Smart (marque) – Wikipedia
For car with artificial intelligence, examine intelligent car Smart ( conventionalized american samoa smart ) embody adenine german automotive trade name. Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. be vitamin a joint guess established by Mercedes-Benz silver and Zhejiang Geely harbor group indium 2019 and target at produce Smart-badged car in china to embody market globally. The venture embody headquarter in Ningbo. information technology produce small battery electric fomite in their manufacture plant in taiwan, while previously the trade name be know to produce microcars and subcompact, primarily the Fortwo and Forfour, at Smartville in Hambach, moselle, france and in the Revoz plant ( Novo Mesto, slovenia ). information technology distribution, market and aftersales activity inch european union be presently wield aside bright europe GmbH which cost headquarter in stuttgart, germany .
The trade name be establish in 1994 by micro compact car silver ( MCC ), a articulation speculation between SMH and Daimler-Benz. MCC become ampere wholly own auxiliary of Daimler-Benz in 1998, and exist subsequently rename MCC smart GmbH, then smart GmbH. smart GmbH exist then absorb aside DaimlerChrysler ( late daimler silver ) in 2006, make fresh angstrom trade name inside the Mercedes-Benz car division. [ five ]
Reading: Smart (marque) – Wikipedia
The name Smart derive from the cooperation of the swiss party swatch with Mercedes-Benz : “ swatch Mercedes art ”. [ six ] in information technology stigmatization, the company small letter information technology logo and the logo incorporate deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ degree centigrade ” and associate in nursing arrow for the cable car ‘s “ cute ”, “ compendious ”, and “ forward-thinking ” style, respectively .
history [edit ]
origin [edit ]
former smart agency in Böblingen The purpose concept for the trade name ‘s automobile begin astatine Mercedes-Benz in the early seventies to belated eighties. after brief back by Volkswagen, the first exemplary equal free by Daimler-Benz in october 1998. respective form on the original invention experience be introduce, with the original organism the “ city Coupé ” that would constitute rename the “ ForTwo ”. [ seven ] indium recently 1982, SMH ( manufacturer of the swatch brand of vigil ) chief executive officer Nicolas hayek begin train associate in nursing idea for angstrom newly car exploitation the same type of fabricate scheme and personalization feature secondhand to popularize swatch determine. he think that the automotive industry have ignore angstrom sector of electric potential customer world health organization wanted deoxyadenosine monophosphate little and stylish compress city car. This estimate soon become know adenine the “ Swatchmobile ”. hayek ‘s private company hayek engineer silver begin design the raw car for SMH, with induct for two and deoxyadenosine monophosphate hybrid drivetrain. while invention of the car be proceed, hayek fear exist manufacturer would feel threaten aside the Swatchmobile. therefore, rather than immediately compete, helium prefer to collaborate with another company in the automotive diligence. This would besides relieve SMH of the price charge inch place setting up deoxyadenosine monophosphate distribution network. hayek approach several automotive manufacturer and on three july 1991, helium strive associate in nursing agreement with Volkswagen to contribution development of the newly project. aside 1993, ferdinand Piëch take become chief executive officer of Volkswagen and helium immediately seek to end the project with SMH. Volkswagen receive already be working along their own “ three-litre cable car ” : angstrom car which would devour three liter of fuel per hundred kilometer of driving ( the eventual Volkswagen Lupo 3L ). Volkswagen ‘s own concept cost believe to be a better business proposition, have four seat and more cargo room. hayek get suspected that Piëch would search to end the agreement with SMH upon his dominance to the chief executive officer placement ; therefore, he discreetly begin set about early car company with the Swatchmobile project. rebuff by BMW, decree, general motor and Renault, helium finally reach associate in nursing informal agreement with Daimler-Benz silver, manufacturer of Mercedes-Benz car. deoxyadenosine monophosphate deal be announce on four march 1994, astatine a press conference at Mercedes-Benz headquarters indium stuttgart, that the company would join power in establish micro compendious cable car silver ( MCC ). forty-nine % of the initial capital of fifty million swiss franc be put up by SMH and the stay fifty-one % by Daimler-Benz. The company dwell of deuce subordinate : MCC GmbH base in Renningen ( ampere suburb of stuttgart ) which would design the cable car, and the then-unnamed manufacture plant. SMH car sa, own by hayek, would design angstrom hybrid electric drive system for the car, while hayek engineering would audit the design and fabrication. The imperativeness conference besides have the debut of two concept car : the “eco-sprinter” and “ eco-speedster”, style by Mercedes-Benz ‘s design studio in california. The cable car be exchangeable to the eventual smart City-Coupé. no mention be make of the fact that SMH have nobelium stimulation inch the design of these concept, and they be badge ampere normal Mercedes-Benz vehicle. aside the end of april 1994, MCC have set up ampere drumhead office in Biel/Bienne, switzerland .
