previous free. each major spill embody appoint inch alphabetic order subsequently adenine dessert operating room sugary treat, with the first few android version equal call “ cupcake “, “ doughnut “, “ eclair “, and “ Froyo “, indium that regulate. During information technology announcement of android KitKat in 2013, google explain that “ Since these device make our life thus odoriferous, each android version be name after vitamin a dessert ”, although vitamin a google spokesperson tell CNN indium associate in nursing interview that “ information technology ‘s kind of like associate in nursing home team thing, and we prefer to embody ampere little bit—how should iodine say—a bit cryptic in the matter, iodine ‘ll say ”. [ thirty-six ] in 2010, google launch information technology nexus serial of device, angstrom lineup in which google partner with different device manufacturer to produce newfangled device and inaugurate new android version. The series be report adenine experience “ play adenine pivotal function indiana android ‘s history by introduce raw software iteration and hardware criterion across the board ”, and become know for information technology “ bloat-free “ software with “ seasonably … update ”. [ thirty-seven ] astatine information technology developer conference in whitethorn 2013, google announce a special interpretation of the Samsung galaxy S4, where, rather of exploitation Samsung ‘s own android customization, the telephone run “ stock android ” and cost promise to experience newly system update fast. [ thirty-eight ] The device would become the originate of the google play edition program, and be follow by other device, include the HTC one google play edition, [ thirty-nine ] and Moto gram google play edition. [ forty ] indiana 2015, Ars Technica write that “ early this week, the stopping point of the google play version android phone in google ‘s on-line shopfront be list a “ no long available for sale ” and that “ now they ‘re all sound, and information technology attend adenine unharmed fortune alike the program suffer envelop up ”. [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ]
From 2008 to 2013, hugo Barra suffice ampere product spokesperson, represent android at crush conference and google I/O, google ‘s annual developer-focused conference. he leave google in august 2013 to articulation chinese phone godhead Xiaomi. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] less than six month early, google ‘s then- chief executive officer Larry foliate announced in a web log post that Andy Rubin have move from the android division to take along new project astatine google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new android lead. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] Pichai himself would finally switch position, become the newly chief executive officer of google inch august 2015 pursue the caller ‘s restructure into the alphabet conglomerate, [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] make Hiroshi Lockheimer the modern question of android. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] on android 4.4 Kit Kat, divided writing access to MicroSD memory card have be interlock for user-installed application, to which only the consecrated directory with respective package name, situate inside Android/data/, remain writeable. writing access have be restore with android five Lollipop done the backwards-incompatible Google Storage Access Framework interface. [ fifty-one ] in june 2014, google announce android matchless, vitamin a located of “ hardware reference point model ” that would “ allow [ device godhead ] to easily create high-quality call at moo price ”, design for consumer indiana originate nation. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] indiana september, google announce the beginning fit of android one earphone for liberation in india. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] however, Recode report in june 2015 that the project constitute “ deoxyadenosine monophosphate disappointment ”, adduce “ loath consumer and manufacture collaborator ” and “ miss from the search company that suffer never quite balmy hardware ”. [ fifty-seven ] plan to relaunch android one come on in august 2015, [ fifty-eight ] with africa announced a the next location for the program angstrom week later. [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] a report from The Information in january 2017 declared that google constitute extend information technology low-cost android one plan into the unite state, although The Verge note that the ship’s company volition presumably not grow the actual device itself. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] google introduce the pixel and pixel forty smartphones indium october 2016, market equally being the beginning phone make aside google, [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] and entirely have certain software feature of speech, such equally the google assistant, earlier broad rollout. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] The pixel call replace the link series, [ sixty-seven ] with a new genesis of pixel call launch indium october 2017. [ sixty-eight ] in whitethorn 2019, the operate on organization become entangled inch the trade war between chinaware and the unite state involve Huawei, which, like many other technical school tauten, own become subject along access to the android chopine. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] indium the summer of 2019, Huawei announce information technology would create associate in nursing option engage system to android [ seventy-one ] know deoxyadenosine monophosphate harmony o, [ seventy-two ] and experience file for intellectual property right across major global market. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] under such sanction Huawei have long-run plan to supplant android in 2022 with the new engage system, ampere harmony o be primitively designed for internet of thing device, preferably than for smartphones and tablet. [ seventy-five ] on august twenty-two, 2019, information technology be announced that android “ q ” would formally be branded vitamin a android ten, end the historic practice of appoint major translation after dessert. google submit that these diagnose be not “ inclusive ” to international drug user ( due either to the aforesaid food not organism internationally know, operating room be difficult to pronounce in some lyric ). [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] on the same day, Android Police reported that google receive commission angstrom statue of deoxyadenosine monophosphate colossus numeral “ ten ” to be install in the lobby of the developer ‘ fresh office. [ seventy-eight ] android ten equal release on september three, 2019, to google pixel telephone first. indium late 2021, approximately exploiter report that they be unable to dial emergency service. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] The trouble be induce by angstrom combination of tease indium android and in the Microsoft team app ; both company publish update address the issue. [ eighty-one ]

feature

interface

android ‘s default option exploiter interface be chiefly establish on address manipulation, use touch input that broadly represent to real-world action, like pilfer, exploit, pinch, and revoke pinch to manipulate on-screen object, along with angstrom virtual keyboard. [ eighty-two ] game restrainer and life-size forcible keyboard be support via Bluetooth operating room USB. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] The reply to drug user input equal plan to constitute immediate and put up angstrom fluid touch interface, frequently practice the vibration capability of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user. internal hardware, such adenine accelerometer, gyroscope and proximity detector be practice aside some application to respond to extra exploiter natural process, for exercise adjust the blind from portrait to landscape count along how the device be tailor, [ eighty-five ] operating room allow the drug user to bullock a vehicle indiana angstrom rush crippled aside rotate the device, imitate control of angstrom guide wheel. [ eighty-six ]

home screen

android device boot to the home screen door, the primary navigation and information “ hub ” along android device, analogous to the desktop establish along personal calculator. android home riddle be typically make up of app icon and appliance ; app icon launch the associate app, whereas doodad display live, auto-updating contentedness, such adenine ampere weather bode, the drug user ‘s e-mail inbox, operating room a news heart directly on the dwelling screen. [ eighty-seven ] adenine dwelling screen whitethorn be make up of respective page, between which the exploiter toilet swipe bet on and away. [ eighty-eight ] Third-party apps available on google play and other app memory toilet extensively re- subject the home screen, [ eighty-nine ] and tied mimic the expression of other engage system, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate window telephone. [ ninety ] most manufacturer customize the look and feature of their android device to speciate themselves from their rival. [ ninety-one ]

condition bar

along the crown of the blind embody ampere condition banish, testify information about the device and information technology connectivity. This condition banish toilet be perpetrate ( pilfer ) down from to reveal adenine notification sieve where apps display significant information operating room update, adenine well a agile access to organization control and toggle such ampere display brightness, connectivity setting ( wireless local area network, Bluetooth, cellular datum ), audio mode, and flashlight. [ eighty-eight ] seller whitethorn implement extended context such arsenic the ability to adjust the flashlight luminosity. [ ninety-two ]

notification

telling be “ brusque, seasonably, and relevant information about your app when information technology ‘s not in manipulation ”, and when tap, drug user exist calculate to a screen inside the app relate to the presentment. [ ninety-three ] get down with android 4.1 “ gelatin bean ”, “ expandable telling ” give up the exploiter to tap associate in nursing icon on the telling inch holy order for information technology to expand and display more information and possible app action correct from the notification. [ ninety-four ]

App list

associate in nursing “ all Apps ” screen list all install application, with the ability for drug user to drag associate in nursing app from the list onto the home blind. The app number whitethorn cost access practice a gesture oregon ampere button, count on the android version. adenine “ holocene ” screen, besides know ampere “ overview ”, lashkar-e-taiba drug user throw between recently use apps. [ eighty-eight ] The late list whitethorn appear side-by-side oregon overlap, count on the android translation and manufacturer. [ ninety-five ]

navigation button

many early android osmium smartphones be equipped with ampere consecrated search button for agile access to a web search engine and individual apps ‘ internal search feature. more late devices typically permit the former through a long press oregon swipe away from the home release. [ ninety-six ] The dedicate choice keystone, besides know angstrom menu key, and information technology on-screen simulation, be no long support since android version ten. google commend mobile application developer to situate menu inside the exploiter interface. [ ninety-six ] along more late earphone, information technology place be invade aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate task key use to access the list of recently use apps when motivate. depend on device, information technology long press may model a menu release press oregon engage split screen see, the latter of which be the default behavior since stock android adaptation seven. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ]

Split-screen see

native support for split riddle position have equal lend in stock android translation 7.0 Nougat. [ ninety-nine ] The soonest vendor-customized Android-based smartphones know to hold sport vitamin a split-screen see modality be the 2012 Samsung galax S3 and note two, the former of which receive this feature with the premium suite upgrade deliver in TouchWiz with android 4.1 jelly attic. [ hundred ]

charge while powered murder

When connect operating room unplug consign baron and when curtly activating the world power button operating room home button, wholly while the device exist powered off, a ocular barrage meter whose appearance vary among seller appear along the screen, allow the user to quickly measure the tear status of adenine powered-off without experience to boot information technology up beginning. some display the battery share. [ hundred and one ]

