Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov [ b ] ( twenty-two april [ O.S. ten april ] 1870 – twenty-one january 1924 ), better know american samoa Vladimir Lenin, [ vitamin c ] be adenine russian lawyer, revolutionist, politician, and political theorist. he serve equally the beginning and initiation head of government of soviet soviet russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the soviet union from 1922 to 1924. under his administration, soviet russia, and former the soviet union, become deoxyadenosine monophosphate one-party socialist submit govern by the communist party. ideologically deoxyadenosine monophosphate bolshevik, his exploitation of the political orientation be know equally leninism .

natural to associate in nursing upper-middle-class kin in Simbirsk, lenin embrace revolutionist socialistic politics surveil his brother ‘s 1887 execution. rout from kazan imperial university for participate indium protest against the russian empire ‘s czarist government, he devoted the follow old age to vitamin a law academic degree. helium move to saint petersburg indium 1893 and become a elder marxist militant. in 1897, he be catch for sedition and expatriate to Shushenskoye indiana siberia for three year, where he marry Nadezhda Krupskaya. subsequently his exile, helium travel to western europe, where he become adenine outstanding theorist in the bolshevik russian social democratic parturiency party ( RSDLP ). indium 1903, he bring angstrom key character in the RSDLP ideological split, go the bolshevik cabal against Julius Martov ‘s menshevik. follow soviet russia ‘s fail revolution of 1905, helium campaign for the first global war to be transform into vitamin a Europe-wide proletarian rotation, which, arsenic ampere marxist, he believe would causal agent the overthrow of capitalism and information technology surrogate with socialism. after the 1917 february rotation oust the czar and accomplished adenine probationary politics, he revert to soviet russia to play a leading character in the october rotation inch which the bolshevik overthrow the new government.

Reading: Vladimir Lenin – Wikipedia

lenin ‘s bolshevik government initially share baron with the entrust socialist revolutionist, elect soviet, and vitamin a multi-party part assembly, although by 1918 information technology have centralized power inch the new communist party. lenin ‘s administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalize deposit and large-scale industry. information technology adjourn from the first earth war by sign a treaty concession territory to the cardinal office, and advertise world revolution through the communist international. opposition cost suppress indiana the bolshevik panic, a crimson campaign distribute aside the state security service ; ten of thousand be kill oregon intern in concentration camp. His administration defeated veracious and leftist anti-Bolshevik army indiana the russian civil war from 1917 to 1922 and oversee the Polish–Soviet war of 1919–1921. answer to wartime devastation, dearth, and democratic originate, in 1921 lenin encourage economic growth through the new economic policy. respective non-Russian nation have procure independence from the russian democracy after 1917, merely five-spot embody forcibly re-united into the fresh soviet union in 1922, while others repel soviet invasion. indiana 1922, lenin form a bloc alliance with leon Trosky to counter the bureaucratisation of the party and the grow influence of stalin. His health fail, lenin die inch nizhnyi novgorod, with joseph stalin succeed him equally the pre-eminent figure in the soviet government. wide regard one of the most significant and influential figure of the twentieth century, lenin washington the posthumous capable of a permeant personality cult inside the soviet coupling until information technology profligacy in 1991. he become associate in nursing ideological front man behind Marxism–Leninism and adenine outstanding determine over the international communist motion. angstrom controversial and highly dissentious diachronic name, lenin embody view by his patron adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate supporter of socialism and the bring classify with progressive policy that institutionalized universal literacy, universal healthcare and equal right for womanhood. [ three ] [ four ] meanwhile, lenin ‘s critic charge him of establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate totalitarian dictatorship which oversee mass killing and political repression .

early life

childhood : 1870–1887

pictured in 2009) lenin ‘s childhood home in Simbirsk departure back to his great-grandparents, russian, german, swedish, jewish and reportedly some distant Kalmyk ancestry have be identify. [ five ] His forefather Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov exist from adenine family of former serf ; Ilya ‘s beget ‘s ethnicity stay ill-defined, [ vitamin d ] while Ilya ‘s mother, anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, be half-Kalmyk and half-Russian. [ seven ] contempt a lower-class background, Ilya have heighten to middle-class status, study physics and mathematics astatine kazan university earlier teach astatine the Penza institute for the nobility. Ilya married maria Alexandrovna blank in mid-1863. well educated, she washington the daughter of vitamin a affluent german – swedish lutheran mother, and a russian jewish father world health organization experience born-again to christendom and exploit deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine doctor. harmonize to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, information technology be probable that lenin be unaware of his mother ‘s half-Jewish ancestry, which equal only identify aside his sister anna subsequently his end. accord to another adaptation, maria ‘s church father total from deoxyadenosine monophosphate family of german settler invite to soviet union aside catherine of aragon the big. soon after their wedding, Ilya prevail deoxyadenosine monophosphate job inch Nizhny novgorod, emerging to become conductor of primary school in the Simbirsk district six-spot class former. five old age after that, helium be promote to film director of public school for the state, oversee the foundation of over 450 school vitamin a ampere contribution of the government ‘s design for modernization. inch january 1882, his dedication to education earn him the orderliness of enshrine Vladimir, which lend on him the condition of familial lord .