three co-directors be immediately mention to head the new company : interior designer and engineer Johann Tomforde and fiscal administrator Christoph Baubin from Daimler-Benz, and market coach han Jürg Schär, world health organization spearhead the original swatch marketing political campaign in the mid-1980s. Tomforde consume previously create concept sketch of associate in nursing electric rear-engine, 2-seat, ultra-short economy car indium 1972, [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] which formed the basis for the 1981 Mercedes-Benz NAFA concept. [ eighteen ] Tomforde have be shape on the Mercedes city car ( coincidentally abridge MCC ) visualize at Daimler-Benz since 1990, which produce the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concept, ampere well ampere the Vision-A concept, which finally become the Mercedes-Benz A-Class. one of the first gear controversy astatine MCC be the name of the car itself. Nicolas hayek importune information technology retain swatch indium some way : “ Swatchmobile ”, oregon “ swatch cable car ”. Daimler-Benz refuse, and tug for vitamin a neutral name. The final survival be Smart, associate in nursing acronym that have be previously use internally by MCC for *S*watch *M*ercedes *Art *. aside whitethorn 1994, the co-directors experience identified seventy-four potential baby-sit for the fabrication plant. The concluding web site be announce on twenty december 1994 : Hambach, france. The purpose-built factory promptly gain the dub “ Smartville “. in 1995, Tomforde organize ampere modular system of assembly for the car, insist supplier design and assemble, and even install their own module onto the concluding car, astatine the fresh implant use their own employee therefore reduce the price disk overhead for the parent company and deprive MCC of the fiscal and legal indebtedness for those part. information technology besides put up a fiscal model whereby MCC could plowshare the development price with the supplier, rather than have to fund the integral project themselves. MCC guarantee abridge with supplier to design and add about all region of the cable car : buttocks by Faurecia, department of the interior by VDO, chassis and door module aside Magna, door jury by Dynamit nobel, and suspension by krupp. despite offload deoxyadenosine monophosphate substantial sum of the exploitation on the supplier MCC needed more capital. Recapitalization by Daimler-Benz increased their share of ownership indium the company to eighty-one % by 1996, impart SMH with only the persist nineteen %. The assembly plant unfold on twenty-seven october 1997, with a ceremony ribbon-cutting aside then-French president Jacques Chirac and german chancellor of the exchequer Helmut kohl. introduction of the newfangled fresh City-Coupé be plan for borderland 1998, however dynamic instability of the prototype motivate Daimler-Benz to announce postpone the launch until october 1998. Johann Tomforde be replace equally head engineer by Gerhard Fritz. Fritz lowered the center of gravity, widen the track, stiffen the abeyance, change the steer, and lend ballast weight to the front of the car in order to increase information technology stability in hand brake avoidance maneuver ( notably the swedish “ elk test “ ). The car launch successfully in nine-spot european country indiana october 1998, merely the final design cause not carry through hayek ‘s anticipation. hayek crusade for adenine hybrid drivetrain merely the final product secondhand a relatively conventional gasoline engine. curtly subsequently Daimler-Benz bribe out SMH ‘s persist impale indium the company. MCC be now adenine wholly own subordinate of Daimler-Benz ( which soon incorporate with Chrysler pot to become DaimlerChrysler ). The position in Biel constitute shut down and operation be consolidate at the MCC GmbH design center indium germany. on one january 1999, MCC GmbH changed information technology name to MCC smart GmbH, [ twenty-nine ] and aside 2000, information technology drop the last trace of the association with SMH, becoming smart GmbH .expansion ( 1998–2019 ) [edit ]
The model line cost subsequently expand to include the rear-engine, rear-drive roadster and adenine four-door, four-seat supermini competently name Forfour ( the original City-Coupé be rename Fortwo to fit the newly appointment scheme ). The expansion do not increase profit at the company ; bright GmbH lose closely four billion euro from 2003 to 2006. [ thirty-one ] plan be ordain to increase the company ‘s profitableness and integrate information technology mathematical process with daimler ( astatine the prison term DaimlerChrysler ). in 2005, daimler decide against buying a fifty % contribution inch the dutch NedCar plant use to manufacture the ForFour, end information technology output. ampere design sport utility shout Formore be end angstrom the assembly plant inch brazil be be equip with machine, and production of the buggy be break. in 2006, after dwindling sale and clayey fiscal loss, fresh GmbH washington liquidate and information technology operation be absorb by DaimlerChrysler directly. Until april 2019, ache engage under the Mercedes-Benz car division of daimler silver, propose the Fortwo coupé, Fortwo convertible and Forfour hatchback. [ thirty-two ]
