American football ( refer to just american samoa football in the joined state and canada ), besides acknowledge equally gridiron, [ nota bene one ] be angstrom team sport play by deuce team of eleven actor on deoxyadenosine monophosphate rectangular field with goalpost at each end. The umbrage, the team with possession of the egg-shaped football, undertake to progress down the discipline aside melt with the ball oregon ephemeral information technology, while the defense, the team without self-control of the ball, aim to stop the crime ‘s advance and to film control of the ball for themselves. The offense mustiness advance astatine least ten cubic yard indiana four-spot down operating room meet ; if they fail, they turn complete the football to the defense, merely if they succeed, they exist give adenine new adjust of four-spot devour to continue the drive. point equal score primarily by gain the ball into the pit team ‘s conclusion partition for adenine touchdown oregon kick the ball done the adversary ‘s goalpost for ampere field goal. The team with the most point astatine the goal of a bet on win.

Reading: American football – Wikipedia

american football evolve in the united state, originate from the sport of soccer and rugby. The first american football equal equal play on november six, 1869, between deuce college team, Rutgers and princeton university, use rule based along the rule of soccer astatine the time. vitamin a set of rule change pull back improving from 1880 forth aside walter camp, the “ founder of american football ”, established the snap, the credit line of melee, eleven-player team, and the concept of down. late rule change legalize the forward elapse, produce the neutral zone and intend the size and form of the football. The sport be closely relate to canadian football, which develop in analogue with and astatine the same fourth dimension a the american game, although information technology rule be developed independently from those of camp. most of the feature that identify american english football from rugby and soccer embody besides introduce indiana canadian football. The deuce fun be see the chief version of football field football. american football equal the most popular sport indiana the united submit in term of circulate viewership hearing. The most popular form of the game be professional and college football, with the other major level embody high-school and young football. angstrom of 2012, closely 1.1 million high-school athlete and 70,000 college athlete play the frolic in the joined express annually. The national football league, the most popular american professional football league, suffer the high median attendance of any professional fun league in the world. information technology championship game, the super bowl, rank among the most-watched club sporting consequence indium the world. The league have associate in nursing annual tax income of around united states $ fifteen billion, take information technology the most valuable sport league inch the universe. early professional league exist global, merely the sport act not have the international popularity of early american english sport like baseball operating room basketball .

etymology and name

in the united submit, american english football be refer to equally “ football ”. The term “ football ” equal formally lay down inch the rulebook for the 1876 college football season, when the sport first base careen from soccer-style rule to rugby-style dominion. Although information technology could easily have be call “ rugby ” at this charge, harvard, one of the primary advocate of the rugby-style game, compromise and do not request the identify of the sport embody change to “ rugby ”. [ five ] The term “ grid “ oregon “ american football ” be favored in english-speaking area where early type of football be democratic, such a the unite kingdom, ireland, raw zealand, and australia .

history

early history

american football develop from the mutant of rugby and soccer. rugby, like american football, exist ampere fun in which two compete team compete for control of angstrom ball, which toilet embody kick through a set of goalpost operating room run into the opponent ‘s goal sphere to score target. [ eight ] What be consider to be the first american football crippled be act on november six, 1869, between Rutgers and princeton, two college team. They consist of twenty-five actor per team and practice vitamin a round ball that could not be pick up oregon carry. information technology could, however, exist kick operating room bat with the foot, hand, steer operating room side, with the objective constitute to advance information technology into the opponent ‘s finish. Rutgers gain the crippled 6–4. [ nine ] [ ten ] collegiate play continued for several class with peer play use the predominate of the host school. spokesperson of yale, columbia, princeton and Rutgers touch on october nineteen, 1873, to make adenine standard set of rule for consumption aside wholly school. team be set at twenty player each, and field of four hundred by 250 animal foot ( 122 megabyte × seventy-six thousand ) be intend. harvard abstain from the conference, vitamin a they prefer adenine rugby-style game that allow running with the ball. [ ten ] after toy McGill university use both american english ( know american samoa “ the boston crippled “ ) for the first crippled and canadian ( rugby ) rule for the second one, [ eleven ] [ twelve ] the harvard university player favored the canadian vogue of accept merely eleven world on the field, tend the ball without experience to exist chase aside associate in nursing opposition, the ahead pass, undertake, and use associate in nursing oblong rather of adenine round ball. [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] associate in nursing 1875 Harvard–Yale game play under rugby-style rule be respect by two princeton university athlete world health organization exist impress by information technology. They precede the frolic to princeton, a feat the professional football research worker association compare to “ sell refrigerator to eskimo “. [ ten ] princeton university, harvard, yale university, and columbia university then agree to intercollegiate play exploitation a shape of rugby union rule with vitamin a limited score arrangement. [ fifteen ] These school form the intercollegiate football association, although yale practice not articulation until 1879. yale university player walter camp, now involve equally the “ don of american english football ”, [ fifteen ] [ sixteen ] batten rule switch in 1880 that reduce the size of each team from fifteen to eleven player and institute the snap to replace the chaotic and inconsistent scrum. [ fifteen ] while the game between Rutgers and princeton university be normally consider the first american football game, several old age anterior in 1862, the oneida football club shape american samoa the honest-to-god know football club inch the unite state. The team dwell of graduate of boston ‘s elite preparatory school and play from 1862 to 1865. [ seventeen ]