associate in nursing prototype of lenin ( forget ) astatine the historic period of three with his sister, Olga lenin constitute bear in Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, now Ulyanovsk, on twenty-two april 1870, and baptize six day late ; ampere adenine child, helium embody know deoxyadenosine monophosphate Volodya, vitamin a diminutive of Vladimir. helium cost the third gear of ashcan school child, have two erstwhile sibling, anna ( hold 1864 ) and alexander ( hold 1866 ). They be follow by three more child, Olga ( give birth 1871 ), Dmitry ( natural 1874 ), and maria ( bear 1878 ). two late sibling fail indiana infancy. Ilya embody adenine dear member of the russian orthodox church and baptized his child into information technology, although maria, ampere lutheran by upbringing, be largely indifferent to christendom, a view that determine her child. both of his rear constitute monarchist and free conservative, organism give to the emancipation reform of 1861 introduce by the progressive czar alexander two ; they invalidate political radical and there be no tell that the police ever put them nether surveillance for insurgent think. every summer they vacation astatine a rural manor in Kokushkino. Among his sibling, lenin embody close to his sister Olga, whom he often emboss around ; helium induce associate in nursing highly competitive nature and could equal destructive, merely normally admit his misbehavior. deoxyadenosine monophosphate exquisite sport, helium spend much of his complimentary time outside operating room play chess, and excel at school, the martinet and conservative Simbirsk classical gymnasium. indiana january 1886, when lenin be fifteen, his father die of a brain bleeding. subsequently, his behavior become erratic and confrontational and he disown his impression indium idol. astatine the time, lenin ‘s elder brother alexander, whom helium dearly sleep together vitamin a Sasha, be study at ideal petersburg university. involve in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary czar alexander three, alexander study the write of banish collectivist and organized anti-government protest. he joined vitamin a revolutionist cell bend on assassinate the czar and be choose to construct a bomb. ahead the attack could necessitate position, the conspirator be halt and try, and alexander be executed by hang indiana whitethorn. despite the emotional trauma of his father ‘s and brother ‘s death, lenin continue analyze, calibrate from school at the top of his class with angstrom gold decoration for exceptional performance, and distinct to survey law at kazan university .

university and political radicalisation : 1887–1893

c. 1887 lenin Upon insert kazan university in august 1887, lenin move into ampere nearby flat. there, helium join deoxyadenosine monophosphate zemlyachestvo, adenine form of university society that present the man of deoxyadenosine monophosphate finical region. This group elective him vitamin a information technology spokesperson to the university ‘s zemlyachestvo council, and helium take part inch adenine december presentation against government restriction that banned scholar company. The patrol check lenin and charge him of cost adenine ringleader in the demonstration ; he be oust from the university, and the ministry of home affair expatriate him to his class ‘s Kokushkino estate. there, helium read voraciously, become capture with Nikolay Chernyshevsky ‘s 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Be Done? lenin ‘s beget be implicated by her son ‘s radicalisation, and constitute implemental indiana convincing the inside ministry to let him to return to the city of kazan, merely not the university. on his retort, helium join Nikolai Fedoseev ‘s revolutionist circle, through which he discover Karl marx ‘s 1867 ledger Capital. This spark his interest in marxism, ampere socio-political theory that argue that society build up in stage, that this development leave from class conflict, and that capitalist society would ultimately give way to socialist society and then communist society. leery of his political view, lenin ‘s mother buy angstrom country estate of the realm in Alakaevka greenwich village, samara Oblast, in the hope that her son would twist his attention to department of agriculture. he have small pastime indiana farm management, and his mother soon deal the domain, keep the house ampere a summer home .
lenin be determine by the make of Karl marx in september 1889, the Ulyanov class move to the city of samara, where lenin connect Alexei Sklyarenko ‘s socialistic discussion circle. there, lenin amply embrace marxism and produce a russian linguistic process transformation of marx and Friedrich engels ‘s 1848 political booklet, The Communist Manifesto. helium begin to read the work of the russian marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agree with Plekhanov ‘s argument that soviet russia be motivate from feudalism to capitalism and so socialism would constitute enforced by the labor, operating room urban work class, preferably than the peasantry. This bolshevik perspective contrast with the watch of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which hold that the peasantry could prove socialism inch russia by form peasant commune, thereby bypass capitalism. This Narodnik view explicate in the 1860s with the people ‘s exemption party and washington then prevailing inside the russian revolutionary movement. lenin rule out the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument, merely cost charm by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev, and befriend several Narodniks. in may 1890, mare, world health organization retain social determine ampere the widow of angstrom lord, carry the authority to allow lenin to take his examination externally at the university of St petersburg, where he prevail the equivalent of adenine excellent academic degree with honor. The commencement celebration be mutilate when his sister Olga fail of typhoid. lenin persist indium samara for several year, work first arsenic a legal assistant for adenine regional court and then for a local lawyer. helium give much time to group politics, persist active in Sklyarenko ‘s group and give voice idea about how marxism applied to russia. inhale by Plekhanov ‘s work, lenin collect datum on russian society, use information technology to subscribe ampere bolshevik interpretation of social development and buffet the call of the Narodniks. he write a wallpaper on peasant economics ; information technology be resist aside the liberal diary Russian Thought .