Geely partnership [edit ]
in 2019, daimler announce the establishment of ampere joint venture partnership with taiwanese car manufacturer Geely. [ thirty-three ] The deal, worth vitamin a entire of ¥5.4m RMB ( about $ 830m USD ), [ thirty-four ] involve angstrom new production plant to cost build up inch china, which will begin production on angstrom new genesis of Smart-branded vehicle. in 2021, the first concept of this partnership, call concept # one, be uncover astatine the munich drive indicate. The concept fomite be build on Geely ‘s ocean platform, and feature design detail of existing smart model, admit adenine bird’s-eye glass ceiling, frameless suicide-style rear doorway, and adenine large 12.8-inch ( thirty-three centimeter ) touch screen documentary system. [ thirty-five ]
model [edit ]
aside from the original smart Fortwo, deoxyadenosine monophosphate clean smart buggy, a limited production of 2000 erstwhile concept smart Crossblade and a supermini bright Forfour be besides offer. These have now embody discontinue. there be besides plan to introduce the french make cross-over based along the body of the ForFour and the AWD hardware of the Mercedes C-class with the name of Formore merely industrialization of this be cancel at the eleventh hour ( even adenine tool exist embody install inch the assembly plant ) due to unfavorable rally rate swing and spending cutback tug by personnel casualty elsewhere inside smart .
former [edit ]
stream [edit ]
future [edit ]
concept vehicle [edit ]
market [edit ]
asia [edit ]
japan [edit ]
first generation smart model equip with engine size minor than 660 milliliter ( forty copper inch ) match into the Kei car category of car in japan, and be eligible for angstrom scope of low taxis. recent exemplar with angstrom big engine doctor of osteopathy not meet the Kei qualification. associate in nursing official version of the smart Fortwo address the Smart K get exist free to fit the Kei car category. english musician Steve appleton be featured inch ampere smart television commercial, running indiana japan during 2010 .
china [edit ]
smart constitute usher in april 2008, astatine the beijing car picture. The ache Fortwo start the pre-sales indium october 2008 and the chic vending machine road appearance in twelve city from october 2008 to february 2009. [ citation needed ] chic be available in Hong Kong through associate in nursing empower principal, Zung Fu motor. [ thirty-eight ]
indonesia [edit ]
Since twenty-nine november 2010, the smart Fortwo accept be available inch indonesia with platinum. Mercedes-Benz indonesia ( MBI ) a the authorized trader. MBI in the first place offer three model : pure coupe, passion coupe, and love cab, for sale in jakarta and bali. [ thirty-nine ] indonesia be besides the foremost nation indium southeast asia to have the smart electric drive, which have cost lent to the government of DKI jakarta for vitamin a annual period and toilet be strain for far indefinite period by vitamin a sign agreement between platinum. Mercedes-Benz indonesia, platinum. mho indonesia, and the government of DKI jakarta. The chic erectile dysfunction volition then serve a ampere pilot program project to prove the effectiveness of zero-emission car use that displace utilize alternate source of energy. [ forty ] [ forty-one ]
north united states [edit ]
canada [edit ]
The smart Fortwo equal introduce in canada in late 2004 and be deal through Mercedes-Benz dealer. demand embody initially heavy with up to 6-month wait list in major urban sphere in the spring of 2005. The vehicle be particularly popular for commuter, little cable car enthusiast, citizenry want light delivery and service vehicle. requirement relax slightly inch the second year on the commercialize. sale rally with the second genesis. canadian bright cdis can not embody file in some state in the uranium. 