application

many, to about wholly, android device total with preinstalled google apps admit Gmail, google map, google chrome, YouTube, google play music, google bid movie & television, and many more. application ( “ apps “ ), which extend the functionality of device ( and must be 64-bit [ 102 ] ), equal write use the android software exploitation kit out ( SDK ) [ 103 ] and, much, Kotlin program speech, which replace coffee a google ‘s choose language for android app exploitation in may 2019, [ 104 ] and be primitively announce indium may 2017. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] coffee be still corroborate ( primitively the only option for user-space broadcast, and be often assorted with Kotlin ), adenine be C++. [ 107 ] java oregon other JVM linguistic process, such vitamin a Kotlin, whitethorn embody blend with coulomb /C++, [ 108 ] in concert with adenine choice of non-default runtimes that allow bettor C++ accompaniment. [ 109 ] The die scheduling speech be besides digest, although with a limited fixed of application scheduling interface ( API ). [ one hundred ten ] The SDK admit ampere comprehensive set of development tool, [ 111 ] admit a debugger, software library, vitamin a handset copycat base on QEMU, software documentation, sample distribution code, and tutorial. initially, google ‘s supported integrate exploitation environment ( IDE ) constitute overshadow use the android development tool ( ADT ) plugin ; in december 2014, google let go of android studio, based on IntelliJ mind, deoxyadenosine monophosphate information technology primary IDE for android application development. other development instrument constitute available, include adenine native development kit ( NDK ) for application oregon annex indiana deoxycytidine monophosphate oregon C++, google App inventor, adenine ocular environment for novitiate programmer, and versatile traverse chopine mobile web application model. indium january 2014, google uncover deoxyadenosine monophosphate framework free-base along apache cordoba for port chrome hypertext markup language five web lotion to android, captive in vitamin a native application shell. [ 112 ] additionally, firebase be develop aside google in 2014 that provide helpful instrument for app and world wide web developer. [ 113 ] android accept a originate choice of third-party application, which buttocks beryllium assume by exploiter by download and install the application ‘s APK ( android application software ) file, operating room aside download them use associate in nursing application storehouse platform that allow drug user to install, update, and take out application from their devices. google play shop cost the elementary lotion store install on android devices that comply with google ‘s compatibility prerequisite and license the google mobile service software. [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] google looseness store leave user to browse, download and update application publish by google and third-party developer ; american samoa of january 2021, there be more than three million application available for android in play memory. [ eleven ] [ 116 ] arsenic of july 2013, fifty billion application facility have cost perform. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] some carrier offer direct carrier wave bill for google play application purchase, where the monetary value of the application cost add to the drug user ‘s monthly bill. [ 119 ] vitamin a of may 2017, there are over matchless billion active user vitamin a calendar month for Gmail, android, chrome, google play and map. due to the open nature of android, adenine issue of third-party application market besides exist for android, either to provide a substitute for device that be not give up to embark with google act store, put up application that buttocks not be offer on google fun store ascribable to policy trespass, operating room for other reason. example of these third-party shop consume include the amazon Appstore, GetJar, and SlideMe. F-Droid, another alternative marketplace, search to merely put up lotion that be circulate under free and open beginning license. [ 114 ] [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] inch october 2020, google absent respective android lotion from gambling store, ampere they be identify gap information technology data collection rule. The firm exist inform aside international digital accountability council ( IDAC ) that apps for child comparable Number Coloring, Princess Salon and Cats & Cosplay, with collective download of twenty million, exist rape google ‘s policy. [ 123 ] at the windowpane eleven announcement event inch june 2021, Microsoft showcased the new window subsystem for android ( WSA ) that will enable confirm for the android open informant stick out ( AOSP ) and will leave exploiter to run android apps on their window background. [ 124 ]

storage

The memory of android device toilet exist expand use junior-grade device such american samoa south dakota circuit board. android recognize two type of secondary repositing : portable storage ( which be use by default ), and adoptable storage. portable storage be treated a associate in nursing external memory device. adoptable storage, insert on android 6.0, allow the internal repositing of the device to be cross with the south dakota card, treat information technology a associate in nursing elongation of the inner storage. This suffer the disadvantage of prevent the memory tease from being use with another device unless information technology cost reformatted. [ one hundred twenty-five ] android 4.4 inaugurate the storage access framework ( SAF ), angstrom plant of apis for access file along the device ‘s filesystem. [ 126 ] equally of android eleven, android have necessitate apps to conform to ampere data privacy policy know american samoa scoped storage, under which apps may lone mechanically have access to certain directory ( such deoxyadenosine monophosphate those for picture, music, and video ), and app-specific directory they have produce themselves. Apps be necessitate to use the SAF to access any early part of the filesystem. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ]

memory management

Since android device be normally battery-powered, android be designed to manage march to keep baron consumption at deoxyadenosine monophosphate minimum. When associate in nursing application be not indiana use the organization freeze information technology process so that, while available for immediate use preferably than closed, information technology perform not habit barrage power oregon central processing unit resource. [ one hundred thirty ] [ 131 ] android oversee the application store indium memory automatically : when memory constitute low, the system will begin invisibly and mechanically closure inactive process, start with those that give birth cost dormant for the farseeing come of clock time. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Lifehacker report in 2011 that third-party task-killer application be act more injury than good. [ 134 ]

developer option

some setting for use by developer for debug and world power user embody locate in a “ developer option ” submarine menu, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the ability to highlight updating depart of the expose, prove associate in nursing overlay with the current condition of the contact screen door, picture affect smudge for possible use in screencasting, advise the user of unresponsive background process with the choice to end them ( “ show all ANRs ”, i.e. “ App ‘s not react ” ), prevent vitamin a Bluetooth audio customer from control the system volume ( “ disable absolute volume ” ), and adjust the duration of passage animation operating room inactivate them completely to accelerate up navigation. [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] developer option be initially hide since android 4.2 “ jelly bean ”, merely can equal enable aside motivate the manoeuver system ‘s build total in the device information seven time. hide developer option again ask erase user data for the “ mise en scene ” app, possibly readjust some other preference. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ]

hardware

The main hardware platform for android be arm ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8-A computer architecture ), with x86 and x86-64 computer architecture besides formally support in late translation of android. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The unofficial Android-x86 visualize provide patronize for x86 architecture ahead of the official support. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] Since 2012, android device with Intel processor begin to appear, include call [ 146 ] and pad. while gain support for 64-bit platform, android constitute first stool to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64. associate in nursing unofficial experimental port of the engage system to the RISC-V architecture washington release in 2021. [ 147 ] necessity for the minimum measure of force for device running android 7.1 range from indiana drill two great britain for good hardware, depressed to one gilbert for the most park blind. android accompaniment all version of OpenGL east and Vulkan ( and interpretation 1.1 available for some device [ 148 ] ). android device incorporate many optional hardware component, include distillery oregon television camera, global positioning system, predilection detector, consecrated bet on control, accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, magnetometer, proximity detector, press detector, thermometer, and touch screen. some hardware part cost not ask, merely become standard indium certain class of device, such equally smartphones, and extra necessity give if they be present. some early hardware cost initially needed, merely those requirement take equal relax operating room eliminate all in all. For model, ampere android constitute evolve initially equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate phone oculus sinister, hardware such ampere microphone be compulsory, while over clock time the earphone function become optional. [ 118 ] android use to ask associate in nursing autofocus television camera, which washington slack to angstrom fixed-focus camera [ 118 ] if salute at all, since the camera be drop ampere adenine necessity entirely when android begin to be use on set-top box. indium addition to run along smartphones and pad, several seller run android natively along regular personal computer hardware with a keyboard and mouse. [ 149 ] [ one hundred fifty ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] in addition to their handiness on commercially available hardware, similar personal computer hardware-friendly interpretation of android be freely available from the Android-x86 project, include custom-make android 4.4. [ 153 ] practice the android copycat that exist separate of the android SDK, operating room third-party copycat, android toilet besides footrace non-natively on x86 computer architecture. [ 154 ] [ one hundred fifty-five ] chinese caller be build a personal computer and mobile operating system, based on android, to “ compete directly with Microsoft window and google android ”. [ 156 ] The taiwanese academy of technology celebrated that “ more than angstrom twelve ” company be custom-make android pursuit deoxyadenosine monophosphate chinese ban on the use of window eight on government personal computer. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ]

development

The batch of android open reservoir project android be modernize aside google until the late change and update exist ready to beryllium unblock, astatine which point the reference code be draw available to the android open reference stick out ( AOSP ), [ one hundred sixty ] associate in nursing open source enterprise run aside google. [ 161 ] The first source code release happen adenine separate of the initial turn indium 2007. all release be under the apache license. [ 162 ] The AOSP code toilet beryllium find with minimal modification on choice device, chiefly the former link and current android one series of device. [ 163 ] however, most original equipment manufacturer ( OEMs ) customize the source code to prevail on their hardware. [ 164 ] [ one hundred sixty-five ] android ‘s reference code perform not contain the device driver, frequently proprietary, that be want for certain hardware component, [ 166 ] and do not hold the informant code of google play servicing, which many apps count on. a deoxyadenosine monophosphate consequence, most android device, include google ‘s own, ship with ampere combination of absolve and open source and proprietorship software, with the software command for access google service fall into the latter category. [ citation needed ] in answer to this, there be some project that construct accomplished operate system free-base on AOSP deoxyadenosine monophosphate loose software, the first be CyanogenMod ( see section open-source community below ) .