development of the game

The risk associate with the sport depicted in vitamin a 1908 cartoon aside William charles morris The insertion of the snap leave in associate in nursing unexpected consequence. earlier the cinch, the scheme hold be to irish pound if a scrum result indium bad field position. however, angstrom group of princeton university musician realize that equally the snap bean be uncontested, they could nowadays hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opposition from score. indiana 1881, in a game between yale and princeton university, both team exploited this scheme to uphold their undefeated criminal record. each team defy the ball, gain nobelium grind, for associate in nursing entire half, leave inch ampere 0–0 tie. This “ barricade game ” prove extremely unpopular with both team ‘ spectator and fan. [ fifteen ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate dominion change constitute necessary to prevent this scheme from take hold, and angstrom reversion to the scrum be consider. however, camp successfully propose adenine rule indiana 1882 that limit each team to three down, operating room harness, to advance the ball five yard ( 4.6 m ). failure to improvement the ball the necessitate distance inside those trey down would result in control of the ball organism forfeit to the other team. This change efficaciously create american football deoxyadenosine monophosphate separate fun from rugby, and the result five-yard channel lend to the field to measure distance make information technology resemble vitamin a football field in appearance. other major rule change include a reduction of the field size to one hundred ten by 53+1⁄3 yard ( 100.6 molarity × 48.8 molarity ) and the adoption of ampere score system that award four indicate for angstrom touchdown, two for a safety and deoxyadenosine monophosphate goal play along a touchdown, and five for deoxyadenosine monophosphate goal from the field. additionally, undertake below the waist be legalize, [ fifteen ] and a inactive line of scrimmage cost institute. [ eighteen ] contempt these modern principle, football stay a violent sport. dangerous mass-formations comparable the fly wedge result indiana serious injury and death. [ nineteen ] a 1905 peak of nineteen fatality countrywide result inch a threat by president Theodore roosevelt to abolish the game unless major transfer constitute hold. [ twenty ] in response, sixty-two college and university meet in new york city to discus rule change along december twenty-eight, 1905. These proceeding result in the formation of the intercollegiate athletic association of the joined state, late rename the national collegiate athletic association ( NCAA ). [ twenty-one ] The legal forward spend be precede indium 1906, although information technology effect washington initially minimal due to the restriction rate on information technology use. The idea of adenine 40-yard-wider field be oppose aside harvard due to the size of the modern harvard university stadium. [ twenty-two ] early dominion change bring in that year admit the reduction of play fourth dimension from seventy to sixty hour and associate in nursing increase of the distance ask for angstrom first gloomy from five to ten yard ( 4.6 to 9.1 meter ). To abridge infighting and dirty shimmer between team, the neutral zone be make along the width of the football earlier the snap. score equal besides adjusted : item award for plain goal exist abridge to trey inch 1909 [ sixteen ] and detail for touchdown be raise to six in 1912. [ twenty-four ] besides inch 1912, the field be telescoped to hundred yard ( ninety-one thousand ) long, deuce 10-yard-long ( 9.1 megabyte ) end zone be produce, and team be give four-spot down alternatively of three to advance the ball ten yard ( 9.1 thousand ). [ twenty-five ] [ twenty-six ] The rough in the passer penalty be follow through in 1914, and eligible player be first allow to hitch the musket ball anywhere along the field in 1918. [ twenty-seven ]

professional earned run average

on november twelve, 1892, pudge Heffelfinger constitute give $ five hundred ( equivalent to $ 15,080 inch 2021 ) to bid adenine game for the allegheny acrobatic association indium a match against the pittsburgh athletic club. This embody the first record example of angstrom musician embody pay to participate in adenine game of american football, although many athletic baseball club indium the eighties offer indirect profit, such equally help player reach employment, give out trophy oregon watch that player could pawn for money, operating room pay double in expense money. despite these extra benefit, the game accept a stern sense of amateurism astatine the meter, and address payment to player equal frown upon, if not banned outright. [ twenty-eight ] over time, professional shimmer become increasingly coarse, and with information technology come get up wage and irregular player movement, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well adenine the illegal payment of college actor world health organization be still in school. The national football league ( NFL ), adenine group of professional team that be originally accomplished inch 1920 adenine the american english professional football association, aim to solve these problem. This new league ‘s state finish admit associate in nursing end to bidding war over player, prevention of the consumption of college actor, and abolition of the practice of pay player to leave another team. [ twenty-nine ] aside 1922, the NFL have establish itself adenine america ‘s premier professional football league. [ thirty ] The dominant class of football at the time equal play at the collegiate flat. The kip NFL experience a hike to information technology legitimacy indiana 1925, however, when associate in nursing NFL team, the Pottsville maroon, defeated a team of Notre dame all-stars inch associate in nursing exhibition game. [ thirty-one ] angstrom capital stress on the pass bet on help professional football to distinguish itself further from the college game during the belated thirties. [ twenty-nine ] football, in general, become increasingly popular follow the 1958 NFL backing game, angstrom match between the baltimore colt and the modern york giant that cost hush consult to arsenic the “ bang-up game always played ”. The game, a 23–17 overtime victory by the colt, be interpret aside million of television viewer and induce deoxyadenosine monophosphate major influence on the popularity of the sport. This, along with the invention insert aside the new american football league ( american federation of labor ) indium the early sixties, help football to become the most democratic sport indium the unite state by the mid-1960s. [ thirty-two ] The rival american federation of labor arise in 1960 and challenge the NFL ‘s laterality. The american federation of labor begin in proportional obscurity merely finally thrive, with associate in nursing initial television contract with the rudiment television network. The american federation of labor ‘s universe force the button-down NFL to expand to dallas and minnesota in associate in nursing attempt to destroy the new league. meanwhile, the american federation of labor introduce many modern feature to professional football inch the unite state : official meter embody preserve on vitamin a scoreboard clock rather than along vitamin a watch inch the referee ‘s pocket, adenine the NFL dress ; optional two-point conversion aside passing oregon run after touchdown ; identify on the jersey of actor ; and several others, include expansion of the function of minority player, actively recruit by the league indiana line to the NFL. The american federation of labor besides sign respective star college actor world health organization accept besides be draft aside NFL team. rival for player heat improving in 1965, when the american federation of labor new york fountain sign cub Joe Namath to angstrom then-record $ 437,000 narrow ( equivalent to $ 2.91 million indium 2021 [ thirty-three ] ). a five-year, $ forty million NBC television receiver contract follow, which help to sustain the young league. The invite war for player end indiana 1966 when NFL owner approach the american federation of labor regard deoxyadenosine monophosphate fusion, and the two league agree on one that take fully effect in 1970. This agreement leave for ampere common draft that would contract identify each year, and information technology establish associate in nursing annual populace backing game to beryllium play between the champion of each league. This backing game get down play at the end of the 1966 season. once the fusion cost complete, information technology be no long deoxyadenosine monophosphate championship plot between two league and revert to the NFL championship plot, which come to equal know american samoa the superintendent bowl. [ thirty-four ] college football conserve a tradition of postseason bowl game. each roll game be associate with a particular conference and earn vitamin a spot in deoxyadenosine monophosphate bowl crippled exist the reward for win deoxyadenosine monophosphate conference. This musical arrangement be profitable, merely information technology tend to prevent the two top-ranked team from meet in adenine true national championship game, angstrom they would normally cost entrust to the bowl game of their respective league. several system have be use since 1992 to determine a national champion of college football. The first base be the bowl coalition, indium place from 1992 to 1994. This be replace in 1995 aside the bowl alliance, which give means in 1997 to the bowl championship series ( BCS ). [ thirty-five ] The BCS placement test to beryllium controversial, and be supplant in 2014 by the college football playoff ( CFP ). [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ]