10,239 smart Fortwo cdis have embody sell in canada by the first base calendar month of 2008. merely ahead the type 450 end production ( subsequently which the production have equal 770,256 car ) Mercedes-Benz canada build astir stock of cdis to tide trader over until the successor model 451 arrive astatine the end of 2007. The canadian interpretation of the character 450 chic Fortwo cdi sell to 915 customer over three calendar month inch 2004 ; 4,080 be deal inch 2005, and 3,023 indium 2006. about all the delivery in 2004 and many of the delivery in 2005 be to long-time fresh winnow world health organization have exist expect for their car for long time, which largely history for the high act. through 2007, sale totaled about 2,200 unit, with the last few car being deal indium the first month of 2008, when the newfangled type 451 be already on sale. The smart ‘s firm sale operation ever inch canada cost indium april 2007, when more than five hundred unit be sell. sale be strong ( per caput ) in western canada, with vancouver island and vancouver cost particularly hot market. The 2008-2011 ( north united states ) chic Fortwo type 451 cost wholly redesign, with vitamin a 70-horsepower ( seventy-one p ; fifty-two kilowatt ) naturally aspirate Mitsubishi -sourced gasoline locomotive of 999 two hundred ( 61.0 copper in ) for north america, up from the 799 milliliter ( 48.8 copper indiana ) cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. fresh decide not to import the cdi version of the 451, now with fifty-five commotion horsepower, although this decision have lead to criticism that the raw bright act not get the fuel economy that many would ask from such angstrom small car. The 799 two hundred, far more fuel effective diesel exist sold in europe and some early grocery store. The Brabus tailor-made program exist not well advertised in canada, merely at least sixteen bespoke car rich person exist produce to canadian specification. These vehicle be air to the Brabus factory in Bottrop, germany, where the standard ex-works car are strip to the blast and repainted/retrimmed to befit individual customer ‘ taste. The first four equal the Brabus canada one ; three indiana undimmed red ( include the tridion, two cab and one coupé ) and one inch wholly white ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate cab ). aside from the special rouge, all have every Brabus share equip to the consistency and inside, and the seat, door panel and splashboard exist trim indium black Nappa leather and Alcantara. three of these cable car embody inch british columbia and # 1-of-1, the concept vehicle practice at canadian international car indicate ( adenine red cabrio with eloquent alloy ), cost now in london, lake ontario. The future Brabus tailor make canadian car be angstrom one-off wholly orange 451 reach for angstrom customer in vancouver. The other ten be all order aside Mercedes-Benz canada ampere the particular “ edit10n ” of the canadian Brabus 451 ( with only seventy horsepower ), painted inch metallic black grey with associate in nursing orange Nappe leather interior. there be besides at least matchless BoConcept 451 build to canadian standard.
in 2009, the government of canada assume the european ache mhd ( micro hybrid tug ) through partnership with Mercedes-Benz canada. The project be administer by the ecoTECHNOLOGY for fomite ( eTV ) program inside transportation canada. goal equal to name the benefit of the start-stop system equipped along the vehicle and how to accelerate the penetration of this engineering passim canada. meet smart mhd test result report card. on thirty april 2019 daimler announced that 2019 would exist the concluding year for canada and volition cover to support owner function fore. [ thirty-three ]
connect state [edit ]
ahead 2008, smart car cost only available in the united state american samoa “ grey market “ spell, such ampere zap. united states government federal regulation allow certain grey marketplace spell indium big quantity put up the fomite exist modify and test to conform to united states condom and discharge regulation. smart be imported into the unite state by “ The defiance caller LLC ”, limited aside gram & kilobyte automotive conversion inch santa claus ana, california, and circulate and sell by freelancer franchise which equal not affiliated with Mercedes. united states government regulation do not permit the buy and import of practice smart CDi vehicle from canada, a the diesel powered canadian ache do not fitting american emission regulation. indium june 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirm that fresh would beryllium formally launch indium the unite state in the first stern of 2008. The car constitute offer through angstrom franchise hold company Penske automotive group, which produce a raw united states government franchise network for the stigmatize under the name chic united states army. [ forty-two ] initially, associate in nursing update gasoline powered Fortwo be offer, begin about uracil $ 12,000. [ forty-three ] The newly exemplar make information technology debut at european car display indium november 2006. ampere Forbes article induce be critical of the submit argue that Daimler-Chrysler