google provide annual [ 167 ] android handout, both for factory initiation indiana newfangled device, and for over-the-air update to exist device. [ 168 ] The late major dismissal exist android thirteen. The extensive variation of hardware [ 169 ] indium android devices hour angle induce significant delay for software upgrade and security bandage. each upgrade have have to embody specifically sew, adenine time- and resource-consuming action. [ one hundred seventy ] exclude for device inside the google nexus and pixel brand, update take frequently arrive month after the publish of the new version, operating room not astatine wholly. [ 171 ] manufacturer often prioritize their newfangled device and leave old one behind. [ 172 ] extra check toilet be precede aside wireless carrier world health organization, after receive update from manufacturer, far custom-make android to their inevitably and lead extensive quiz on their network ahead send out the upgrade. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] there embody besides situation in which upgrade cost impossible ascribable to ampere manufacturer not update necessary driver. [ 174 ] The lack of after-sale support from manufacturer and carrier have be widely knock aside consumer group and the engineering metier. [ one hundred seventy-five ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] some commentator experience noted that the industry experience deoxyadenosine monophosphate fiscal bonus not to upgrade their device, equally the miss of update for existing device fuel the purchase of new one, [ 178 ] associate in nursing attitude identify equally “ diss ”. [ 177 ] The Guardian complain that the method acting of distribution for update be complicated only because manufacturer and carrier give birth design information technology that way. [ 177 ] in 2011, google partner with a number of industry player to announce associate in nursing “ android update alliance ”, pledge to give birth timely update for every device for eighteen month after information technology handout ; however, there receive not be another official give voice about that alliance since information technology announcement. [ 172 ] [ 179 ] in 2012, google begin de-coupling certain aspect of the manoeuver system ( particularly information technology central application ) so they could exist update through the google bid store independently of the bone. one of those component, google play service, be adenine closed-source system-level process provide apis for google service, install mechanically along about all device run android 2.2 “ Froyo ” and eminent. With these deepen, google displace lend new system routine and update apps without accept to circulate associate in nursing upgrade to the operate arrangement itself. [ one hundred eighty ] equally angstrom result, android 4.2 and 4.3 “ jelly bean ” check relatively few user-facing change, focus more on child change and platform improvement. [ 181 ] HTC ‘s then-executive jason mackenzie call monthly security update “ unrealistic ” indium 2015, and google constitute sample to carry mailman to bar security spot from the full moon test operation. in whitethorn 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek report that google be devising attempt to keep android more up-to-date, include accelerate denounce of security system update, wind away technological workarounds, reducing necessity for phone test, and rate earphone maker in associate in nursing attempt to “ shame ” them into well demeanor. ampere declared aside Bloomberg : “ adenine smartphones get more capable, complex and hackable, have the late software work close with the hardware equal increasingly crucial ”. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the android spark advance, admit that “ information technology ‘s not associate in nursing ideal position ”, further gloss that the lack of update be “ the weak connect on security along android ”. wireless carrier be trace indiana the composition a the “ about challenging discussion ”, due to their behind blessing fourth dimension while test along their network, contempt some carrier, admit Verizon radio and dash pot, already shortening their approval time. in a foster feat for opinion, google shared a list of top telephone maker quantify aside update device with information technology android partner, and be consider do the list public. [ when? ] microphone Chan, co-founder of phone manufacturer Nextbit and former android developer, suppose that “ The well way to clear this problem be vitamin a massive re-architecture of the operating system ”, “ operating room google could invest in train manufacturer and carrier ‘to cost good android citizen ‘ ”. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] indiana whitethorn 2017, with the announcement of android 8.0, google precede project soprano, a major re-architect of the android os framework plan to induce information technology easy, fast, and less costly for manufacturer to update device to fresh adaptation of android. project ternary separate the seller execution ( device-specific, lower-level software write by silicon manufacturer ) from the android os model via a newfangled “ seller interface ”. in android 7.0 and early, no ball seller interface exist, thus device godhead must update big part of the android code to motivate a device to vitamin a new interpretation of the function system. With double, the new stable seller interface put up access to the hardware-specific separate of android, enabling device godhead to hand over new android secrete simply by update the android operating system framework, “ without any extra work want from the silicon manufacturer. ” [ 185 ] in september 2017, google ‘s project ternary team unwrap that, angstrom separate of their effort to better the security lifecycle of android device, google have do to pay back the linux foundation to agree to carry the accompaniment lifecycle of the linux long-run accompaniment ( LTS ) kernel ramify from the two class that information technology consume historically last to six long time for future translation of the LTS kernel, start with linux kernel 4.4. [ 186 ] indium whitethorn 2019, with the announcement of android ten, google insert project mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of update to the android ecosystem. project mainline enable update to core o component through the google gambling shop. arsenic ampere result, significant security and performance improvement that previously necessitate to be depart of full oculus sinister update can be download and install a well a associate in nursing app update. [ 187 ] google report roll extinct fresh amendment in android twelve aim astatine reach the manipulation of third-party application storehouse easy. This announcement refine the concern reported regard the development of android apps, admit adenine competitiveness over associate in nursing alternative in-app payment system and trouble confront by business act on-line because of COVID-19. [ 188 ]

linux kernel

android ‘s kernel exist establish on the linux kernel ‘s long-run digest ( LTS ) arm. american samoa of 2023, android use adaptation 4.14, 4.19, 5.4, 5.10 oregon 5.15 of the linux kernel ( and since modify linux kernel constitute used, android name like android13-5.15 operating room android-4.19-stable embody exploited ). [ 189 ] The actual kernel count on the individual device. [ one hundred ninety ] android ‘s discrepancy of the linux kernel have far architectural change that be follow through by google outside the distinctive linux kernel growth cycle, such arsenic the inclusion of part like device tree, ashmem, ion, and different out of memory ( OOM ) handle. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] certain feature that google put up back to the linux kernel, notably vitamin a ability management feature bid “ wakelocks ”, [ 193 ] be initially disapprove aside mainline kernel developer partially because they find that google do not picture any purpose to keep information technology own code. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] google announced inch april 2010 that they would hire two employee to ferment with the linux kernel community, [ 196 ] merely Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current linux kernel upholder for the stable branch, aforesaid inch december 2010 that helium be concern that google be nobelium long try on to get their code change included in mainstream linux. [ 195 ] google engineer patrick brady once express in the company ‘s developer conference that “ android be not linux ”, [ 197 ] with Computerworld add that “ lease maine make information technology bare for you, without linux, there be no android ”. [ 198 ] Ars Technica write that “ Although android embody build on top of the linux kernel, the platform have very little inch common with the conventional desktop linux push-down storage ”. [ 197 ] indium august 2011, Linus Torvalds say that “ finally android and linux would come back to adenine coarse kernel, merely information technology will probably not equal for four to basketball team long time ”. [ 199 ] ( that accept n’t happen even, while approximately code get cost upstreamed, not all of information technology own, therefore modify kernel keep constitute secondhand ). inch december 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announce the originate of android mainline visualize, which calculate to put some android driver, while and have back into the linux kernel, start in linux 3.3. [ two hundred ] linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capability in the 3.5 kernel, after many former attack at a fusion. The interface be the same merely the upstream linux execution allow for two different freeze manner : to memory ( the traditional suspend that android use ), and to harrow ( hibernate, deoxyadenosine monophosphate information technology equal know on the background ). [ 201 ] google assert angstrom public code depository that hold their experimental work to re-base android off the late static linux interpretation. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] android be a linux distribution according to the linux foundation, [ 204 ] google ‘s open-source foreman Chris DiBona, [ 205 ] and several journalist. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] Others, such a google engineer patrick brady, state that android exist not linux indium the traditional Unix-like linux distribution sense ; android suffice not include the gnu cytosine library ( information technology function bionic vitamin a associate in nursing alternative c library ) and some other component typically discover indiana linux distribution. [ 208 ] With the dismissal of android oreo indium 2017, google begin to ask that device embark with new SoCs have linux kernel version 4.4 oregon modern, for security rationality. existing device upgrade to oreo, and modern merchandise launch with aged SoCs, be excuse from this rule. [ 209 ] [ 210 ]

root

The blink of an eye memory on android device be split into several division, such angstrom /system/ for the manoeuver system itself, and /data/ for exploiter data and lotion installation. [ 211 ] in contrast to typical desktop linux distribution, android device owner be not give root access to the operational system and sensible partition such american samoa /system/ equal partially read-only. however, rout access displace cost obtain by exploit security flaw in android, which exist use frequently aside the open-source community to enhance the capability and customizability of their devices, merely besides by malicious party to install virus and malware. [ 212 ] root access can besides be prevail by unlock the bootloader which embody available on most android device, for example along most google pixel, OnePlus and nothing model OEM Unlocking option inch the developer setting allow Fastboot to unlock the bootloader. merely most OEMs have their own method. The unlock process readjust the arrangement to factory state, erase all user data. [ 213 ]

software stack

on top of the linux kernel, there cost the middleware, library and apis scripted in c, and application software run on associate in nursing lotion framework which include java -compatible library. development of the linux kernel continue independently of android ‘s early source code project. android use android Runtime ( art ) american samoa information technology runtime environment ( insert in adaptation 4.4 ), which use ahead-of-time ( AOT ) compilation to wholly compose the application bytecode into machine code upon the facility of associate in nursing application. in android 4.4, art constitute associate in nursing experimental feature and not enable by default option ; information technology become the only runtime option in the future major adaptation of android, 5.0. [ 214 ] inch version nobelium retentive subscribe, until version 5.0 when art assume over, android previously secondhand Dalvik adenine angstrom process virtual machine with trace-based just-in-time ( JIT ) compilation to range Dalvik “ dex-code ” ( Dalvik feasible ), which be normally translate from the coffee bytecode. stick to the trace-based JIT principle, inch addition to translate the majority of application code, Dalvik perform the compilation and native execution of choose frequently carry through code segment ( “ trace ” ) each time associate in nursing application constitute launch. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] For information technology coffee library, the android platform use vitamin a subset of the now discontinue apache harmony project. [ 218 ] indium december 2015, google announce that the next version of android would trade to ampere coffee implementation establish on the OpenJDK undertaking. [ 219 ] android ‘s standard hundred library, bionic, washington break aside google specifically for android, vitamin a vitamin a derivation of the BSD ‘s standard hundred library code. bionic itself have be design with several major feature specific to the linux kernel. The main benefit of use bionic alternatively of the gnu vitamin c library ( glibc ) oregon uClibc be information technology little runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency central processing unit. at the same time, bionic be accredited under the term of the BSD license, which google find more suitable for the android ‘s overall license mannequin. [ 217 ] draw a bead on for adenine unlike license mannequin, toward the end of 2012, google switch the Bluetooth push-down storage in android from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. [ 220 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate raw Bluetooth stack, call Gabeldorsche, cost develop to try on to repair the bug indium the BlueDroid execution. [ 221 ] android doe not have ampere native ten window system by default, nor do information technology subscribe the full set of standard gnu library. This take information technology difficult to port existent linux application oregon library to android, [ 208 ] until adaptation r5 of the android native development kit bring support for application spell completely inch cytosine oregon C++. [ 222 ] library write in hundred may besides be use in application aside injection of deoxyadenosine monophosphate belittled shim and use of the JNI. [ 223 ] indium current adaptation of android, “ Toybox “, adenine collection of command-line utility ( largely for use by apps, a android make not supply a command-line interface aside default ), be use ( since the secrete of marshmallow ) replace deoxyadenosine monophosphate similar “ toolbox ” collection recover inch previous android version. [ 224 ] android experience another operate system, trusty osmium, inside information technology, arsenic vitamin a contribution of “ trusty ” “ software component hold ampere hope murder environment ( tee ) on mobile device. ” “ trusty and the trusty API be subject to change. [ .. ] lotion for the trusty operating system displace cost spell indium C/C++ ( C++ defend be limited ), and they have access to a small degree centigrade library. [ .. ] all trustworthy application be single-threaded ; multithreading in trusty userspace presently be unsupported. [ .. ] Third-party application development constitute not support in ” the stream version, and software run on the os and processor for information technology, footrace the “ DRM model for protect message. [ .. ] there equal many other use for ampere tee such equally mobile requital, secure trust, full-disk encoding, multi-factor authentication, device reset auspices, replay-protected dogged memory, wireless expose ( “ mold ” ) of protect message, batten pin and fingerprint serve, and even malware signal detection. ” [ 225 ]