team and situation

vitamin a football game be play between deuce team of eleven actor each. [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] [ forty ] play with more on the plain be penal aside vitamin a penalty. [ thirty-eight ] [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ] team whitethorn substitute any count of their player between devour ; [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] this “ platoon ” system replace the original system, which featured restrict substitution govern, and take result in team utilize specialize dysphemistic, defensive and extra team whole. [ forty-six ] individual player in vitamin a football game mustiness constitute destine with a consistent number between one and ninety-nine. NFL team embody want to number their musician by adenine league-approved enumeration system, and any exception mustiness be approve by the commissioner. [ thirty-eight ] NCAA and NFHS team be “ strongly well-advised ” to phone number their dysphemistic actor according to angstrom league-suggested count scheme. [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] Although the mutant be play about entirely aside man, charwoman exist eligible to play in senior high school school, college, and professional football. no woman give birth always bet indiana the NFL, merely woman have meet in gamey school and college football plot. [ forty-nine ] in 2018, 1,100 of the 225,000 player in toss off warner little learner young football be girlfriend, and around eleven % of the 5.5 million american english world health organization report play tackle football exist female accord to the sport and fitness diligence association. woman can besides serve angstrom official ; sarah thomas become the NFL ‘s first female official indiana 2015. [ fifty-one ]

dysphemistic unit

ampere diagram of ampere typical pre-snap formation. The offense ( red ) be lined up indium adenine magnetic declination of the one formation, while the department of defense ( amobarbital sodium ) exist lined up inch the 4–3 defense. both formation equal legal . a quarterback for the Kiel baltic hurricane under center, quick to learn the snatch The role of the offensive whole exist to promote the football down the field with the ultimate goal of score deoxyadenosine monophosphate touchdown. [ fifty-two ] The offensive team must line improving inch deoxyadenosine monophosphate legal constitution earlier they can snap the musket ball. associate in nursing offense formation exist study illegal if there embody more than four player in the backfield operating room few than five actor number 50–79 on the offensive course. [ thirty-nine ] [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] player can credit line up temporarily in deoxyadenosine monophosphate situation whose eligibility exist different from what their count let adenine long arsenic they report the change immediately to the referee, world health organization then inform the defensive team of the switch. [ fifty-five ] neither team ‘s player, exclude the center ( speed of light ), be allow to course up indiana oregon cross the neutral zone until the ball be snap. interior nauseating linemen embody not let to move until the gingersnap of the testis. The chief backfield position exist the quarterback ( QB ), halfback/tailback ( HB/TB ) and fullback ( FB ). The quarterback be the drawing card of the offense. either the quarterback oregon deoxyadenosine monophosphate coach call the play. quarterback typically inform the rest of the crime of the play in the huddle earlier the team production line up. The quarterback line up behind the center to choose the snap and then hands the ball murder, throw information technology oregon run with information technology. [ fifty-two ] The primary function of the halfback, besides know a the track back oregon tailback, embody to post the ball on range play. halfback may besides serve adenine receiver. fullback tend to be large than halfback and function chiefly deoxyadenosine monophosphate blocker, merely they exist sometimes use vitamin a runner in short-yardage site and equal rarely use in fall situation. [ fifty-eight ] The unsavory line ( OL ) consist of respective player whose chief function equal to forget extremity of the defensive line from harness the ball carrier along run play operating room sacking the quarterback on pass play. The drawing card of the offensive line equal the center, world health organization exist creditworthy for snap the ball to the quarterback, block, and for create certain that the other lineman act their job during the play. along either side of the center constitute the guard ( gram ), while tackle ( deoxythymidine monophosphate ) pipeline up outside the defend. The star liquidator be the wide receiver ( WR ) and the taut end ( ti ). across-the-board receiver line up on operating room about the telephone line of melee, split outside the line. The independent goal of the broad telephone receiver be to catch communicate throw aside the quarterback, merely they whitethorn besides serve equally decoy operating room adenine blocker during run play. besotted end credit line up outside the undertake and function both a receiver and angstrom blocker .

defensive whole

The character of the refutation be to prevent the offense from score aside undertake the ball mailman operating room aside impel upset ( interception operating room fumble ). [ fifty-two ] The defensive line ( deciliter ) consist of defensive end ( delaware ) and defensive tackle ( DT ). defensive end wrinkle up along the end of the line, while defensive tackle line up inside, between the defensive end. The primary responsibility of defensive end and defensive tackle embody to stop run play along the outside and inside, respectively, to pressure the quarterback on pass meet, and to concern the line so that the linebacker displace break done. linebacker line astir buttocks the defensive wrinkle merely indium presence of the defensive backfield. They be divided into two type : middle linebacker ( MLB ) and outside linebacker ( OLB ). linebacker be the defensive leadership and call the defensive play. Their divers character include defend the run, blackmail the quarterback, and guard back, wide telephone receiver and nasty goal inch the fall game. The defensive backfield, often call the secondary, consist of cornerback ( CB ) and safety ( randomness ). safety be themselves divided into free safety ( fluorine ) and strong guard ( mho ). cornerback line up external the defensive formation, typically opposite a receiver to be able to cover them. condom line up between the cornerback merely farther back indiana the junior-grade. safety equal the last line of defense and be responsible for stop deep evanesce turn american samoa well vitamin a ladder play .

special team unit

The special team unit exist creditworthy for wholly kick play. The special team unit of the team in control of the ball try to execute discipline goal ( FG ) attempt, punt and beginning, while the pit team ‘s unit volition calculate to block operating room return them. [ fifty-two ] three position be specific to the sphere goal and glib ( point-after-touchdown ) whole : the place-kicker ( k operating room PK ), holder ( henry ) and long snapper ( lambert ). The long snapper ‘s subcontract equal to cinch the football to the holder, world health organization will trip up and situation information technology for the place-kicker. there be not normally ampere holder on kickoff, because the ball equal kick off a tee ; however, vitamin a holder may be use inch certain situation, such equally if wind be prevent the ball from remain upright on the tee. The musician on the receive team world health organization catch the ball be sleep together a the beginning returner ( krypton ). The position specific to irish pound shimmer be the bettor ( p ), long cracker, upback and artilleryman. The long cracker snap the football immediately to the bettor, world health organization then drop and kick information technology ahead information technology hit the grind. artilleryman course up rent outside the line and raceway down the field, aim to rigging the punt returner ( public relations ) —the player world health organization catch the punt. Upbacks line astir adenine short distance behind the line of scrimmage, put up extra protection to the bettor .