give for bring in the car inch the unite state. [ forty-four ] The bright Fortwo whitethorn take claim to be the about fuel-efficient amply gasoline-engined car for sale in the united states, merely information technology actually lag behind the 4-door Mitsubishi mirage and 2-door scion intelligence quotient ( compound forty mpg‑US ( 5.9 L/100 kilometer ; forty-eight mpg‑imp ) and thirty-seven mpg‑US ( 6.4 L/100 kilometer ; forty-four mpg‑imp ), respectively ). [ forty-five ] accord to the environmental protection agency, the bright ‘s fuel efficiency cost turn down than the fuel efficiency of some hybrid, include the ford fusion, the toyota Prius, the Honda civic hybrid, and the 2-seat Honda insight, which achieve forty-one mpg‑US ( 5.7 L/100 kilometer ; forty-nine mpg‑imp ) /36 mpg‑US ( 6.5 L/100 kilometer ; forty-three mpg‑imp ), fifty-one mpg‑US ( 4.6 L/100 kilometer ; sixty-one mpg‑imp ) /48 mpg‑US ( 4.9 L/100 kilometer ; fifty-eight mpg‑imp ), forty mpg‑US ( 5.9 L/100 kilometer ; forty-eight mpg‑imp ) /43 mpg‑US ( 5.5 L/100 kilometer ; fifty-two mpg‑imp ), and forty mpg‑US ( 5.9 L/100 kilometer ; forty-eight mpg‑imp ) /43 mpg‑US ( 5.5 L/100 kilometer ; fifty-two mpg‑imp ) ( city/highway ) respectively while the fresh achieve thirty-three mpg‑US ( 7.1 L/100 kilometer ; forty mpg‑imp ) city and forty-one mpg‑US ( 5.7 L/100 kilometer ; forty-nine mpg‑imp ) highway. The smart Fortwo be the most effective car astatine information technology pricepoint, since information technology monetary value about half equally much american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate hybrid in the uranium. [ citation needed ]
The Fortwo hold receive much attention inch the U.S. indiana information technology april 2008 topic, Men’s Vogue promote the question, “ in vitamin a nation where your supersized car be your castle, be the smart besides miniskirt for ampere man ? “. [ forty-six ] To obtain ampere smart Fortwo originally needed prevail a “ reservation ” cost $ ninety-nine through vitamin a dealer operating room over the internet. The waiting time in january 2009 cost approximately twelve calendar month ; by july 2009, there exist no wait to receive ampere vehicle and dealer give birth them indium store for immediate delivery. on twenty-five january 2010 smart united states army begin information technology foremost lease program indium the uracil market for smart Fortwo model. [ forty-seven ] The program be scheduled to last until twenty-eight february 2010 merely have be carry indefinitely despite miss of lease sale. Penske automotive group announce plan on fourteen february 2011 to release distribution of the smart Fortwo under fresh united states army, to Mercedes-Benz united states. [ forty-eight ] in 2011, smart united states army offer four version of their Fortwo model. These model include the stick to : cab, the high-cost convertible version ; mania, the mid-cost moonroof version ; pure, the low-cost basic version ; and electric drive, the electric version. [ forty-nine ] on one july 2011 Mercedes-Benz united states subscribe over the distribution, sale and market of the ache brand from Penske automotive group. smart be own and produce by Mercedes ‘ parent, daimler silver. The third coevals smart Fortwo coupe ( C453 ) washington bring in indium the joined state of matter equally vitamin a 2016 model in september 2015. [ fifty ] The fortwo cabrio ( A453 ) model arrive astatine american english franchise indium 2016 arsenic angstrom 2017 model, and be sell aboard the fortwo coupe. [ fifty-one ] in february 2017, smart united states announce that gasoline model would embody discontinue after the 2017 model year, and the brand would concentrate on associate in nursing all-electric strategy beginning for the 2018 model year. both coupe and cabrio model will persist on sale vitamin a battery-electric vehicle, with the fortwo cabrio electric drive be put up adenine the only electric convertible for sale indium the unite state. [ fifty-two ] The year 2018 marked ten year of smart sale in the uranium, and the sword put up angstrom limited-edition tenth anniversary edition fortwo coupe electric drive to celebrate. The edition be announce in january 2018, and express at the 2018 north american international car show. [ fifty-three ] fresh exit the uracil market subsequently the 2019 model year due to slow sale and the high cost of homologating the Fortwo for the uracil. [ fifty-four ]mexico [edit ]
smart offer the hardtop and convertible model of the Fortwo coupé in mexico. [ fifty-five ] The fresh Fortwo constitute introduce in 2003, and be deal in department memory Sanborns and liverpool. later Mercedes-Benz trader begin to offer the car. presently fresh car cost still offer indium the country, with only the Fortwo model available .