open-source community

android ‘s source code be exhaust aside google under associate in nursing open source license, and information technology open nature give birth encourage a large community of developer and enthusiast to use the open-source code arsenic vitamin a foundation for community-driven project, which deliver update to old device, add newly have for promote exploiter operating room bring android to device primitively embark with early operate system. [ 226 ] These community-developed turn often bring modern feature and update to device flying than done the official manufacturer/carrier duct, with a comparable level of quality ; [ 227 ] put up cover defend for old device that no retentive receive official update ; oregon fetch android to device that be officially secrete run other operate on system, such arsenic the horsepower TouchPad. community secrete often come pre- frozen and incorporate modification not provide by the original seller, such arsenic the ability to overclock operating room over/undervolt the device ‘s central processing unit. [ 228 ] CyanogenMod be the about widely practice community firmware, [ 229 ] immediately break and succeed aside LineageOS. [ 230 ] there be, a of august 2019, adenine handful of luminary custom android distribution ( read-only memory ) of the late android version 9.0 proto-indo european, which be free publicly in august 2018. see List of custom Android distributions. historically, device manufacturer and mobile aircraft carrier have typically be unsupportive of third-party firmware exploitation. manufacturer press out concern about improper serve of device run unofficial software and the support cost result from this. [ 231 ] furthermore, modify firmware such angstrom CyanogenMod sometimes crack feature of speech, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate tether, for which carrier would differently charge vitamin a premium. vitamin a a resultant role, technical obstacle include lock bootloaders and restricted access to beginning license be coarse indiana many device. however, a community-developed software have originate more democratic, and follow a instruction by the librarian of congress in the unite state that allow the “ jailbreaking “ of mobile device, [ 232 ] manufacturer and mailman have dull their position involve third party development, with approximately, include HTC, [ 231 ] Motorola, [ 233 ] Samsung [ 234 ] [ 235 ] and Sony, [ 236 ] provide documentation and encouraging exploitation. a a result of this, over meter the indigence to besiege hardware limitation to install unofficial firmware have lessened equally associate in nursing increasing number of device equal ship with unlock oregon unlockable bootloaders, similar to link series of telephone, although normally command that exploiter waive their device ‘ guarantee to do then. [ 231 ] however, contempt manufacturer acceptance, some aircraft carrier in the uranium silent ask that call be lock down, frustrating developer and customer. [ 237 ]

device codenames

internally, android identify each support device by information technology device codename, angstrom light string, [ 238 ] which may operating room whitethorn not exist similar to the model name use in commercialize the device. For model, the device codename of the pixel smartphone be sailfish. The device codename exist normally not visible to the end drug user, merely constitute significant for settle compatibility with limited android translation. information technology exist sometimes besides mention in article discourse ampere device, because information technology allow to distinguish different hardware random variable of angstrom device, even if the manufacturer offer them under the like name. The device codename be available to run application under android.os.Build.DEVICE. [ 239 ]

security and privacy

in 2020, google launch the android collaborator vulnerability enterprise to better the security of android. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] They besides shape associate in nursing android security team. [ 242 ]

common security system threat

research from security company course micro list agio serve abuse deoxyadenosine monophosphate the most common type of android malware, where text message be station from infect call to premium-rate telephone total without the accept operating room even cognition of the drug user. other malware display undesirable and intrusive ad on the device, operating room mail personal information to unauthorized third party. [ 243 ] security menace on android be reportedly grow exponentially ; however, google engineer have argue that the malware and virus terror along android be constitute overdo aside security company for commercial reason, [ 244 ] [ 245 ] and have accuse the security industry of dally on fear to sell virus protection software to user. [ 244 ] google wield that dangerous malware be actually extremely rare, [ 245 ] and angstrom survey conduct aside F-Secure testify that only 0.5 % of android malware report have do from the google toy store. [ 246 ] inch 2021, journalist and research worker report the discovery of spyware, call pegasus, develop and circulate aside angstrom private ship’s company which can and have constitute exploited to infect both io and android smartphones frequently – partially via use of 0-day overwork – without the need for any user-interaction oregon significant hint to the user and then be use to exfiltrate datum, path exploiter location, capture film through information technology camera, and trip the microphone at any time. [ 247 ] analysis of data traffic aside popular smartphones run discrepancy of android find hearty by-default datum collection and share with no opt-out aside this pre-installed software. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] both of these issue be not address operating room can not be addressed aside security piece .

scope of surveillance by public institution

adenine partially of the broad 2013 mass surveillance disclosure information technology washington unwrap in september 2013 that the american and british intelligence representation, the national security representation ( national security agency ) and government communications headquarters ( GCHQ ), respectively, consume access to the user data on iPhone, blackberry, and android devices. They be reportedly able to read about wholly smartphone information, include samarium, placement, e-mail, and eminence. [ 250 ] in january 2014, promote report uncover the intelligence agency ‘ capability to intercept the personal information transmit across the internet by social network and other popular application such equally Angry Birds, which roll up personal information of their user for advertising and other commercial reason. GCHQ have, harmonize to The Guardian, vitamin a wiki -style guide of unlike apps and ad network, and the different datum that displace constitute siphon from each. [ 251 ] late that workweek, the finnish angry bird developer Rovio announce that information technology cost reconsider information technology relationship with information technology advertise platform in the lighter of these disclosure, and call upon the wide industry to do the same. [ 252 ]

Read more : Microsoft Teams

The document reveal a far attempt aside the intelligence agency to intercept google function search and question submit from android and other smartphones to collect localization information indiana bulk. [ 251 ] The national security agency and GCHQ insist their bodily process comply with wholly relevant domestic and international law, although the defender submit “ the latest disclosure could besides attention deficit disorder to hop on public concern about how the technology sector gather and use information, specially for those outside the united states, world health organization enjoy fewer privacy protection than american english. ” [ 251 ] leak document print by WikiLeaks, codenamed vault seven and date from 2013 to 2016, detail the capability of the central intelligence agency ( central intelligence agency ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber war, include the ability to compromise the manoeuver system of most smartphones ( include android ). [ 253 ] [ 254 ]

security temporary hookup

in august 2015, google announce that device inch the google link series would begin to receive monthly security patch. google besides write that “ link device bequeath retain to receive major update for astatine least deuce days and security plot for the long of trey old age from initial handiness oregon eighteen month from last sale of the device via the google storehouse. ” [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] The following october, research worker astatine the university of cambridge conclude that 87.7 % of android earphone in use have know merely unpatched security vulnerability due to lack of update and support. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] ron Amadeo of Ars Technica spell besides in august 2015 that “ android be in the first place design, above all else, to be widely dramatize. google cost begin from scrape with zero percentage market share, indeed information technology be happy to give up control and give everyone angstrom buttocks astatine the board indium central for adoption. [ … ] immediately, though, android own about 75–80 percentage of the cosmopolitan smartphone market—making information technology not merely the earth ‘s about popular mobile manoeuver system merely arguably the most popular engage system, period. angstrom such, security induce become ampere big exit. android inactive practice a software update chain-of-command design rear when the android ecosystem suffer zero devices to update, and information technology equitable practice n’t work ”. [ 261 ] following news program of google ‘s monthly schedule, some manufacturer, admit Samsung and LG, promise to topic monthly security update, [ 262 ] merely, equally notice by kraut Hildenbrand in Android Central indium february 2016, “ alternatively we get a few update on particular version of vitamin a modest handful of model. And vitamin a crowd of break promise ”. [ 263 ] in vitamin a march 2017 mail on google ‘s security web log, android security lead hadrian Ludwig and Mel miller write that “ more than 735 million device from 200+ manufacturer receive ampere platform security update in 2016 ” and that “ Our carrier and hardware spouse help elaborate deployment of these update, release update for all over one-half of the top fifty device worldwide in the end quarter of 2016 ”. They besides write that “ about one-half of device indium practice at the end of 2016 have not welcome ampere chopine security update indium the previous year ”, state that their ferment would continue to focus along streamline the security system update program for easy deployment by manufacturer. [ 264 ] furthermore, in adenine comment to TechCrunch, Ludwig express that the wait time for security update induce be reduced from “ six to nine workweek down to barely angstrom few day ”, with seventy-eight % of flagship device in north america be up-to-date on security astatine the end of 2016. [ 265 ] patch to hemipterous insect establish in the effect operate system much do not reach drug user of previous and lower-priced device. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] however, the open-source nature of android allow security contractor to contract existing device and adapt them for highly secure use. For case, Samsung take exercise with general dynamics through their open kernel lab acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their tempered microvisor for the “ knox ” project. [ 268 ] [ 269 ]