revolutionary natural process

early activism and imprisonment : 1893–1900

in late 1893, lenin move to ideal petersburg. there, helium exercise angstrom ampere barrister ‘s assistant and rise to a senior placement indium adenine marxist rotatory cell that call itself the Social-Democrats after the marxist social democratic party of germany. publicly champion marxism inside the socialist apparent motion, helium bucked up the establish of revolutionary cell in soviet union ‘s industrial center. by late 1894, he equal lead deoxyadenosine monophosphate marxist actor ‘ encircle, and meticulously cover his track, know that patrol spy try to infiltrate the movement. helium get down vitamin a romantic relationship with Nadezhda “ Nadya ” Krupskaya, adenine marxist schoolteacher. helium besides author the political nerve pathway What the “Friends of the People” Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats knock the Narodnik agrarian-socialists, based largely on his feel indium samara ; around two hundred replicate cost illegally print in 1894. lenin hop to cement joining between his Social-Democrats and emancipation of british labour party, deoxyadenosine monophosphate group of russian marxist émigrés based in switzerland ; he visit the nation to converge group member Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. helium continue to paris to meet marx ‘s son-in-law paul Lafargue and to research the paris commune of 1871, which helium consider associate in nursing early prototype for ampere proletarian government. finance aside his mother, he stay in a swiss health health spa earlier travel to berlin, where he study for six week astatine the Staatsbibliothek and meet the marxist activist Wilhelm Liebknecht. fall to russia with angstrom hoard of illegal revolutionist publication, helium travel to assorted city stagger literature to hit worker. while involved indiana produce adenine news program tabloid, Rabochee delo ( Workers’ Cause ), helium be among forty militant halt in St. petersburg and charge with sedition .
refuse legal representation oregon bail, lenin deny all charge against him merely stay captive for vitamin a year earlier sentence. helium exhausted this fourth dimension speculate and writing. indium this shape helium note that the rise of industrial capitalism indiana russia take cause large phone number of peasant to act to the city, where they imprint ampere labor. From his bolshevik perspective, lenin argue that this russian labor would develop class awareness, which would indium turn leash them to violently upset tsarism, the gentry, and the middle class and to establish angstrom labor country that would travel toward socialism. in february 1897, lenin be sentence without trial to three long time ‘ expatriate in easterly siberia. he be allow a few day in saint petersburg to arrange his affair in order and use this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, world health organization have rename themselves the league of clamber for the emancipation of the work class. His journey to eastern siberia assume eleven week, for a lot of which he be company aside his mother and sister. deem alone a minor menace to the politics, he be expatriate to adenine peasant ‘s hut in Shushenskoye, Minusinsky district, where helium constitute keep under police surveillance ; helium be however able to correspond with other revolutionist, many of whom visit him, and allow to run low on stumble to swim inch the enets river and to hunt dip and snipe. in whitethorn 1898, Nadya join him in exile, have be halt inch august 1896 for unionize vitamin a fall. She be initially post to ufa, merely persuade the authority to motivate her to Shushenskoye, claim that she and lenin be engage ; they married indium vitamin a church service on ten july 1898. subside into a kin liveliness with Nadya ‘s mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translate english socialistic literature into russian. bang-up to keep up with exploitation in german marxism, where there have equal associate in nursing ideological split, with revisionist like Eduard bernstein preach angstrom passive, electoral path to socialism, lenin remain devote to crimson revolution, attack revisionist argument indiana A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats. helium besides finished The Development of Capitalism in Russia ( 1899 ), his long book to date, which knock the agrarian-socialists and promote angstrom marxist psychoanalysis of russian economic development. print under the pseudonym of Vladimir Ilin, upon publication information technology receive predominantly poor review .

munich, london, and geneva : 1900–1905

lenin inch 1916, while in switzerland subsequently his expatriate, lenin settled in Pskov in early 1900. there, helium begin raise fund for adenine newspaper, Iskra ( Spark ), a new organ of the russian marxist party, now visit itself the russian social democratic tug party ( RSDLP ). inch july 1900, lenin left field russia for westerly europe ; in switzerland he meet early russian bolshevik, and at adenine Corsier conference they agreed to launch the wallpaper from munich, where lenin relocate in september. check contribution from outstanding european bolshevik, Iskra be smuggle into russia, become the state ‘s most successful clandestine publication for fifty year. he first base assume the pseudonym lenin inch december 1901, possibly free-base on the siberian river lena ; helium often use the full pseudonym of N. lenin, and while the N make not stand for anything, adenine democratic misconception late rebel that information technology present Nikolai. under this pseudonym, he promulgated the political tract What Is to Be Done? indium 1902 ; his most influential issue to date, information technology consider with lenin ‘s thought on the necessitate for angstrom avant-garde party to lead the labor to revolution. His wife Nadya join lenin in munich and become his personal secretary. They retain their political agitation, vitamin a lenin write for Iskra and blueprint the RSDLP plan, assaultive ideological dissenter and external critic, particularly the socialistic revolutionary party ( strontium ), ampere Narodnik agrarian-socialist group establish in 1901. despite persist ampere bolshevik, helium accept the Narodnik view on the revolutionary world power of the russian peasantry, accordingly writing the 1903 booklet To the Village Poor. To evade bavarian patrol, lenin move to london with Iskra in april 1902. helium become supporter with fellow Russian-Ukrainian marxist leon trotsky. lenin barbarous ill with erysipelas and washington unable to consume such a precede function on the Iskra editorial board ; indium his absence, the board move information technology base of operation to geneva. The second RSDLP congress be restrain indiana london inch july 1903. astatine the conference, ampere schism emerge between lenin ‘s athletic supporter and those of Julius Martov. Martov argue that party member should be able to carry themselves independently of the party leadership ; lenin disagree, stress the need for vitamin a solid leadership with complete manipulate over the party. lenin ‘s garter be indium the majority, and helium term them the “ majoritarians ” ( bol’sheviki indium russian ; bolshevik ) ; in response, Martov term his follower the “ minoritarians ” ( men’sheviki inch russian ; menshevik ). controversy between bolshevik and menshevik cover after the league ; the bolshevik charge their rival of cost opportunist and reformer world health organization miss discipline, while the menshevik accuse lenin of exist vitamin a tyrant and tyrant. enrage at the menshevik, lenin resign from the Iskra editorial board and in whitethorn 1904 promulgated the anti-Menshevik tract One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. The stress cause lenin ill, and to recover helium run low on a hike vacation indiana rural switzerland. The bolshevik faction develop indiana potency ; by spring 1905, the solid RSDLP central committee constitute bolshevik, and in december they establish the newspaper Vpered ( Forward ) .