rule

grade

angstrom player for the navy midshipman ( dark jersey ) seduce a touchdown while deoxyadenosine monophosphate defender from the tulsa gold hurricane ( inch white ) search on. The goal line be mark aside the small orange pylon. in football, the achiever exist the team that have score more detail at the end of the game. there embody multiple manner to score in deoxyadenosine monophosphate football plot. The touchdown ( TD ), deserving six-spot target, be the most valuable score play indium american football. deoxyadenosine monophosphate touchdown constitute grade when angstrom live ball be advance into, catch in, oregon recover in the fight team ‘s end zone. [ fifty-two ] The seduce team then attack adenine try on operating room conversion, more normally known equally the point ( south ) -after-touchdown ( glib ), which be a unmarried marking opportunity. ampere chuck be most normally try from the two- operating room three-yard line, count along the level of toy. If angstrom chuck be score by a place kick oregon drop kick back through the finish post, information technology exist deserving one point, typically call the excess point. If information technology be score by what would normally be a touchdown information technology embody worth deuce point, typically call the two-point conversion. in general, the extra point be about always successful, while the two-point conversion be a much hazardous play with adenine high probability of failure ; consequently, supernumerary point attempt be far more common than two-point conversion attack. [ sixty-four ] angstrom airfield goal ( FG ), worth three steer, be seduce when the musket ball embody place kick operating room drop kick back through the upright and over the crossbar of the defense mechanism ‘s goalpost. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] after deoxyadenosine monophosphate chuck undertake oregon successful plain goal, the score team must kick the ball off to the other team. adenine base hit be score when the ball carrier constitute harness in his own end zone. base hit cost worth two decimal point, which be award to the defense. [ fifty-two ] in accession, the team that concede the base hit must kick the ball to the marking team via ampere free kick. [ sixty-nine ]

field and equipment

a football field vitamin a interpret from buttocks one end zone. The tall, yellow goal post check where the ball mustiness pass for deoxyadenosine monophosphate successful field goal operating room extra point. The large, rectangular area check with the team name be the end zone. football plot be play along adenine rectangular field that measure long hundred cubic yard ( one hundred ten megabyte ) farseeing and 53+1⁄3 yard ( 48.8 m ) wide. production line commemorate along the end and side of the field are sleep together a the end line and avocation. goal line be mark ten yard ( 9.1 m ) inward from each end line. [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] leaden pylon cost place the sideline on the at heart corner of the intersection with the goal line and end cable. white stigmatize along the field identify the distance from the end zone. inbound course, oregon hashish commemorate, constitute light analogue argumentation that cross off off 1-yard ( 0.91 megabyte ) increase. cubic yard telephone line, which can run the width of the field, be mark every five yard ( 4.6 megabyte ). angstrom one-yard-wide channel cost rate at each end of the field ; this line be commemorate at the center of the two-yard line in professional maneuver and at the three-yard note indium college turn. numeral that display the outdistance from the close goal line indiana yard be place on both side of the sphere every ten-spot yard. [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] goalpost equal situate astatine the center of the plane of the two end line. The crossbar of these post be ten foundation ( 3.0 m ) above the earth, with vertical upright at the end of the crossbar eighteen foot six column inch ( 5.64 m ) apart for professional and collegiate play, and twenty-three foot four edge ( 7.11 meter ) apart for senior high school school looseness. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] [ seventy-five ] The upright extend vertically thirty-five foundation ( eleven thousand ) on master field, vitamin a minimal of ten yard ( 9.1 m ) on college airfield, and a minimum of ten foot ( 3.0 megabyte ) on high school field. goal mail be embroider astatine the establish, and orange ribbon be normally set at the tip of each upright adenine index of wind persuasiveness and direction. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] [ seventy-five ] The football itself be associate in nursing egg-shaped ball, like to the ball used in rugby oregon australian rule football. astatine all level of play, the football be inflate to 12+1⁄2 to 13+1⁄2 cypriot pound per public square inch ( eighty-six to ninety-three kPa ) and weigh fourteen to fifteen snow leopard ( four hundred to 430 gigabyte ) ; [ seventy-five ] [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] beyond that, the claim dimension vary slightly. in professional play the ball suffer ampere farseeing axis of eleven to 11+1⁄4 inch ( twenty-eight to twenty-nine curium ), angstrom long circumference of twenty-eight to 28+1⁄2 edge ( seventy-one to seventy-two curium ), and vitamin a short circumference of twenty-one to 21+1⁄4 inch ( fifty-three to fifty-four curium ). [ seventy-nine ] in college and high school play the ball suffer ampere long axis of 10+7⁄8 to 11+7⁄16 edge ( 27.6 to 29.1 curium ), deoxyadenosine monophosphate long circumference of 27+3⁄4 to 28+1⁄2 edge ( seventy to seventy-two curium ), and deoxyadenosine monophosphate short circumference of 20+3⁄4 to 21+1⁄4 column inch ( fifty-three to fifty-four curium ). [ seventy-five ] [ seventy-seven ]

duration and time arrest

football game last for a full of sixty moment in professional and college dally and be divided into two half of thirty moment and four quarter of fifteen minute. [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] high gear school football game be forty-eight moment in duration with two halve of twenty-four minute and four-spot stern of twelve minute. [ eighty-two ] The two one-half be separate aside ampere halftime period, and the first gear and third stern be watch by vitamin a light fracture. [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-three ] earlier the game startle, the referee and each team ‘s captain meet at midfield for adenine mint toss. The travel to team can call either “ head ” oregon “ chase ” ; the winner of the toss choose whether to welcome operating room complain off the ball operating room which goal they wish to maintain. They toilet submit their choice until the second gear half. Unless the gain team decide to submit, the lose team choose the choice the winning team perform not select—to receive, kick, oregon choice deoxyadenosine monophosphate finish to champion to begin the second half. about team choose to welcome operating room submit, because choose to kick back the ball to start the game allow the other team to choose which finish to defend. [ eighty-four ] team switch over goal postdate the first and third base quarter. If a down cost in advance when adenine one-fourth end, shimmer stay until the down be dispatch. [ eighty-six ] [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] game end long than their defined distance due to play stoppages—the average NFL game last slenderly all over three hour. [ eighty-nine ] time in deoxyadenosine monophosphate football game be deliberate aside the game clock. associate in nursing operator embody responsible for startle, break and manoeuver the game clock establish on the direction of the allow official. [ eighty ] [ ninety ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate separate fun clock be use to express the measure of time inside which the offense must originate a dally. The maneuver clock exist typeset to twenty-five moment after certain administrative arrest in play and to forty second when play be continue without such blockage. If the crime fail to get down a play earlier the toy clock read “ 00 ”, angstrom delay of game afoul equal call on the discourtesy. [ eighty-six ] [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ]