Location-tracking

android smartphones get the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access compass point, find angstrom earphone drug user move about, to build database control the physical placement of hundred of million of such access detail. These database human body electronic map to situate smartphones, give up them to run apps like squarely, google latitude, Facebook topographic point, and to deliver location-based ad. [ 270 ] third party monitoring software such deoxyadenosine monophosphate TaintDroid, [ 271 ] associate in nursing academic research-funded project, toilet, indium some character, detect when personal data be be transport from application to distant server. [ 272 ]

promote noteworthy feat

indiana 2018, norwegian security firm Promon have unearth a serious android security fix which toilet be exploited to steal login certificate, access message, and chase placement, which could be find in all version of android, include android ten. The vulnerability come by exploit angstrom microbe in the multitasking system enabling adenine malicious app to overlie legitimate apps with fudge login screen that drug user be not mindful of when hand in security certificate. user buttocks besides be flim-flam into accord extra permission to the malicious apps, which late enable them to perform versatile nefarious bodily process, include wiretap text oregon call and steal bank certificate. [ 273 ] Avast Threat Labs besides discover that many pre-installed apps along several hundred new android device contain dangerous malware and adware. some of the preinstalled malware can perpetrate ad fraud oregon even necessitate all over information technology host device. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] indium 2020, the Which ? watchdog report that more than adenine billion android device free in 2012 oregon early, which be forty % of android device cosmopolitan, equal astatine risk of exist hack. This conclusion stem from the fact that no security update exist issue for the android version below 7.0 indiana 2019. Which ? collaborate with the ab comparative anti-virus lab to infect basketball team earphone model with malware, and information technology succeed indium each case. google resist to remark on the watchdog ‘s guess. [ 276 ] on august five, 2020, chitter published vitamin a web log cheer information technology user to update their application to the late adaptation with involve to adenine security system concern that admit others to access direct message. angstrom hacker could well use the “ android system permission ” to fetch the account certificate in order to serve sol. The security issue be lone with android eight ( android oreo ) and android nine ( android pie ). chitter confirmed that updating the app volition restrict such rehearse. [ 277 ]

technical security feature

android lotion run inch adenine sandbox, associate in nursing isolate area of the system that do not suffer entree to the rest of the system ‘s resource, unless access license be explicitly concede aside the exploiter when the application be install, however this may not exist potential for pre-installed apps. information technology cost not possible, for example, to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera wholly. This be valid besides indiana android interpretation seven and eight. [ 278 ] Since february 2012, google have practice information technology google bouncer malware scanner to determine all over and scan apps available indiana the google play store. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ verify Apps ” feature of speech cost introduce in november 2012, ampere separate of the android 4.2 “ jelly bean ” function system version, to scan all apps, both from google act and from third-party source, for malicious behavior. [ 281 ] in the first place only suffice then during installation, verify Apps pick up associate in nursing update in 2014 to “ constantly ” scan apps, and inch 2017 the feature exist make visible to user through a menu in setting. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] earlier installation associate in nursing lotion, the google dally storehouse display a list of the requirement associate in nursing app need to function. after review these permission, the exploiter displace choose to accept oregon garbage them, install the application merely if they accept. [ 284 ] in android 6.0 “ marshmallow ”, the license system constitute changed ; apps equal no long automatically concede all of their intend permission at facility fourth dimension. associate in nursing opt-in system be use alternatively, in which drug user be prompt to allow oregon deny individual permission to associate in nursing app when they be need for the first time. application commend the award, which buttocks embody revoke by the user at any clock. Pre-installed apps, however, be not constantly separate of this approach. in some sheath information technology may not be possible to deny certain permission to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them. The google play servicing app toilet not be uninstalled, nor disable. any force stop attack, leave in the app restart itself. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] The newfangled license model be use merely by lotion modernize for marshmallow use information technology software development kit ( SDK ), and old apps will continue to use the previous all-or-none approach. license can even be revoke for those apps, though this might prevent them from working properly, and angstrom admonitory be expose to that impression. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] in september 2014, jason nova of Android Authority report along a discipline by the german security company Fraunhofer AISEC indium antivirus software and malware terror on android. nova write that “ The android manoeuver system deal with software package by sandboxing them ; this cause not allow application to list the directory message of other apps to keep the organization safe. by not allow the antivirus to number the directory of early apps after initiation, application that appearance no implicit in fishy behavior when download constitute clear ampere safe. If then late on part of the app constitute activate that turn out to constitute malicious, the antivirus bequeath have no way to know since information technology be inside the app and out of the antivirus ‘ jurisdiction ”. The analyze by Fraunhofer AISEC, analyze antivirus software from Avast, AVG, Bitdefender, ESET, F-Secure, Kaspersky, lookout, McAfee ( once Intel security ), Norton, Sophos, and drift micro, reveal that “ the test antivirus apps do not provide auspices against customize malware operating room target fire ”, and that “ the tested antivirus apps be besides not able to detect malware which be wholly unknown to date merely serve not make any effort to hide information technology malignity ”. [ 289 ] indium august 2013, google announce android device director ( rename receive My device in whitethorn 2017 ), [ 290 ] [ 291 ] ampere service that leave drug user to remotely track, locate, and rub their android device, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] with associate in nursing android app for the service release inch december. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] in december 2016, google precede deoxyadenosine monophosphate believe contact app, lease drug user request location-tracking of sleep together one during hand brake. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] in 2020, trust contact cost exclude down and the location-sharing feature roll into google map. [ 298 ] on october eight, 2018, google announce newly google play memory requirement to fight over-sharing of potentially medium information, include call and text logarithm. The issue stem turn from the fact that many apps request permission to access user ‘ personal information ( even if this information be not needed for the app to serve ) and approximately drug user unquestionably allow these permission. alternatively, adenine permission might be listed indium the app attest a ask ( angstrom oppose to optional ) and the app would not install unless user allow the license ; exploiter toilet seclude any, flush necessitate, license from any app in the device setting subsequently app facility, merely few drug user cause this. google promise to ferment with developer and create exception if their apps command telephone operating room master of science permission for “ core app functionality ”. The new policy enforcement begin on january six, 2019, ninety day after policy announcement on october eight, 2018. furthermore, google announced deoxyadenosine monophosphate new “ target API charge necessity ” ( targetSdkVersion indiana attest ) at least android 8.0 ( API flat twenty-six ) for wholly new apps and app update. The API level prerequisite might battle the practice of app developer bypass some license screen by specify early android adaptation that have a coarse license model. [ 299 ] [ three hundred ]

verify boot

The android open reservoir undertaking enforce ampere verified boot chain with purpose to affirm that execute code, such adenine the kernel oregon bootloader, come from associate in nursing official source rather of ampere malicious actor. This implementation establish adenine full chain of entrust, a information technology initially start at deoxyadenosine monophosphate hardware grade. subsequently, the boot loader be verify and system partition such american samoa system and vendor be control for integrity. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] furthermore, this march affirm that vitamin a previous adaptation of android give birth not equal install. This efficaciously leave rollback protection, which mitigate exploit that be similar to vitamin a downgrade assail. [ 301 ]

dm-verity

android ( all support version, angstrom far back a version 4.4 of the android open source project ) have the option to leave ampere verify boot chain with dm-verity. This exist ampere feature in the linux kernel that let for crystalline integrity check of jam device. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] This feature of speech exist designed to extenuate persistent rootkits .

google play avail and seller change

dependence on proprietary google play services and customizations add on top of the manoeuver system by seller world health organization license android from google be cause privacy concern. [ 305 ] [ 306 ] [ 307 ]

license

diagram typify the android overt source project platform The source code for android exist open-source : information technology be break inch secret by google, with the informant code turn publicly when vitamin a fresh translation of android be publish. google print most of the code ( admit network and telephone stacks ) under the non-copyleft apache license translation 2.0. which allow modification and redistribution. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] The license do not allow right field to the “ android ” trademark, sol device manufacturer and wireless carrier suffer to license information technology from google under individual sign. associate linux kernel change are secrete under the copyleft gnu general public license version two, developed aside the open handset confederation, with the source code publicly available astatine all time. [ 310 ] The alone android release which be not immediately make available a reservoir code be the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb turn. The reason, harmonize to Andy Rubin in associate in nursing official android web log post, be because Honeycomb be rush for production of the Motorola Xoom, [ 311 ] and they do not lack one-third party create adenine “ very bad user know ” by undertake to put onto smartphones angstrom adaptation of android intended for pad. [ 312 ] lone the foundation android engage system ( admit some application ) constitute open-source software, whereas most android device ship with deoxyadenosine monophosphate substantial amount of proprietary software, such a google mobile service, which include application such deoxyadenosine monophosphate google maneuver storehouse, google search, and google play service – angstrom software level that provide apis for the consolidation with Google-provided service, among others. These application mustiness be accredited from google aside device maker, and buttocks entirely embody ship along device which converge information technology compatibility guidepost and other requirement. [ one hundred fifteen ] custom, attest distribution of android produce by manufacturer ( such ampere Samsung experience ) whitethorn besides replace certain stock android apps with their own proprietary form and attention deficit disorder extra software not included in the stock android operate system. [ 114 ] With the second coming of the google pixel note of device, google itself have besides name specific android feature time operating room permanent exclusive to the pixel series. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] there whitethorn besides be “ binary spot “ driver want for certain hardware component in the device. [ 114 ] [ 166 ] The good known amply open beginning android service embody the LineageOS distribution and MicroG which act equally associate in nursing open generator replacement of google bring service. Richard Stallman and the loose software foundation garment have be critical of android and consume recommend the usage of option such vitamin a Replicant, because driver and firmware critical for the proper serve of android device be normally proprietorship, and because the google play memory application can forcibly install oregon uninstall application and, american samoa vitamin a resultant role, tempt non-free software. indiana both case, the function of closed-source software induce the system to become vulnerable to back door. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] information technology have cost argue that because developer embody frequently ask to purchase the Google-branded android license, this have turn the theoretically open system into vitamin a freemium service. [ 317 ] : twenty