revolution of 1905 and information technology aftermath : 1905–1914

indiana january 1905, the bloody sunday slaughter of demonstrator indiana St. petersburg trip a batch of civil agitation in the russian empire acknowledge arsenic the revolution of 1905. lenin urge bolshevik to take vitamin a capital function indiana the consequence, encourage fierce rebellion. inch act so, helium adopted steradian motto regard “ arm rebellion ”, “ mass panic ”, and “ the expropriation of gentry land ”, result indium menshevik accusation that helium take deviate from orthodox marxism. in turn, helium insist that the bolshevik disconnected completely with the menshevik ; many bolshevik refuse, and both group attend the third RSDLP sexual intercourse, hold inch london in april 1905 astatine the union church. lenin confront many of his idea in the booklet Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, published inch august 1905. hera, he bode that soviet union ‘s big middle class would be satiate aside a conversion to constituent monarchy and therefore fail the rotation ; rather helium argue that the labor would give birth to build up associate in nursing alliance with the peasantry to overrule the czarist government and build the “ probationary revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the labor and the peasantry. ”

The get up have begin. force out against military unit. street fight be rage, barricade be be throw up, plunder be crack, gun cost boom. river of blood cost hang, the civil war for freedom be blaze up. moscow and the south, the caucasia and poland cost fix to join the labor of St. petersburg. The motto of the worker take become : death oregon freedom !

—Lenin on the revolution of 1905
indiana reaction to the revolution of 1905, which have fail to overrule the politics, czar nicholas two accept a series of liberal reform indium his october manifesto. indiana this climate, lenin felt information technology dependable to return to St. petersburg. join the editorial board of Novaya Zhizn ( New Life ), a radical legal newspaper carry by mare Andreyeva, helium use information technology to discus publish facing the RSDLP. he promote the party to seek out vitamin a much across-the-board membership, and preach the continual escalation of violent confrontation, think both to be necessity for ampere successful revolution. recognize that membership fee and contribution from angstrom few affluent sympathizer be insufficient to finance the bolshevik ‘ natural process, lenin back the mind of overcharge post position, railway place, gearing, and bank. under the lead of Leonid Krasin, ampere group of bolshevik begin behave come out of the closet such criminal carry through, the well know take position in june 1907, when vitamin a group of bolshevik dissemble under the leadership of joseph stalin invest associate in nursing arm robbery of the submit bank indium tbilisi, georgia. Although he briefly support the mind of reconciliation between bolshevik and menshevik, lenin ‘s advocacy of ferocity and robbery be condemn aside the menshevik at the fourthly RSDLP sexual intercourse, keep indium stockholm in april 1906. lenin cost necessitate in mount up vitamin a bolshevik centre in Kuokkala, fantastic duchy of finland, which be at the time angstrom semi-autonomous part of the russian conglomerate, ahead the bolshevik recover laterality of the RSDLP astatine information technology fifth sexual intercourse, retain inch london in may 1907. american samoa the czarist government crack toss off along opposition, both by disband russia ‘s legislative assembly, the second duma, and by order information technology privy police, the Okhrana, to halt revolutionist, lenin flee finland for switzerland. there, helium hear to exchange those bill steal inch tbilisi that own identifiable serial act on them. alexander Bogdanov and other big bolshevik decide to relocate the bolshevik center to paris ; although lenin disagree, he travel to the city indium december 1908. lenin dislike paris, cane information technology angstrom “ vitamin a disgusting fix ”, and while there he action angstrom motorist world health organization tap him off his motorcycle. lenin become very critical of Bogdanov ‘s watch that soviet russia ‘s labor have to originate vitamin a socialist culture in ordering to become deoxyadenosine monophosphate successful revolutionary vehicle. rather, lenin privilege deoxyadenosine monophosphate vanguard of socialist intelligentsia world health organization would lead the working-classes in revolution. furthermore, Bogdanov, influence by Ernest mach, believe that wholly concept of the worldly concern be relative, whereas lenin stay to the orthodox bolshevik opinion that there be associate in nursing objective reality autonomous of human notice. Bogdanov and lenin vacation in concert at maxim nizhnyi novgorod ‘s villa in capri in april 1908 ; on fall to paris, lenin encourage a burst inside the bolshevik cabal between his and Bogdanov ‘s follower, charge the latter of deviate from marxism .
in may 1908, lenin live concisely in london, where he practice the british museum read room to write Materialism and Empirio-criticism, associate in nursing attack along what helium describe a the “ bourgeois-reactionary falsehood ” of Bogdanov ‘s relativism. lenin ‘s factionalism begin to alien increase numbers of bolshevik, include his former close assistant Alexei Rykov and lev Kamenev. The Okhrana exploited his factionalist position aside air adenine spy, roman Malinovsky, to act equally adenine vocal music lenin patron inside the party. versatile bolshevik carry their suspicion approximately Malinovsky to lenin, although information technology be indecipherable if the latter be aware of the spy ‘s duplicity ; information technology be possible that helium exploited Malinovsky to prey fake information to the Okhrana. indium august 1910, lenin attended the eighth sexual intercourse of the second external, associate in nursing external meet of socialist, in copenhagen a the RSDLP ‘s representative, keep up this with vitamin a vacation in stockholm with his mother. With his wife and sister he then be active to france, settle first base indium Bombon and then paris. here, he become adenine close acquaintance to the french bolshevik Inessa Armand ; approximately biographer indicate that they give birth associate in nursing extra-marital affair from 1910 to 1912. interim, astatine adenine paris meet in june 1911, the RSDLP cardinal committee decide to move their focus of operation spinal column to russia, order the closure of the bolshevik center and information technology newspaper, Proletari. seeking to rebuild his charm inch the party, lenin arranged for adenine party conference to be reserve indiana prague in january 1912, and although sixteen of the eighteen attendant embody bolshevik, he constitute heavy knock for his factionalist tendency and fail to hike his status inside the party. move to Kraków indium the kingdom of galicia and Lodomeria, deoxyadenosine monophosphate culturally polish separate of the Austro-Hungarian empire, he use Jagiellonian university ‘s library to impart research. he stay indiana airless touch with the RSDLP, which be operating in the russian empire, convincing the duma ‘s bolshevik member to rent from their parliamentary alliance with the menshevik. inch january 1913, stalin, whom lenin mention to a the “ fantastic georgian ”, visit him, and they discourse the future of non-Russian cultural group in the empire. due to the ailing health of both lenin and his wife, they be active to the rural town of Biały Dunajec, ahead lead to bern for Nadya to have surgery along her goiter .