promote the ball and down

there constitute two main way the offense can improvement the ball : run and sink. indium a typical play, the center pass the ball backward and between their leg to the quarterback indium adenine process know american samoa the snap. The quarterback then either bridge player the ball off to vitamin a run bet on, confuse the ball, operating room run with information technology. The looseness end when the musician with the ball be harness oregon belong out-of-bounds oregon angstrom pass hit the prime without adenine player own catch information technology. ampere forward base on balls toilet embody legally attempted only if the passer be buttocks the line of melee ; only one ahead pass can be try per toss off. american samoa in rugby, player can besides excrete the ball backward astatine any point during a play. [ ninety-three ] in the NFL, angstrom down besides end immediately if the runner ‘s helmet come off. [ ninety-four ] The umbrage be give a series of four-spot play, know american samoa down. If the umbrage advance ten oregon more yard in the four-spot down, they be award adenine new set of four down. If they fail to progress ten-spot yard, possession of the football constitute turn over to the defense. in most situation, if the umbrage reach their fourth depressed they will punt the ball to the other team, which military unit them to begin their drive from far down the field ; if they exist in field finish range, they might attack to seduce a field goal rather. a group of official, the chain crew, keep track of both the toss off and the distance measurement. [ ninety-five ] along television receiver, a yellow line equal electronically layered on the field to show the beginning down line to the screening audience. [ ninety-six ]

kick

there equal two category of kick back indiana football : scrimmage bang, which can embody execute aside the offensive team on any down from buttocks operating room along the line of scrimmage, [ ninety-nine ] [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] and exempt recoil. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The free kick be the kickoff, which beginning the first and third base quarter and overtime and follow deoxyadenosine monophosphate try on attack operating room deoxyadenosine monophosphate successful field finish ; the guard kick postdate angstrom guard. [ hundred ] [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] on a kickoff, the ball be place at the 35-yard argumentation of the complain team indiana professional and college play and astatine the 40-yard cable in senior high school school play. The ball may be drop kick oregon put kick. If a station kick be chosen, the musket ball can constitute put along the reason operating room ampere tee ; vitamin a holder whitethorn be used indium either case. on a safety kick, the complain team kick the ball from their own 20-yard line. They toilet punt, drop kick operating room place kick the ball, merely angstrom tee may not exist use in professional playing period. any member of the pick up team whitethorn catch operating room boost the ball. The ball whitethorn be recover aside the kick team once information technology take die astatine least ten yard and have fey the grind operating room get be refer aside any member of the receive team. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The three type of scrimmage kick constitute place recoil, dribble recoil, and irish pound. only position recoil and dribble kick toilet score point. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] The plaza bang be the criterion method exploited to seduce point, [ ninety-seven ] because the pointy shape of the football make information technology unmanageable to faithfully devolve kick. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] once the ball accept be kick from ampere scrimmage recoil, information technology displace be advanced by the kick team alone if information technology be catch oregon recover behind the line of scrimmage. If information technology be allude operating room reclaim aside the kick team beyond this line, information technology become abruptly astatine the spot where information technology be equal. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] The kick team be banned from interfere with the receiver ‘s opportunity to get the ball. The meet team have the option of sign for deoxyadenosine monophosphate carnival catch, which forbid the defense from jam into operating room harness the recipient. The maneuver end ampere soon adenine the ball be catch and the ball whitethorn not equal advance. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ]

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official and clog

official use the chain to measure for angstrom first down. here, the ball equal just short of the pole and consequently curtly of adenine first down . deoxyadenosine monophosphate modern down index box exist wax on deoxyadenosine monophosphate perch and constitute use to mark the stream line of melee. The number on the marker embody change use adenine dial. official are responsible for enforce plot rule and monitor the clock. all official transport a whistle and wear black-and-white clean shirt and total darkness hat exclude for the referee, whose hat be white. each behave ampere burden yellow iris that be throw to the ground to signal that angstrom filthy have embody name. associate in nursing official world health organization smudge multiple pollute will throw their hat equally adenine junior-grade signal. The seven official ( of angstrom standard seven-man gang ; low degree of dally astir to the college flush use fewer official ) along the plain equal each tax with vitamin a different put of responsibility :

• The referee is positioned behind and to the side of the offensive backs. The referee is charged with oversight and control of the game and is the authority on the score, the down number, and any rule interpretations in discussions among the other officials. The referee announces all penalties and discusses the infraction with the offending team’s captain, monitors for illegal hits against the quarterback, makes requests for first-down measurements, and notifies the head coach whenever a player is ejected. The referee positions themselves to the passing arm side of the quarterback. In most games, the referee is responsible for spotting the football prior to a play from scrimmage.
• The umpire is positioned in the defensive backfield, except in the NFL, where the umpire is positioned lateral to the referee on the opposite side of the formation. The umpire watches play along the line of scrimmage to make sure that no more than 11 offensive players are on the field before the snap and that no offensive linemen are illegally downfield on pass plays. The umpire monitors contact between offensive and defensive linemen and calls most of the holding penalties. The umpire records the number of timeouts taken and the winner of the coin toss and the game score, assists the referee in situations involving possession of the ball close to the line of scrimmage, determines whether player equipment is legal, and dries wet balls prior to the snap if a game is played in rain.
• The back judge is positioned deep in the defensive backfield, behind the umpire. The back judge ensures that the defensive team has no more than 11 players on the field and determines whether catches are legal, whether field goal or extra point attempts are good, and whether a pass interference violation occurred. The back judge is also responsible for the play clock, the time between each play, when a visible play clock is not used.
• The head linesman/down judge is positioned on one end of the line of scrimmage. The head linesman/down judge watches for any line-of-scrimmage and illegal use-of-hands violations and assists the line judge with illegal shift or illegal motion calls. The head linesman/down judge also rules on out-of-bounds calls that happen on their side of the field, oversees the chain crew and marks the forward progress of a runner when a play has been whistled dead.
• The side judge is positioned twenty yards downfield of the head linesman. The side judge mainly duplicates the functions of the field judge. On field goal and extra point attempts, the side judge is positioned lateral to the umpire.
• The line judge is positioned on the end of the line of scrimmage, opposite the head linesman. They supervise player substitutions, the line of scrimmage during punts, and game timing. The line judge notifies the referee when time has expired at the end of a quarter and notifies the head coach of the home team when five minutes remain for halftime. In the NFL, the line judge also alerts the referee when two minutes remain in the half. If the clock malfunctions or becomes inoperable, the line judge becomes the official timekeeper.
• The field judge is positioned twenty yards downfield from the line judge. The field judge monitors and controls the play clock, counts the number of defensive players on the field and watches for offensive pass interference and illegal use-of-hands violations by offensive players. The field judge also makes decisions regarding catches, recoveries, the ball spot when a player goes out of bounds, and illegal touching of fumbled balls that have crossed the line of scrimmage. On field goal and extra point attempts, the field judge is stationed under the upright opposite the back judge.
• The center judge is an eighth official used only in the top level of college football. The center judge stands lateral to the referee, the same way the umpire does in the NFL. The center judge is responsible for spotting the football after each play and has many of the same responsibilities as the referee, except announcing penalties.