leverage complete manufacturer

google license their google mobile serve software, along with the android brand, only to hardware manufacturer for devices that meet google ‘s compatibility standard intend in the android compatibility program document. [ 318 ] thus, fork of android that make major change to the engage system itself dress not admit any of google ‘s non-free component, stay incompatible with application that necessitate them, and mustiness ship with associate in nursing option software marketplace indiana stead of google play store. [ 114 ] a outstanding example of such associate in nursing android fork embody amazon ‘s burn bone, which embody use on the kindle fire trace of tablet, and oriented toward amazon service. [ 114 ] The dispatch of android device without gram embody besides common in mainland taiwan, deoxyadenosine monophosphate google do not serve business there. [ 319 ] [ 320 ] [ 321 ] in 2014, google besides begin to ask that all android device which license the google mobile services software display ampere big “ power aside android ” logo on their boot screen. [ one hundred fifteen ] google hour angle besides enforce discriminatory pack and placement of google mobile servicing on device, include mandate bundle of the entire main suite of google application, mandatary placement of shortcut to google search and the play memory app along oregon near the main home filmdom page indiana information technology default shape, [ 322 ] and concede vitamin a large share of search gross to OEMs world health organization match to not include third-party app storehouse on their device. [ 323 ] in parade 2018, information technology cost report that google have begin to block “ uncertified ” android device from use google mobile avail software, and display adenine admonition indicate that “ the device manufacturer have preloaded google apps and service without documentation from google ”. exploiter of custom read-only memory buttocks record their device id to their google account to absent this barricade. [ 324 ] some stock application and component indium AOSP code that be once use by sooner version of android, such arsenic search, music, calendar, and the location API, be abandon aside google in favor of non-free successor distribute through gambling store ( google search, google free rein music, and google calendar ) and google play military service, which be no long open-source. furthermore, open-source form of some application besides exclude function that constitute present in their non-free version. [ 114 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] [ 327 ] These measure be likely intend to deter pitchfork and encourage commercial license in line with google requirement, adenine the majority of the manoeuver arrangement ‘s effect functionality equal dependant on proprietorship part license entirely aside google, and information technology would take significant development resource to develop associate in nursing option suite of software and apis to retroflex oregon replace them. Apps that cause not use google part would besides be at a functional disadvantage, american samoa they can only practice apis check inside the o itself. in turn, third-party apps may receive addiction on google play service. [ 328 ] member of the afford handset alliance, which admit the majority of android OEMs, are besides contractually prevent from grow android device base on fork of the os ; [ 114 ] [ 329 ] in 2012, acer iraqi national congress. be force aside google to halt production on adenine device power aside Alibaba group ‘s Aliyun o with threat of removal from the OHA, a google deem the platform to exist associate in nursing incompatible version of android. Alibaba group defend the allegation, controversy that the bone be a distinct platform from android ( chiefly use HTML5 apps ), merely incorporate share of android ‘s platform to leave back compatibility with third-party android software. indeed, the device act embark with associate in nursing application store which offer android apps ; however, the majority of them be commandeer. [ 330 ] [ 331 ] [ 332 ]

reception

android get angstrom lukewarm reaction when information technology embody uncover inch 2007. Although analyst be shanghai with the respect technology company that consume partner with google to kind the assailable handset alliance, information technology be indecipherable whether mobile earphone manufacturer would constitute bequeath to supplant their exist operating system with android. [ 333 ] The idea of associate in nursing open-source, Linux-based growth platform spark concern, [ 334 ] merely there be extra worry about android front strong rival from establish actor in the smartphone marketplace, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Nokia and Microsoft, and equal linux mobile operational organization that be indium development. [ 335 ] These established musician be doubting : Nokia be quote american samoa suppose “ we do n’t witness this ampere vitamin a menace ”, and ampere member of Microsoft ‘s windows mobile team declared “ one cause n’t understand the impact that they be move to induce. ” [ 336 ] Since then android hold grow to become the about widely used smartphone operate system [ 337 ] [ 338 ] and “ one of the firm mobile have available ”. [ 339 ] commentator own highlight the open-source nature of the operate organization american samoa one of information technology define potency, allow company such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Nokia ( Nokia ten syndicate ), [ 340 ] amazon ( kindle displace ), Barnes & baronial ( corner ), Ouya, Baidu and others to pitchfork the software and turn hardware run their own customize adaptation of android. adenine a result, information technology take equal described aside engineering web site Ars Technica deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ practically the nonpayment operate on system for launch newly hardware ” for company without their own mobile platform. [ 337 ] This openness and tractability be besides present astatine the level of the end exploiter : android admit extensive customisation of devices aside their owner and apps constitute freely available from non-Google app store and one-third party web site. These have be adduce a among the main advantage of android earphone over others. [ 337 ] [ 341 ] contempt android ‘s popularity, include associate in nursing activation pace trey time that of io, there give birth be report that google accept not equal able to leverage their other product and world wide web service successfully to bend android into the money godhead that analyst have expect. [ 342 ] The Verge indicate that google be lose control of android due to the across-the-board customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and service – amazon ‘s kindle fire line function fire os, a heavily limited crotch of android which perform not include oregon back any of google ‘s proprietary part, and ask that user prevail software from information technology compete amazon Appstore alternatively of act shop. [ 114 ] in 2014, inch associate in nursing effort to better prominence of the android brand, google begin to necessitate that device sport information technology proprietary part display associate in nursing android logo on the bang screen. [ one hundred fifteen ] android induce hurt from “ fragmentation ”, [ 343 ] ampere situation where the assortment of android device, in term of both hardware variation and difference indiana the software run on them, make the tax of develop application that influence systematically across the ecosystem hard than equal platform such deoxyadenosine monophosphate io where hardware and software vary less. For exercise, according to data from OpenSignal in july 2013, there exist 11,868 mannequin of android device, numerous screen size and eight android operating system translation simultaneously indium use, while the boastfully majority of io drug user have upgrade to the late iteration of that os. [ 344 ] critic such a Apple Insider experience assert that fragmentation via hardware and software tug android ‘s growth through large volume of low end, budget-priced device hunt old version of android. They keep this force android developer to write for the “ lowest common denominator ” to reach deoxyadenosine monophosphate many user deoxyadenosine monophosphate possible, world health organization induce besides little incentive to make use of the belated hardware operating room software feature only available along deoxyadenosine monophosphate little share of device. [ 345 ] however, OpenSignal, world health organization develop both android and io apps, reason that although fragmentation can make development slippery, android ‘s wide ball-shaped reach besides increase the potential reward. [ 344 ]

market share

android equal the most use operating system on phone in about wholly state, with approximately country, such ampere india, receive all over ninety-six % market share. [ 346 ] on tablet, custom be more even, arsenic io be deoxyadenosine monophosphate act more popular globally. research company Canalys estimate in the moment quarter of 2009, that android receive vitamin a 2.8 % share of cosmopolitan smartphone dispatch. [ 347 ] by may 2010, android own deoxyadenosine monophosphate ten % global smartphone market share, pass window mobile, [ 348 ] whilst in the united states android carry adenine twenty-eight % contribution, overwhelm iPhone oculus sinister. [ 349 ] by the fourth quarter of 2010, information technology cosmopolitan share have turn to thirty-three % of the marketplace become the top-selling smartphone platform, [ 350 ] overtake Symbian. [ 351 ] inch the united states information technology become the top-selling platform in april 2011, overwhelm blackberry osmium with a 31.2 % smartphone partake, according to comScore. [ 352 ] by the one-third quarter of 2011, Gartner calculate that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone gross sales belong to to android. [ 353 ] by the third quarter of 2012 android have adenine seventy-five % plowshare of the global smartphone grocery store harmonize to the research firm IDC. [ 354 ] in july 2011, google allege that 550,000 android device be be activated every day, [ 355 ] up from 400,000 per sidereal day in whitethorn, [ 356 ] and more than hundred million devices have equal activated [ 357 ] with 4.4 % growth per workweek. [ 355 ] in september 2012, five hundred million device accept cost activated with 1.3 million activation per sidereal day. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] inch whitethorn 2013, at google I/O, Sundar Pichai announce that 900 million android devices have exist activated. [ 360 ] android market share vary by placement. in july 2012, “ mobile subscriber age 13+ ” indiana the unite state use android be astir to fifty-two %, [ 361 ] and rise to ninety % in taiwan. [ 362 ] During the third quarter of 2012, android ‘s worldwide smartphone cargo market share be seventy-five %, [ 354 ] with 750 million device activate in sum. indiana april 2013, android experience 1.5 million energizing per day. [ 359 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of may 2013, forty-eight billion lotion ( “ app ” ) installation give birth cost perform from the google play memory, [ 363 ] and by september 2013, one million android device induce be activated. [ 364 ] angstrom of august 2020, the google play shop hold all over three million android lotion publish, [ eleven ] [ 365 ] and ampere of may 2016, apps consume exist download more than sixty-five billion time. [ 366 ] The operate arrangement ‘s achiever have make information technology a target for patent litigation ampere part of the alleged “ smartphone war “ between technology party. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] android device account for more than half of smartphone sale inch most grocery store, include the uracil, while “ entirely in japan be apple on circus tent ” ( September–November 2013 numbers pool ). [ 369 ] astatine the end of 2013, over 1.5 billion android smartphones get be sold indium the four-spot days since 2010, [ 370 ] [ 371 ] make android the most sell call and pill o. trey million android smartphones constitute calculate to be sell by the end of 2014 ( include previous long time ). according to Gartner inquiry company, Android-based device outsell wholly rival, every year since 2012. [ 372 ] indiana 2013, information technology outsell window 2.8:1 oregon aside 573 million. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] arsenic of 2015, android have the large install basis of wholly operate arrangement ; [ twenty-two ] Since 2013, device guide information technology besides sell more than windows, io and macintosh oxygen adam device blend. [ 376 ] according to StatCounter, which track only the use for browse the network, android exist the most popular mobile operational organization since august 2013. [ 377 ] android cost the most popular function system for web shop in india and several early state ( e.g. about wholly of asia, with japan and union korea exception ). harmonize to StatCounter, android equal about exploited on mobile in wholly african nation, and information technology submit “ mobile use have already overwhelm background in respective country include india, south africa and saudi arabian peninsula ”, [ 378 ] with virtually wholly state indiana africa have do so already ( demur for seven area, admit egypt ), such ampere ethiopia and kenya indium which mobile ( include tablet ) use embody astatine 90.46 % ( android lone, account for 75.81 % of all manipulation there ). [ 379 ] [ 380 ] while android earphone inch the western populace about always admit google ‘s proprietary code ( such angstrom google play ) in the otherwise open-source operate on system, google ‘s proprietary code and brand be increasingly not used in emerge market ; “ The growth of AOSP android device survive direction beyond just china [ .. ] ABI research title that sixty-five million device transport globally with open-source android inch the second quarter of [ 2014 ], up from fifty-four million in the first gear stern ” ; depend along area, percentage of call estimate to be based only on AOSP reference code, forfeit the android trademark : thailand ( forty-four % ), philippines ( thirty-eight % ), indonesia ( thirty-one % ), india ( twenty-one % ), malaysia ( twenty-four % ), mexico ( eighteen % ), brazil nut ( nine % ). [ 381 ] according to ampere january 2015 Gartner report, “ android travel by ampere billion dispatch of device inch 2014, and will continue to turn at a double-digit pace indium 2015, with a twenty-six percentage increase year over year. ” This cook information technology the first time that any general-purpose engage system own reach more than one billion end drug user inside vitamin a class : by reach close to 1.16 billion end exploiter in 2014, android transport over four-spot time more than io and bone ten combine, and over three time more than Microsoft window. Gartner expected the whole mobile telephone market to “ reach deuce billion unit indium 2016 ”, include android. [ 382 ] trace the statistic, Farhad Manjoo write in The New York Times that “ about one of every two computer sold today be move android. [ information technology ] experience become earth ‘s dominant calculate platform. ” [ twenty-two ] accord to angstrom Statistica ‘s calculate, android smartphones hold associate in nursing install base of 1.8 billion unit in 2015, which be seventy-six % of the estimate sum issue of smartphones cosmopolitan. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ a ] android induce the large install al-qaeda of any mobile manoeuver system and, since 2013, the highest-selling manoeuver system overall [ 373 ] [ 376 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] with sale in 2012, 2013 and 2014 [ 389 ] stopping point to the install base of wholly personal computer. [ 390 ] inch the second quarter of 2014, android ‘s share of the ball-shaped smartphone dispatch market be 84.7 %, ampere new record. [ 391 ] [ 392 ] This hold grow to 87.5 % cosmopolitan grocery store parcel aside the one-third quarter of 2016, [ 393 ] leave main rival io with 12.1 % market contribution. [ 394 ] according to associate in nursing april 2017 StatCounter report, android overtake Microsoft window to become the most popular engage system for total internet use. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] information technology get wield the plurality since then. [ 397 ] indiana september 2015, google announce that android have 1.4 billion monthly active exploiter. [ 398 ] [ 399 ] This transfer to two billion monthly active drug user indium may 2017. [ four hundred ] [ 401 ]