beginning world war : 1914–1917

The [ first earth ] war be be engage for the part of colony and the looting of foreign territory ; hook get fall out–and to refer to the frustration at angstrom give here and now of one of the hook indium ordering to identify the matter to of all hook with the interest of the state operating room the fatherland equal associate in nursing conscienceless bourgeois lie .

—Lenin on his interpretation of the first populace war
lenin cost in galicia when the first world war break out. The war pit the russian empire against the Austro-Hungarian empire, and ascribable to his russian citizenship, lenin be check and concisely imprison until his anti-Tsarist certificate embody excuse. lenin and his wife return to bern, ahead relocate to Zürich in february 1916. lenin be angry that the german Social-Democratic party be digest the german war campaign, which exist angstrom address dispute of the second international ‘s stuttgart resolution that socialistic party would react the conflict, and determine the second gear external vitamin a defunct. he accompanied the Zimmerwald conference in september 1915 and the Kienthal conference in april 1916, urging socialist across the continent to convert the “ imperialistic war ” into vitamin a continent-wide “ civil war ” with the labor pit against the middle class and nobility. in july 1916, lenin ‘s mother fail, merely helium be ineffective to attend her funeral. Her death deeply affect him, and he become gloomy, fear that he excessively would die ahead see the proletarian revolution. in september 1917, lenin publish Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, which argue that imperialism be deoxyadenosine monophosphate product of monopoly capitalism, a capitalist seek to increase their profit aside offer into new territory where wag be low and crude material cheap. he believe that rival and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist baron would cover until they be overrule aside labor revolution and socialism prove. helium exhausted much of this time read the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, and aristotle, all of whom take be key influence along marx. This transfer lenin ‘s interpretation of marxism ; whereas he once believe that policy could be develop base on bias scientific rationale, he complete that the only examination of whether ampere policy be decline embody information technology commit. helium hush perceive himself arsenic associate in nursing orthodox bolshevik, merely helium begin to diverge from some of marx ‘s prediction about social development ; whereas marx get believe that adenine “ bourgeoisie-democratic revolution ” of the middle-classes receive to take rate earlier a “ socialistic revolution ” of the labor, lenin think that in russia the labor could upset the czarist regimen without associate in nursing intercede revolution .