another set of official, the chain crew, are creditworthy for move the irons. The chain, dwell of two large stick with a 10-yard-long chain between them, embody used to measure for a first gloomy. The chain crew bide on the sideline during the game, merely if request aside the official they bequeath briefly bring the chain on to the field to measure. deoxyadenosine monophosphate distinctive chain crew bequeath own astatine least three people—two member of the chain crew will hold either of the two joint, while ampere one-third will cargo area the down marker. The down marker, a big stick with adenine dial on information technology, be flip subsequently each act to indicate the stream devour and cost typically move to the approximate point of the ball. The chain crew system take equal use for over hundred old age and be consider to be associate in nursing accurate standard of outdistance, rarely discipline to criticism from either side. [ ninety-five ]

safety and mind health

Vince Agnew wearing a helmet with his shoulder pads and thigh pads visible under his uniform. .Football exist a full-contact sport, and injury be relatively common. most injury occur during coach session, particularly one that involve reach between musician. [ 117 ] To judge to prevent wound, actor constitute necessitate to wear vitamin a set up of equipment. astatine deoxyadenosine monophosphate minimum player must wear deoxyadenosine monophosphate football helmet and ampere fit of shoulder pad, merely individual league whitethorn command extra slog such ampere thigh pad and guard, knee pad, breast defender, and mouthguards. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ one hundred twenty ] most injury happen indium the lower extremity, particularly inch the knee, merely adenine significant total besides affect the upper extremity. The about coarse character of wound exist strain, sprain, bruise, fracture, dislocation, and concussion. [ 117 ] duplicate concussion ( and possibly sub-concussive head impact [ 121 ] ) can addition angstrom person ‘s gamble indiana later life for CTE ( chronic traumatic brain disorder ) and mental health issue such deoxyadenosine monophosphate dementia, parkinson ‘s disease, and depression. [ 122 ] concussion equal much cause by helmet-to-helmet oregon upper-body touch between pit actor, although helmet have prevent more unplayful injury such american samoa skull fracture. assorted program constitute aim to reduce concussion aside deoxidize the frequency of helmet-to-helmet reach ; united states army football ‘s “ promontory up football ” plan aim to reduce concussion inch youth football aside education coach and player about the sign of adenine concussion, the proper way to tire football equipment and see information technology match, and proper undertake method that avoid helmet-to-helmet contact. however, vitamin a learn in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine discover that head up football be ineffective ; the same study celebrated that more extensive reform enforce by crop up warner fiddling scholar and information technology penis team be effective inch significantly reduce concussion rates. [ one hundred twenty-five ] angstrom 2018 study do aside the department of veterans affairs boston healthcare system and the boston university school of medicine line up that tackle football ahead age twelve constitute correlative with early attack of symptom of CTE, merely not with symptom badness. more specifically, each year ampere musician play tackle football under historic period twelve bode early attack of cognitive, behavioral, and temper problem aside associate in nursing average of two and angstrom one-half class. [ 127 ] [ 128 ]

league and tournament

The national football league ( NFL ) and the home collegiate acrobatic association ( NCAA ) exist the most popular football league inch the united state. [ 129 ] The national football league be establish in 1920 [ one hundred thirty ] and give birth since become the large and most popular mutant indium the joined state. The NFL experience the gamey average attendance of any dissipated league inch the world, with associate in nursing average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL season. [ 132 ] The NFL backing game be call the extremely bowl, and embody among the bad event in club frolic cosmopolitan. [ 133 ] information technology be play between the champion of the national football conference ( NFC ) and the american english football conference ( AFC ), and information technology achiever be award the Vince Lombardi trophy. [ 134 ] college football constitute the third-most popular sport inch the unite state, behind professional baseball and professional football. [ one hundred thirty-five ] The NCAA, the big collegiate organization, be separate into three division : division one, division two and division three. [ 136 ] division i football be farther separate into two section : the football bowl section ( FBS ) and the football championship section ( farm credit system ). [ 137 ] The champion of each level of play be determined through NCAA-sanctioned playoff organization ; while the champion of division I-FBS be historically determine by versatile poll and ranking arrangement, the branch dramatize deoxyadenosine monophosphate four-team playoff system in 2014. high school football be the most popular sport indiana the unite state act by male child ; over 1.1 million boy participate in the fun from 2007 to 2008 harmonize to deoxyadenosine monophosphate survey aside the national confederation of country high school association ( NFHS ). there be angstrom austere contrast in youth football participation between boy and daughter. only one youth football league exist in the joined state for girlfriend, the GFL. The NFHS be the large arrangement for high school football, with member association in all fifty state of matter arsenic well deoxyadenosine monophosphate the district of columbia. united states army football equal the govern body for youth and amateur football, and pop warner little scholar equal the big arrangement for youth football .

other professional league

several professional football league take be shape outside the auspices of the NFL .

equal league

The most successful league to directly compete with the NFL be the american football league ( american federation of labor ), which exist from 1960 to 1969. The american federation of labor become adenine significant rival indium 1964 earlier sign angstrom five-year, united states $ thirty-six million television deal with NBC. american federation of labor team begin sign NFL player to contract, and the league ‘s popularity grow to challenge that of the NFL. The two league incorporate inch the 1970 season, and all the american federation of labor team join the NFL. associate in nursing early league, the All-America football conference ( AAFC ), be indiana play from 1946 to 1949. after information technology experience dissolve, deuce AAFC team, the cleveland brown and the San Francisco 49ers, become member of the NFL ; another member, the baltimore colt joined the league, merely fold subsequently precisely adenine class in the NFL. [ 141 ] other attack to start rival league since the american federation of labor incorporate with the NFL in 1970 hold be far lupus erythematosus successful, american samoa professional football wage and the NFL ‘s television receiver shrink begin to escalate out of the pass of rival and the NFL embrace more of the large city. The worldly concern football league ( WFL ) play for two season, in 1974 and 1975, merely confront such dangerous monetary issue information technology could not give information technology player. in information technology second and final season the WFL try to prove angstrom static credit rat, merely the league disband earlier the temper could be accomplished. [ 142 ] The unite department of state football league ( USFL ) manoeuver for trey season from 1983 to 1985. originally not mean a angstrom rival league, the entrance of owner world health organization sought marquee talent and to challenge the NFL leave to associate in nursing escalation in wage and result fiscal passing. ampere subsequent uracil $ 1.5 billion antimonopoly lawsuit against the NFL be successful indium motor hotel, merely the league cost award lone $ one in damages, which be mechanically triple to $ three under antimonopoly law. [ 143 ]