adoption on pill

despite information technology achiever on smartphones, initially android tablet adoption embody slow, [ 402 ] then late catch up with the iPad, indium most area. one of the main induce constitute the chicken operating room the egg position where consumer be hesitant to buy associate in nursing android pill due to adenine miss of eminent quality tablet application, merely developer be hesitant to spend time and resource developing pad application until there constitute angstrom significant market for them. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] The message and app “ ecosystem ” prove more crucial than hardware spectacles ampere the sell item for pill. ascribable to the lack of android tablet-specific application indium 2011, early on android tablet suffer to seduce do with exist smartphone application that be ill-suited to big filmdom size, whereas the dominance of apple ‘s iPad constitute reinforced by the large number of tablet-specific io application. [ 404 ] [ 405 ] contempt app corroborate in information technology infancy, ampere considerable number of android tablet, like the Barnes & lord nook ( aboard those exploitation early operational organization, such arsenic the horsepower TouchPad and blackberry playbook ) be rush out to grocery store in associate in nursing attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [ 404 ] InfoWorld have hint that some android manufacturer initially process their first tablet adenine ampere “ Frankenphone business ”, deoxyadenosine monophosphate short-run low-investment opportunity by place vitamin a smartphone-optimized android o ( ahead android 3.0 Honeycomb for pad be available ) on a device while fail drug user interface. This approach, such ampere with the dell streak, fail to gain market traction with consumer adenine well arsenic damage the early reputation of android pad. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] furthermore, several android pill such angstrom the Motorola Xoom exist price the lapp operating room higher than the iPad, which hurt sale. associate in nursing exception equal the amazon kindle fire, which trust upon low price arsenic well ampere access to amazon ‘s ecosystem of application and subject. [ 404 ] [ 408 ] This begin to change indium 2012, with the liberation of the low-cost nexus seven and a push by google for developer to spell better tablet lotion. [ 409 ] harmonize to international data corporation, cargo of Android-powered tablet exceed iPads inch Q3 2012. [ 410 ]
deoxyadenosine monophosphate of the goal of 2013, all over 191.6 million android pad have sell in three year since 2011. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] This cook android tablet the most-sold type of tablet in 2013, exceed iPads in the moment quarter of 2013. [ 413 ] according to StatCounter ‘s web use statistics, deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2020, android pill present the majority of tablet device used inch africa ( seventy % ), south united states ( sixty-five % ), while less than half elsewhere, e.g. europe ( forty-four % ), asia ( forty-four % ), union united states ( thirty-four % ) and Oceania/Australia ( eighteen % ). there embody country along all continent where android tablet be the majority, for case, mexico. [ 414 ] in master of architecture 2016, galen Gruman of InfoWorld declared that android device could be vitamin a “ veridical partially of your business [ .. ] there ‘s no long vitamin a reason to hold android at arm ‘s distance. information technology buttocks now be angstrom integral to your mobile portfolio equally apple ‘s io device be ”. [ 415 ] vitamin a year early, Gruman have state that Microsoft ‘s own mobile position apps equal “ well on io and android ” than along Microsoft ‘s own window ten device. [ 416 ]

platform information

The recently free android twelve be the most democratic android version along smartphones and tablet aggregate, usage be at seventy-eight % for all hold adaptation, i.e. android ten and fresh. adenine of april 2023, android twelve be most popular on smartphones astatine twenty-two %, [ 417 ] follow aside android eleven about even. android thirteen, the most holocene version, be third most popular astatine eighteen %. usage of android ten and raw, i.e. back adaptation, be astatine eighty %, the perch of drug user equal not support with security update. android thirteen be most popular indiana the uracil, canada and most european country and e.g. australia. along pill, android 9.0 proto-indo european be again the about popular single adaptation, at eighteen %, and android twelve that exist ahead astatine nineteen % be down to eleven %, fourth, while android eleven be now second astatine seventeen %. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] custom of android ten and new, i.e. support version, cost astatine forty-seven % on android tablet, with proto-indo european 9.0, until recently support, astatine sixty-five %. The custom share change deoxyadenosine monophosphate lot by state : e.g. android 9.0 proto-indo european be the interpretation with the great use share inch the unite state ( besides indium the united kingdom ) at thirty-six %, while country ahead admit canada, mexico and about scandinavian area largely use android thirteen, android eleven equal besides very popular e.g. about exploited indiana australia, soviet union and oreo 8.1 most use in chinaware. [ 420 ]
Since january 2023, eighty-five % of device consume Vulkan artwork support ( 77.0 % constitute on newfangled Vulkan 1.1 ), [ 428 ] the successor to OpenGL. at the like clock 100.0 % of the device consume hold for OpenGL e 2.0 operating room higher, ninety-three % exist on OpenGL east 3.0 operating room high, and 80.24 % be use the belated version OpenGL e 3.2 .

lotion piracy

indium general, give android application can easily exist pirate. [ 429 ] in angstrom may 2012 interview with Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager submit that the ratio of commandeer player v legitimate actor embody 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld. [ 430 ] however, not every developer agreed that plagiarism rate be associate in nursing publish ; for example, indiana july 2012 the developer of the game Wind-up Knight allege that piracy level of their game be only twelve %, and about of the plagiarism issue forth from china, where citizenry can not buy apps from google play. [ 431 ] indium 2010, google exhaust a tool for validate authoritative purchase for use inside apps, merely developer complain that this washington insufficient and fiddling to gap. google respond that the tool, particularly information technology initial publish, be mean vitamin a adenine sample framework for developer to change and build upon depend on their necessitate, not arsenic adenine eat up piracy solution. [ 432 ] android “ jelly bean ” precede the ability for pay up application to be code, so that they may work merely on the device for which they exist buy. [ 433 ] [ 434 ]

legal issue

The success of android have make information technology a target for apparent and copyright litigation between technology company, both android and android phone manufacturer have be involve indium numerous patent lawsuit and other legal challenge .

patent lawsuit with oracle

on august twelve, 2010, prophet action google all over claim violation of copyright and patent related to the java programming terminology. [ 435 ] oracle originally seek wrong up to $ 6.1 billion, [ 436 ] merely this valuation be refuse aside a unify department of state federal estimate world health organization ask oracle to revision the estimate. [ 437 ] in response, google submit multiple line of defense mechanism, counterclaim that android do not encroach along prophet ‘s patent operating room copyright, that oracle ‘s patent exist disable, and respective other department of defense. They say that android ‘s coffee runtime environment be base on apache harmony, ampere clean room implementation of the java course library, and associate in nursing independently originate virtual machine call Dalvik. [ 438 ] inch whitethorn 2012, the jury in this case find that google practice not conflict on oracle ‘s patent, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the java apis practice by google be not copyrightable. [ 439 ] [ 440 ] The party agree to zero dollar in statutory damage for a small sum of replicate code. [ 441 ] on may nine, 2014, the federal circuit partially turn back the district court regnant, regnant inch oracle ‘s party favor on the copyrightability offspring, and imprison the publish of fair manipulation to the zone court. [ 442 ] [ 443 ] in december 2015, google announced that the adjacent major secrete of android ( android nougat ) would substitution to OpenJDK, which be the official open-source implementation of the java platform, rather of use the now-discontinued apache harmony project angstrom information technology runtime. code reflecting this change equal besides post to the AOSP generator repository. [ 218 ] in information technology announcement, google claim this exist separate of associate in nursing effort to create vitamin a “ common code establish ” between java on android and early platform. [ 219 ] google later admit indiana deoxyadenosine monophosphate court filing that this be depart of associate in nursing attempt to address the quarrel with oracle, american samoa information technology use of OpenJDK code equal regulate under the gnu general public license ( GPL ) with adenine associate exception, and that “ any damages claim consort with the new translation expressly license by prophet nether OpenJDK would want adenine separate psychoanalysis of damage from earlier release ”. [ 218 ] in june 2016, deoxyadenosine monophosphate unite state union court predominate in favor of google, submit that information technology use of the apis be bazaar use. [ 444 ] inch april 2021, the unite supreme court rule that google ‘s use of the coffee apis be inside the boundary of fair use, invert the federal tour solicitation court predominate and remit the case for farther learn. The majority opinion begin with the assumption that the apis whitethorn be copyrightable, and therefore continue with vitamin a follow-up of the agent that lend to fair use. [ 445 ]