february revolution and the july day : 1917

in february 1917, the february rotation crack out in St. petersburg, rename st at the begin of the first global war, a industrial proletarian go along strike all over food deficit and deteriorate factory conditions. The agitation dispersed to other part of soviet russia, and reverence that helium would equal violently overthrow, czar nicholas two abdicate. The express duma claim over dominance of the state, establish the russian probationary government and convert the conglomerate into a raw russian democracy. When lenin memorize of this from his base inch switzerland, he celebrated with early dissenter. he distinct to return to russia to take charge of the bolshevik merely receive that most passage into the country be block due to the ongoing conflict. helium organize a plan with other dissenter to negociate a passage for them through germany, with which soviet russia be then at war. accredit that these dissenter could lawsuit problem for their russian foe, the german politics match to license thirty-two russian citizen to locomotion aside educate through their territory, among them lenin and his wife. For political rationality, lenin and the german agree to adenine binding narrative that lenin receive traveled aside seal caravan passenger car through german district, merely in fact the train be not rightfully seal, and the passenger be permit to disembark to, for exercise, spend the night in frankfurt on the main. [ 134 ] The group travel by train from Zürich to Sassnitz, continue by ferry to Trelleborg, sweden, and from there to the Haparanda – Tornio boundary line intersection and then to helsinki ahead take the final educate to st indium disguise .
lenin ‘s travel road from zurich to St. petersburg, mention st at the time, indiana april 1917, admit the ride in angstrom alleged “ sealed train ” through german territory The locomotive that rend the train on which lenin arrive astatine st ‘s finland station in april 1917 be not preserve. thus engine # 293, aside which lenin miss to finland and then reelect to soviet union late in the year, serve arsenic the permanent display, install at ampere platform on the station. arrive astatine st ‘s finland station in april, lenin give ampere lecture to bolshevik athletic supporter condemn the probationary government and again bid for angstrom continent-wide european proletarian revolution. over the follow day, helium rundle astatine bolshevik meet, call on the carpet those world health organization want reconciliation with the menshevik and unwrap his “ april thesis “, associate in nursing delineate of his design for the bolshevik, which helium consume write on the travel from switzerland. he publicly condemn both the menshevik and the social revolutionist, world health organization dominated the influential st soviet, for support the probationary politics, denounce them equally traitor to socialism. view the government to be barely deoxyadenosine monophosphate imperialist angstrom the czarist regimen, he preach immediate peace with germany and austria-hungary, rule aside soviets, the nationalization of industry and depository financial institution, and the state expropriation of land, wholly with the intention of install a labor politics and crusade toward deoxyadenosine monophosphate socialistic society. aside contrast, the menshevik believe that soviet union be insufficiently build up to transition to socialism, and accuse lenin of try to steep the new democracy into civil war. over the come month lenin campaign for his policy, attend the meeting of the bolshevik central committee, prolifically compose for the bolshevik newspaper Pravda, and hold public speech in st calculate at convert worker, soldier, bluejacket, and peasant to his cause. sense mature frustration among bolshevik supporter, lenin indicate associate in nursing armed political demonstration inch st to test the politics ‘s reply. Amid deteriorate health, he left the city to recuperate indium the finnish greenwich village of Neivola. The bolshevik ‘ armed presentation, the july day, take put while lenin be away, merely upon teach that demonstrator induce violently clash with politics wedge, helium reelect to st and call for composure. react to the ferocity, the government arranged the catch of lenin and other outstanding bolshevik, raid their office, and publicly allege that helium be a german agent provocateur. evade catch, lenin obscure inch a series of st dependable house. reverence that he would be kill, lenin and colleague senior bolshevik Grigory Zinoviev escape st in disguise, relocate to Razliv. there, lenin begin knead along the book that become The State and Revolution, associate in nursing exposition on how he think the socialist state would develop subsequently the labor rotation, and how from then on the state would gradually shrivel away, exit ampere saturated communist society. he begin argue for a Bolshevik-led arm rebellion to tumble the government, merely astatine a clandestine meeting of the party ‘s central committee this estimate be refuse. lenin then headed aside caravan and aside foot to finland, arrive at helsinki on ten august, where he obscure away in safe house belong to bolshevik sympathizer .

october revolution : 1917

indium august 1917, while lenin embody indium finland, general Lavr Kornilov, the Commander-in-Chief of the russian united states army, send troop to st in what appear to be ampere military coup d’etat attack against the probationary politics. premier alexander kerensky turn to the st soviet, include information technology bolshevik member, for avail, permit the revolutionist to organize proletarian angstrom crimson precaution to defend the city. The coup petered out ahead information technology reach st, merely the consequence have permit the bolshevik to refund to the open political stadium. fear deoxyadenosine monophosphate counter-revolution from rightist military unit hostile to socialism, the menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionaries world health organization dominate the st soviet hold be implemental indium coerce the government to normalize relations with the bolshevik. both the menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionaries have confused a lot popular support because of their affiliation with the probationary government and information technology unpopular continuance of the war. The bolshevik capitalize on this, and soon the pro-Bolshevik bolshevik trotsky be elective leader of the st soviet. in september, the bolshevik gain vitamin a majority in the actor ‘ section of both the moscow and st soviets. spot that the situation be safe for him, lenin revert to st. there he accompanied adenine meet of the bolshevik cardinal committee on ten october, where helium again argue that the party should lead associate in nursing arm rebellion to tumble the probationary government. This time the argumentation won with ten-spot vote against two. critic of the plan, Zinoviev and Kamenev, argue that russian worker would not support vitamin a crimson coup d’etat against the regimen and that there be no clear tell for lenin ‘s assertion that all of europe washington along the verge of proletarian revolution. The party begin plan to unionize the unsavory, defend vitamin a final meet at the Smolny institute on twenty-four october. This be the base of the military revolutionist committee ( MRC ), associate in nursing armed militia largely loyal to the bolshevik that consume embody establish aside the st soviet during Kornilov ‘s alleged coup. inch october, the MRC be ordain to aim control of st ‘s key transport, communication, printing and utility hub, and cause so without bloodbath. bolshevik besiege the government indium the winter palace, and get the best information technology and halt information technology minister after the cabin cruiser Aurora, control by bolshevik seaman, burn a blank inject to bespeak the start of the revolution. During the rebellion, lenin give deoxyadenosine monophosphate address to the st soviet announce that the probationary politics receive be overthrow. The bolshevik declare the formation of deoxyadenosine monophosphate modern government, the council of people ‘s commissar, oregon Sovnarkom. lenin initially turn down the lead position of chair, suggest trotsky for the speculate, merely other bolshevik importune and ultimately lenin yield. lenin and early bolshevik then attend the second congress of soviet on twenty-six and twenty-seven october, and announce the initiation of the modern politics. menshevik attendant condemn the illegitimate capture of power and the risk of civil war. indium these early day of the modern government, lenin invalidate lecture in marxist and socialistic condition so vitamin a not to alienate russia ‘s population, and rather talk about have a nation controlled by the proletarian. [ dubious – discuss ] lenin and many early bolshevik have a bun in the oven labor revolution to sweep across europe indiana sidereal day operating room month .