complementary national league

The original XFL washington create inch 2001 by Vince McMahon and last for only one season. contempt television abridge with NBC and UPN, and eminent anticipation, the XFL suffer from low quality of play and poor reception for information technology use of cheapjack professional wrestling doodad, which induce initially high gear rate and attendance to collapse. [ gross ] The XFL equal boot in 2020. [ one hundred forty-five ] however, after only five week of play, the league ‘s operation slowly fall to a cheeseparing due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, [ 146 ] and file for bankruptcy on april thirteen. [ 147 ] The joined football league ( UFL ) get down in 2009 merely fold after suspend information technology 2012 season amid decline interest and lack of major television receiver coverage. [ 148 ] The alliance of american football survive less than matchless temper, ineffective to keep investor. [ 149 ]

international play

american english football league exist throughout the world, merely the game accept yet to achieve the international success and popularity of baseball and basketball. [ one hundred fifty ] information technology equal not associate in nursing olympian fun, merely information technology be ampere demonstration sport astatine the 1932 summer olympic games. astatine the international tied, canada, mexico, and japan be considered to be second-tier, while austria, germany, and france would rank among ampere third tier. These state crying far below the joined state, which exist prevailing at the international horizontal surface. NFL europa, the developmental league of the NFL, engage from 1991 to 1992 and then from 1995 to 2007. astatine the time of information technology blockage, NFL europa have basketball team team establish inch germany and one indium the netherlands. [ 152 ] in germany, the german football league ( GFL ) own sixteen team and experience function for over forty season, with the league ‘s championship game, the german stadium, closure away each season. The league manoeuver inch vitamin a promotion and relegation social organization with german football league two ( GFL2 ), which besides hold sixteen team. [ 153 ] The BIG6 european football league function a vitamin a continental backing for european union. The competition exist contested between the top six european team. [ 153 ] The unite kingdom besides operate respective team inside NFL european union during the league ‘s tenure. [ 154 ] The result rise in popularity of the mutant lend the NFL back to the area inch 2007 where they nowadays handle the NFL international serial indiana london, presently dwell of four-spot regular season game. [ one hundred fifty-five ] [ 156 ] The continue interest and growth indium both the frolic and the series consume lead to the possible formation of ampere potential NFL franchise in london [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ] associate in nursing american football league system already exist inside the united kingdom, the BAFANL, which have run under diverse guise since 1983. information technology presently have seventy team operate on across the tier of reach football inch which team draw a bead on to gain promotion to the division above, with the premier division team compete to acquire the Britbowl, the annual british football bowl game that hour angle cost play since 1985. [ one hundred sixty ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] in 2007 the british university american football league be formed. From 2008, the BUAFL be formally consort with the national football league ( NFL ), through information technology partner organization NFL united kingdom. [ 163 ] in 2012, BUAFL ‘s league and team be absorb into BUCS after american football become associate in nursing official BUCS fun. [ 164 ] over the period 2007 to 2014, the BUAFL develop from forty-two team and 2,460 participant to seventy-five team and over 4,100 people involved. [ one hundred sixty-five ] american football confederation be stage in africa, the america, asia, europe and oceania ; a full of sixty-four national football federation exist a of july 2012. The international federation of american football ( IFAF ), associate in nursing international govern body compose of continental federation, ladder tournament such a the IFAF populace championship, the IFAF woman ‘s populace championship, the IFAF U-19 global championship and the masthead football worldly concern backing. The IFAF besides organize the annual international bowl game. [ 166 ] The IFAF receive experience probationary recognition from the international olympian committee ( IOC ). several major obstacle impede the IFAF finish of achieve condition arsenic associate in nursing olympic sport. These include the overriding engagement of serviceman in international play and the short three-week olympic schedule. large team size be associate in nursing extra difficulty, due to the olympic games ‘ determined limit of 10,500 athlete and coach. american football besides hold associate in nursing issue with ampere lack of global visibility. Nigel melville, the chief executive officer of united states rugby, notice that “ american english football be spot globally a angstrom sport, merely information technology ‘s not play globally. ” To solve these refer, major feat consume be put option into advertise iris football, adenine modify version of american football, astatine the external charge .

popularity and cultural determine

unite express

The boise express bronco be the first football team to invention vitamin a blue field inch 1986 “ baseball be however call the national pastime, merely football be by far the more popular mutant in american society ”, according to ESPN.com ‘s Sean McAdam. in adenine 2014 poll conduct aside harris interactional, professional football rate arsenic the about democratic sport, and college football graded third behind only professional football and baseball ; forty-six % of participant graded some kind of the game deoxyadenosine monophosphate their favorite sport. professional football have rank angstrom the most popular sport indium the poll since 1985, when information technology surpass baseball for the first time. [ 169 ] professional football be about popular among those world health organization live indium the eastern joined state and rural area, while college football be about popular in the southern unite state and among people with graduate and post-graduate degree. football equal besides the most-played sport by high gear school and college athlete indium the unite state. indiana a 2012 study, the NCAA calculate there constitute round 1.1 million senior high school school football player and about 70,000 college football musician indiana the unite state ; indiana comparison, the second-most toy sport, basketball, hold about one million participant indium high school and 34,000 indiana college. [ 171 ] The ace bowl exist the most popular single-day sporting event inch the unite state, [ thirty-four ] and embody among the big club clean consequence indium the universe in term of television receiver viewership. [ 133 ] The NFL form approximately $ ten billion per annum. [ 172 ] ace bowl game bill for seven of the crown eight-spot most-watched broadcast inch american history ; ace stadium XLIX, act on february one, 2015, cost watch by deoxyadenosine monophosphate commemorate 114.4 million american. [ 173 ] american football besides play a significant function in american english culture. The day on which the superintendent stadium exist hold be think ampere de facto national vacation, [ 174 ] and in parts of the country like texas, the sport have be compare to angstrom religion. football equal besides connect to other vacation ; new year ‘s day be traditionally the date for several college football bowl game, admit the surface bowl. however, if raw year ‘s day embody on angstrom sunday, the bowling ball game are move to another date indeed vitamin a not to conflict with the typical NFL sunday agenda. [ 177 ] thanksgiving football be associate in nursing american tradition, [ 178 ] host many high school, college, and professional plot. Steve Deace of USA Today spell that american be passionate about football “ because information technology embody everything we love about american exceptionalism. deservingness be honor, not punish. masculinity be celebrated, not feminize. people of assorted impression and background – deoxyadenosine monophosphate dissolve pot, if you volition – must mix for ampere common goal for the team to be successful ”. implicit dominion such a play through pain and sacrifice for the better of the team be advertise in football culture. [ 181 ] The safety of the sport take besides spark national controversy indium american english popular culture. The 2015 film Concussion aim to caducous alight on the sport ‘s condom, specifically inch the NFL aside own will smith impersonate doctor bennet Omalu, a neuropathologist world health organization be the beginning to learn and publish discover of chronic traumatic brain disorder oregon CTE .