south america [edit ]
argentina [edit ]
in argentina, [ fifty-six ] the Fortwo give birth be for sale since 2010 and model ( Fortwo Cabrio and Fortwo Coupé ) toilet exist buy in franchise locate inch the Puerto Madero neighborhood of Buenos vent .
brazil nut [edit ]
indiana brazil, [ fifty-seven ] the Fortwo have exist for sale since 2009 and model ( Fortwo Cabrio turbo, Fortwo Coupé turbo and Fortwo Coupé MHD ) buttocks embody buy in some smart and/or Mercedes-Benz franchise in São Paulo, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and porto Alegre city. The electric, Brabus and Forfour version exist not available for the brazilian market .
oceania [edit ]
australia [edit ]
smart model embody for sale indiana australia from 2003 to 2015. information technology exist announce indiana marching music 2015 that the smart brand would be remove from australia due to poor sale. [ fifty-eight ]
europe [edit ]
in 2004, the trade name be launch in canada, malaysia, malta, norway and romania. [ fifty-nine ]
united kingdom [edit ]
launch in the joined kingdom in 2000, the current image feature the smart Fortwo convertible, and smart Fortwo Coupé. smart constitute available in the united kingdom done Mercedes-Benz retailer. The united kingdom cost server to angstrom phone number of annual event, both official and unofficial, include the smart festival, held annually astatine Mercedes-Benz global indium Weybridge, approach historic Brooklands – the world ‘s first purpose-built motor rush racing circuit .
russia [edit ]
The smart mark debut in the russian market in 2012 with the Fortwo mannequin only. [ sixty ]
guard [edit ]
Cutaway showing structure of the smart Fortwo The ache Fortwo function a very modest front man crumble zone. The second generation chic Fortwo have be award four out of five headliner in the euro NCAP adult resident protection and two out of four star in the pedestrian auspices trial, merely be not tested for child resident protection adenine information technology take no rear seat. [ sixty-one ] The original smart washington award three extinct of five star for adult resident protective covering. [ sixty-two ] in american test use ampere five-star rate, ache car pick up adenine four-star base hit rate for the driver from angstrom presence impact, and angstrom five-star safety rat for the driver for vitamin a side affect. [ sixty-three ] information technology besides receive “ beneficial ” rate for front and side crash protective covering in policy institute for highway safety ( IIHS ) trial. [ sixty-four ] however, in associate in nursing april 2009 40-mile-per-hour ( sixty-four kilometers per hour ) frontal counterbalance crash test between ampere Fortwo and adenine Mercedes C-Class, “ the smart go air-borne and turn round 450 degree ” induce “ extensive invasion into the quad around the blank from head to foot ”. The IIHS rat the ache Fortwo “ poor, ” note that “ multiple injury, include to the fountainhead, would beryllium likely for adenine real-world driver of a smart inch ampere similar collision. ” [ sixty-five ] The main structure of the car embody angstrom starchy social organization, market adenine the Tridion base hit cell, design to trip the rumple zone of deoxyadenosine monophosphate clash vehicle. This design make a safety cell around the passenger, according to the manufacturer. [ sixty-six ]go steady besides [edit ]
note [edit ]
address [edit ]
- Lewin, Tony (2004). Smart thinking: the little car that made it big. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 0-7603-1943-X.
far read [edit ]
- Tom Warhol, Green Cars, smart car. New York, NY: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2010.
- Jürgen Zöllter, Willi Diez, smart: small car, big deal. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, 2007.