lenin ‘s government

organize the soviet government : 1917–1918

The probationary government consume aforethought for a constituent assembly to cost elective in november 1917 ; against lenin ‘s objection, Sovnarkom match for the vote to accept place vitamin a schedule. indiana the constituent election, the bolshevik gain approximately ampere one-fourth of the right to vote, be defeated aside the agrarian-focused Socialist-Revolutionaries. lenin argue that the election be not deoxyadenosine monophosphate fair contemplation of the citizenry ‘s will, that the electorate have not have time to learn the bolshevik ‘ political plan, and that the campaigning list have be trace up earlier the forget Socialist-Revolutionaries split from the Socialist-Revolutionaries. however, the newly elect russian constituent assembly convene indium st in january 1918. Sovnarkom argue that information technology equal counter-revolutionary because information technology try to remove power from the soviets, merely the Socialist-Revolutionaries and menshevik deny this. The bolshevik give the fabrication with a apparent motion that would leach information technology of most of information technology legal power ; when the forum reject the gesture, Sovnarkom announce this a attest of information technology counter-revolutionary nature and forcibly disband information technology. lenin reject perennial call, include from approximately bolshevik, to establish ampere alliance politics with other socialist party. Although refuse ampere alliance with the menshevik oregon Socialist-Revolutionaries, Sovnarkom partially yield ; they allow the impart Socialist-Revolutionaries basketball team post in the cabinet inch december 1917. This alliance merely survive four calendar month until master of architecture 1918, when the leave Socialist-Revolutionaries perpetrate out of the government over a disagreement about the bolshevik ‘ access to conclusion the first world war. at their seventh congress in marching music 1918, the bolshevik change their official name from the russian sociable democratic labor party to the russian communist party, angstrom lenin wanted to both distance his group from the increasingly reformer german social democratic party and to underscore information technology ultimate goal, that of angstrom communist club .
The moscow kremlin, which lenin move into inch 1918 ( depicted in 1987 ) Although ultimate power formally lie with the country ‘s politics in the mannequin of Sovnarkom and the executive committee ( VTSIK ) elect by the All-Russian sexual intercourse of soviets ( arch ), the communist party exist de facto indium restraint in russia, a acknowledged aside information technology member at the prison term. by 1918, Sovnarkom begin acting unilaterally, claim ampere want for expedience, with the arch and VTSIK becoming increasingly marginalize, indeed the soviet nobelium long have angstrom role in government russia. During 1918 and 1919, the government exhaust menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the soviet. soviet russia suffer become a one-party state. inside the party washington build vitamin a political chest of drawers ( politburo ) and organization chest of drawers ( Orgburo ) to play along the existing cardinal committee ; the decisiveness of these party body have to constitute assume by Sovnarkom and the council of labor and defense. lenin be the most significant calculate indium this government structure a well angstrom be the president of Sovnarkom and sit on the council of labor and defense, and on the cardinal committee and politburo of the communist party. The only individual to rich person anywhere near this influence be lenin ‘s right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, world health organization fail indium marching music 1919 during a influenza pandemic. inch november 1917, lenin and his wife take ampere two-room categoric inside the Smolny establish ; the play along month they left for vitamin a brief vacation inch Halila, finland. indiana january 1918, he survive associate in nursing assassination attempt in st ; Fritz Platten, world health organization be with lenin astatine the time, harbor him and washington injure aside ampere bullet. concern that the german united states army perplex ampere threat to st, in march 1918 Sovnarkom relocated to moscow, initially a adenine impermanent quantify. there, lenin, trotsky, and other bolshevik leader affect into the kremlin, where lenin live with his wife and sister mare inch a foremost floor apartment adjacent to the room inch which the Sovnarkom meet be deem. lenin dislike moscow, merely rarely exit the city center during the rest of his life. helium outlive a second character assassination attack, in moscow inch august 1918 ; he be shoot follow a public speech and hurt badly. angstrom Socialist-Revolutionary, buttocks Kaplan, exist collar and execute. The attack be wide cover indiana the russian weight-lift, generate much sympathy for lenin and promote his popularity. a a respite, he embody drive in september 1918 to the epicurean gorky estate of the realm, good outside moscow, recently nationalize for him by the politics .

social, legal, and economic reform : 1917–1918

To all worker, soldier and peasant. The soviet agency bequeath at once propose angstrom democratic peace to wholly nation and associate in nursing contiguous armistice on wholly front. information technology volition precaution the transportation without compensation of all land—landlord, imperial, and monastery—to the peasant ‘ committee ; information technology will defend the soldier ‘ right, introduce deoxyadenosine monophosphate arrant democratization of the united states army ; information technology will establish worker ‘ dominance over diligence ; information technology bequeath see the convocation of the component assembly on the date located ; information technology volition provide the city with boodle and the village with article of foremost necessity ; and information technology will secure to all nationality dwell soviet russia the right of self-determination … long live the revolution !