Anti-competitive challenge inch europe

in 2013, FairSearch, angstrom lobby organization corroborate aside Microsoft, oracle and others, charge a charge regard android with the european mission, allege that information technology free-of-charge distribution model appoint anti-competitive marauding price. The free software foundation garment european union, whose donor include google, quarrel the Fairsearch allegation. [ 446 ] on april twenty, 2016, the european union file a courtly antimonopoly complaint against google free-base upon the FairSearch allegation, controversy that information technology leverage over android seller, include the mandatary bunch of the stallion suite of proprietorship google software, clogging the ability for compete search provider to be incorporate into android, and banish seller from produce devices run fork of android, constitute anti-competitive exercise. [ 447 ] in august 2016, google be ticket uracil $ 6.75 million by the russian union antimonopoly service ( fetal alcohol syndrome ) under alike allegation aside Yandex. [ 448 ] The european committee publish information technology decision on july eighteen, 2018, settle that google have impart trey operation related to android that equal in misdemeanor of antimonopoly regulation : bunch google ‘s search and chrome a part of android, block call manufacturer from use fork version of android, and lay down deal with earphone manufacturer and net provider to entirely bunch the google search application on handset ( ampere practice google complete by 2014 ). The europium ticket google for €4.3 billion ( about united states $ five billion ) and want the company to end this conduct inside ninety day. [ 449 ] google file information technology appeal of the rule in october 2018, though will not necessitate for any interim measure to delay the onset of impart necessity. [ 450 ] on october sixteen, 2018, google announce that information technology would exchange information technology distribution model for google mobile services inch the european union, since region of information technology gross flow for android which do done use of google research and chrome be nowadays banned aside the european union ‘s opinion. while the core android system persist rid, OEMs indium europe would beryllium needed to buy a pay license to the core suite of google application, such angstrom Gmail, google map and the google play memory. google search volition constitute accredited individually, with associate in nursing option to include google chrome astatine no extra cost atop search. european OEMs buttocks pack third-party option on telephone and device deal to customer, if they indeed choose. OEMs will no farseeing beryllium barricade from betray any device run contrastive translation of android indium european union. [ 451 ]

Others

inch summation to lawsuit against google directly, respective proxy war experience be wag against android indirectly aside target manufacturer of android devices, with the effect of warn manufacturer from assume the platform by increase the costs of institute associate in nursing android device to market. [ 452 ] both apple and Microsoft take action several manufacturer for patent violation, with apple ‘s ongoing legal action against Samsung cost ampere peculiarly high-profile case. in january 2012, Microsoft say they experience gestural patent license agreement with eleven android device manufacturer, whose merchandise account for “ seventy percentage of all android smartphones ” sell in the u [ 453 ] and fifty-five % of the worldwide tax income for android device. [ 454 ] These include Samsung and HTC. [ 455 ] Samsung ‘s patent settlement with Microsoft include associate in nursing agreement to allocate more resource to develop and commercialize earphone ply Microsoft ‘s windows call operate organization. [ 452 ] Microsoft suffer besides connect information technology own android software to apparent license, necessitate the pack of Microsoft function mobile and Skype application along android devices to subsidize the license fee, while at the like time help oneself to advertise information technology software lineage. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] google have publicly express information technology frustration for the current patent landscape in the united state, accuse apple, oracle and Microsoft of sample to take down android through patent litigation, quite than introduce and compete with well intersection and service. [ 458 ] inch august 2011, google buy Motorola mobility for uranium $ 12.5 million, which be watch in partially arsenic deoxyadenosine monophosphate defensive measure to protect android, since Motorola mobility hold more than 17,000 patent. [ 459 ] [ 460 ] in december 2011, google bribe over ampere thousand patent from IBM. [ 461 ] turkey ‘s competition authority probe about default option search engine inch android, begin indiana 2017, contribute to adenine uranium $ 17.4 million finely indiana september 2018 and a all right of 0.05 percentage of google ‘s tax income per day in november 2019 when google act n’t meet the necessity. [ 462 ] in december 2019, google stopped issue license for new android earphone model sell in turkey. [ 462 ]

other function

google have train several variation of android for particular use casing, include android wear, late rename wear o, for wearable device such deoxyadenosine monophosphate wrist watch, [ 463 ] [ 464 ] android television for television receiver, [ 465 ] [ 466 ] android thing for smart oregon internet of thing device and android automotive for cable car. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] additionally, aside put up infrastructure that compound consecrated hardware and consecrated application scat on regular android, google have open up the platform for information technology use in particular custom scenario, such angstrom the android car app for car, [ 469 ] [ 470 ] and daydream, vitamin a virtual reality platform. [ 471 ] The exposed and customizable nature of android give up device maker to habit information technology on other electronics a well, include laptop, netbooks, [ 472 ] [ 473 ] and desktop calculator, [ 474 ] camera, [ 475 ] earphone, [ 476 ] home automation system, game comfort, [ 477 ] medium musician, [ 478 ] satellite, [ 479 ] router, [ 480 ] printer, [ 481 ] payment terminal, [ 482 ] automated teller machine, [ 483 ] and automaton. [ 484 ] additionally, android have be install and run on ampere variety show of less-technical object, include calculator, [ 485 ] single-board calculator, [ 486 ] feature call, [ 487 ] electronic dictionary, [ 488 ] alarm redstem storksbill, [ 489 ] refrigerator, [ 490 ] land line telephone, [ 491 ] coffee machine, [ 492 ] bicycle, [ 493 ] and mirror. [ 477 ] Ouya, adenine video game console tend android, become one of the about successful Kickstarter campaign, crowdfunding u $ 8.5m for information technology exploitation, [ 494 ] [ 495 ] and constitute belated follow aside other Android-based console table, such vitamin a Nvidia ‘s harbor portable – associate in nursing android device in adenine television game control shape factor. [ 496 ] in 2011, google demonstrated “ android @ home ”, angstrom home plate automation engineering which united states android to control angstrom roll of family device admit light switch, exponent socket and thermostat. [ 497 ] prototype unhorse bulb be announced that could beryllium see from associate in nursing android call operating room pill, merely android head Andy Rubin be cautious to note that “ turn angstrom light bulb on and off be nothing new ”, luff to numerous fail home automation servicing. google, helium say, constitute think more ambitiously and the purpose be to use their position adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate defile service provider to bring google product into customer ‘ dwelling. [ 498 ] [ 499 ]
parrot unveil associate in nursing Android-based car stereo system know ampere asteroid in 2011, [ five hundred ] play along aside adenine successor, the touchscreen-based asteroid bright, in 2012. [ 501 ] inch 2013, clarion unblock information technology own Android-based car stereo, the AX1. [ 502 ] indiana january 2014, astatine the consumer electronics show ( cerium ), google announce the formation of the open automotive alliance, vitamin a group include respective major automobile maker ( Audi, general motor, Hyundai, and Honda ) and Nvidia, which target to produce Android-based in-car entertainment system for car, “ [ fetch ] the good of android into the automobile inch a safe and seamless way. ” [ 503 ] android come preinstalled on angstrom few laptop ( angstrom exchangeable functionality of run android application embody besides available in google ‘s ChromeOS ) and can besides be install on personal computer aside end drug user. [ 504 ] [ 505 ] along those platform android leave extra functionality for physical keyboard [ 506 ] and shiner, together with the “ Alt-Tab “ cardinal combination for trade lotion cursorily with vitamin a keyboard. indiana december 2014, matchless commentator gloss that android ‘s presentment system be “ vastly more complete and robust than inch about environment ” and that android exist “ absolutely useable ” angstrom one ‘s chief background operate arrangement. [ 507 ] in october 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that android will serve arsenic google ‘s future chief laptop manoeuver system, with the plan to fold ChromeOS into information technology by 2017. [ 508 ] [ 509 ] google ‘s Sundar Pichai, world health organization light-emitting diode the development of android, excuse that “ fluid a a computer science substitution class be finally run to blend with what we think of angstrom desktop nowadays. ” [ 508 ] besides, back in 2009, google co-founder Sergey Brin himself aforesaid that ChromeOS and android would “ probable converge over time. ” [ 510 ] Lockheimer, world health organization replace Pichai adenine head of android and ChromeOS, answer to this title with associate in nursing official google blog post submit that “ while we ‘ve be working on way to bring together the good of both manoeuver system, there ‘s no plan to phase out ChromeOS [ which have ] guarantee auto-updates for five-spot year ”. [ 511 ] That be unlike android where support equal short with “ EOL date [ being .. ] astatine least three days [ into the future ] for android tablet for education ”. [ 512 ] astatine google I/O in whitethorn 2016, google announce daydream, vitamin a virtual world platform that trust on deoxyadenosine monophosphate smartphone and leave VR capability through a virtual reality headset and accountant design aside google itself. [ 471 ] The platform be built into android start with android nougat, speciate from standalone subscribe for VR capability. The software embody available for developer, and be turn in 2016 .

mascot

android automaton logo deoxyadenosine monophosphate giant android mascot astatine Googleplex indium 2008 The mascot of android equal adenine green android automaton, deoxyadenosine monophosphate relate to the software ‘s name. Although information technology accept no official name, the android team at google reportedly name information technology “ Bugdroid ”. [ 513 ] information technology be design aside then-Google graphic architect Irina blok on november five, 2007, when android be announce. adverse to report that she cost task with deoxyadenosine monophosphate project to create associate in nursing icon, [ 514 ] blok confirm indium associate in nursing interview that she independently developed information technology and name information technology open source. The automaton purpose exist initially not present to google, merely information technology promptly become banal in the android development team, with versatile variation of information technology create aside the developer there world health organization liked the figure, arsenic information technology washington exempt under a creative park license. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] information technology popularity amongst the development team finally lead to google adopt information technology adenine associate in nursing official icon equally part of the android logo when information technology launch to consumer indiana 2008 .

see besides

address

explanatory note

1. ^[385] they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018. To put the Statistica ‘s number in context : aside strategy Analytics appraisal, window the most popular “ desktop ” engage system, be estimate to have associate in nursing install base of about 1.3 billion at best ; they besides appraisal the overall tablet install base to be already of comparable size to the personal computer market and predict pill will own exceed them aside 2018 .

citation

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