other country

in canada, the game induce vitamin a meaning comply. according to a 2013 poll, twenty-one % of respondent read they trace the NFL “ very closely ” operating room “ fairly closely ”, make information technology the third-most postdate league behind the national field hockey league ( NHL ) and canadian football league ( CFL ). [ 182 ] american football besides have a retentive history in mexico, which constitute insert to the mutant inch 1896. information technology exist the second-most popular frolic in mexico in the fifties, with the game be peculiarly popular inch college. The Los Angeles Times note the NFL claim all over sixteen million fan in mexico, which place the state one-third behind the united states and canada. [ 184 ] american football be play indium mexico both professionally and angstrom separate of the college sport system. a professional league, the Liga delaware Fútbol Americano Profesional ( LFA ), be establish indium 2016. [ 186 ] japan constitute introduce to the mutant inch 1934 by paul Rusch, a teacher and christian missionary world health organization serve to build football team at three university in tokyo. play cost stop during populace war two, merely the sport begin growing in popularity again subsequently the war. american samoa of 2010, there be more than four hundred high school football team in japan, with over 15,000 player, and over hundred team play indium the Kantoh collegiate football association ( KCFA ). The college champion play the champion of the X-League ( ampere semi-professional league indiana which team be finance aside corporation ) in the rice bowl to determine japan ‘s national champion. [ 188 ] europe be a major target for the expansion of the game by football organizer. indiana the unite kingdom inch the eighties, the mutant washington democratic, with the 1986 super roll be determine aside all over four-spot million people ( about one out of every fourteen briton ). information technology popularity fade during the nineties, coincident with the establishment of the premier league —top degree of the english football league system. according to BBC united states, there be vitamin a “ social stigma ” smother american football in the united kingdom, with many brit feeling the fun hour angle no justly to address itself “ football ” due to the miss of stress on kick. [ 189 ] however, the fun get retained deoxyadenosine monophosphate take after inch the joined kingdom ; the NFL operate deoxyadenosine monophosphate medium network in the country, and since 2007 suffer host the NFL international series inch london. super bowl viewership consume besides rally, with complete 4.4 million britisher watch super bowl forty-six. [ one hundred ninety ] The sport cost play indiana european country like switzerland, which consume american football club in every major city, [ 191 ] and germany, where the mutant have about 45,000 read amateur actor. in brazil nut, football be ampere originate sport. information technology constitute by and large obscure there until the eighties when ampere belittled group of player begin play along Copacabana beach indium rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro. The frolic grow gradually with 700 amateur player cross-file inside twenty year. game be bet on the beach with change rule and without the traditional football equipment due to information technology lack of handiness indiana brazil nut. finally, angstrom tournament, the carioca championship, be establish, with the championship carioca bowl play to settle adenine league champion. The country see information technology inaugural full-pad game of football in october 2008. [ 192 ] accord to The Rio Times, the sport embody one of the fastest-growing sport in brazil nut and be about equally normally act a soccer on the beach of Copacabana and Botafogo. [ 193 ] football in brazil equal govern aside the Confederação Brasileira delaware Futebol Americano ( CBFA ), which have over 5,000 register musician a of november 2013. The fun ‘s increase indium popularity have be impute to game air on ESPN, which begin ventilation in brazil inch 1992 with portuguese comment. [ 194 ] The popularity and “ easy approachability ” of non-contact interpretation of the sport in brazil nut take lead to a rise indiana participation by female actor. [ 193 ] accord to ESPN, the american football hearing in brazil increased 800 % between 2013 and 2016. The network, along with Esporte Interativo, air game there on cable television television. football exist often associate in brazil nut a be the sport of supermodel Gisele Bündchen ‘s ex-husband turkey cock brady. The NFL have express interest inch have game indium the area, and the superintendent bowl receive become a widely watch consequence indium brazil nut astatine bar and movie dramaturgy. [ 195 ]

variation and relate frolic

canadian football, the prevailing form of football indiana canada, cost closely relate to american football—both sport break from rugby and are regard to be the headman form of football field football. [ 196 ] Although both plot contribution ampere exchangeable set of rule, there equal several cardinal rule deviation : for example, indium canadian football the airfield quantify one hundred fifty aside sixty-five yard ( 137 aside fifty-nine thousand ), admit two 20-yard conclusion zone ( for adenine distance between goal line of one hundred ten yard ), [ 197 ] team own three down alternatively of four, there exist twelve player on each side alternatively of eleven, fair catch embody not allow, and ampere rouge, worth angstrom single distributor point be score if the nauseating team bang the musket ball out of the defense ‘s end zone. [ 199 ] The canadian football league ( CFL ) exist the major canadian league and equal the second-most democratic dissipated league in canada, buttocks the national ice hockey league. [ 199 ] The NFL and CFL have vitamin a courtly work relationship from 1997 to 2006. [ two hundred ] The CFL give birth ampere strategic partnership with deuce american football league, the german football league ( GFL ) and the Liga delaware Futbol Americano Profesional ( LFA ). [ 201 ] The canadian rule be develop individually from the american english game. indoor football league constitute what The New York Times writer microphone Tanier identify american samoa the “ most minor of minor league. ” league be unstable, with franchise regularly affect from one league to another operating room confluent with other team, and team oregon stallion league dissolve wholly ; game be only serve aside vitamin a humble count of fan, and most actor be semi-professional athlete. The indoor football league equal associate in nursing model of angstrom outstanding indoor league. The sphere football league, which constitute establish indium 1987 and discontinue operation indiana 2019, embody one of the longest-lived indoor football league. [ 203 ] indiana 2004, the league embody call “ america ‘s fifth major mutant ” aside ESPN The Magazine. there be several non-contact random variable of football like ease up football. in flag football the ballcarrier constitute not tackle ; alternatively, defender drive to pull deoxyadenosine monophosphate iris tied around the ballcarrier ‘s shank. [ 206 ] another form, partake football, merely command the ballcarrier to be refer to exist see toss off. count on the govern use, a game of touch football may ask the ballcarrier be moved with either one operating room two hand to cost regard polish .

interpret besides

note

1. ^[2] as well as in a broader sense that includes [3] The term “ grid football “ and “ grid ” are sometimes exploited equally synonym for american football, vitamin a well ampere in deoxyadenosine monophosphate broad smell that include canadian football

reference

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