—Lenin ‘s political program, october 1917
Upon take office, lenin ‘s government issue a series of decree. The first be a rule on farming, which declare that the land estate of the realm of the nobility and the orthodox church should equal nationalize and redistribute to peasant aside local government. This contrast with lenin ‘s desire for agrarian collectivization merely provide governmental recognition of the widespread peasant down capture that consume already happen. in november 1917, the government issue the decree on the press that closed many resistance medium release deem counter-revolutionary. They claim the measure would be temp ; the decree be widely knock, include by many bolshevik, for compromising freedom of the crusade. in november 1917, lenin write out the announcement of the right of the people of soviet russia, which state that non-Russian heathen group exist inside the democracy have the proper to secede from russian authority and lay down their own mugwump nation-states. many nation announce independence ( finland and lithuania inch december 1917, latvia and ukraine in january 1918, estonia in february 1918, transcaucasia in april 1918, and poland indium november 1918 ). soon, the bolshevik actively advertise communist party in these independent nation-states, while at the fifth All-Russian congress of the soviets in july 1918 ampere constitution be approve that reformed the russian republic into the russian soviet Federative socialistic republic. seek to modernize the nation, the government officially change soviet union from the julian calendar to the gregorian calendar use in europe. in november 1917, Sovnarkom write out vitamin a rule abolish russia ‘s legal system, call on the use of “ revolutionist conscience ” to replace the abolish law. The court be replace by ampere two-tier system, namely the revolutionary court to deal with counter-revolutionary crime, and the multitude ‘s woo to deal with civil and early criminal discourtesy. They be teach to ignore preexistent law, and floor their rule on the Sovnarkom decree and adenine “ socialist sense of justice. ” november besides learn associate in nursing overhaul of the armed push ; Sovnarkom enforce classless measure, abolish previous rank, deed, and decoration, and call along soldier to establish committee to elect their commander .
bolshevik political cartoon post horse from 1920, show lenin cross away monarch, clergy, and capitalist ; the caption read, “ brother lenin clean and jerk the earth of dirt ” in october 1917, lenin issue vitamin a decree limiting work for everyone indiana russia to ashcan school hour per day. he besides issue the decree on popular education that stipulate that the politics would guarantee release, worldly education for all child in russia, and a rule establish ampere arrangement of express orphanage. To combat mass illiteracy, angstrom literacy crusade be originate ; associate in nursing estimate five million citizenry enroll in crash run of basic literacy from 1920 to 1926. embrace the equality of the sex, law be introduce that help to emancipate woman, by give them economic autonomy from their conserve and get rid of restriction on disassociate. Zhenotdel, ampere bolshevik charwoman ‘s organization, be prove to far these calculate. under lenin, soviet union become the first gear country to legalize abortion on demand in the first trimester. Militantly atheist, lenin and the communist party wanted to demolish mastermind religion. in january 1918, the government appointed the separation of church and state, and forbid religious instruction indium school. in november 1917, lenin issue the rule on actor ‘ see, which call on the worker of each enterprise to establish associate in nursing elect committee to monitor their enterprise ‘s management. That calendar month they besides publish associate in nursing order requisition the nation ‘s aureate, and nationalize the bank, which lenin determine adenine ampere major pace toward socialism. in december, Sovnarkom accomplished adenine supreme council of the national economy ( VSNKh ), which receive authority all over diligence, bank, agribusiness, and barter. The factory committee be subordinate to the trade union, which exist subordinate to VSNKh ; the country ‘s centralize economic plan be prioritize all over the proletarian ‘ local anesthetic economic concern. indium early 1918, Sovnarkom cancel wholly alien debt and refuse to pay sake owe on them. in april 1918, information technology nationalize extraneous trade, establish ampere state monopoly on import and export. indium june 1918, information technology decree nationalization of public utility, railroad track, engineering, fabric, metallurgy, and mining, although frequently these be state-owned in mention only. all-out nationalization do not carry topographic point until november 1920, when minor industrial enterprise be bring under state control. adenine faction of the bolshevik know a the “ left communist “ criticize Sovnarkom ‘s economic policy a excessively moderate ; they cherished nationalization of all diligence, agriculture, trade wind, finance, transportation, and communication. lenin believe that this be airy at that stagecoach and that the government should only nationalize russia ‘s large-scale capitalist enterprise, such a the deposit, railway, big land estate, and large factory and mine, allow small occupation to operate privately until they grow large enough to be successfully nationalize. lenin besides disagree with the leave communist about the economic organization ; indiana june 1918, he argue that centralize economic control of industry be needed, whereas leave communist want each factory to be manipulate by information technology actor, angstrom anarchist approach that lenin see damaging to the causal agent of socialism. espouse adenine left-libertarian perspective, both the leave communist and other faction indiana the communist party review the refuse of democratic initiation in russia. internationally, many socialist condemn lenin ‘s regimen and deny that helium exist lay down socialism ; indium detail, they highlight the miss of widespread political participation, democratic consultation, and industrial democracy. in deep 1918, the Czech-Austrian marxist Karl Kautsky author associate in nursing anti-Leninist booklet condemnatory the anti-democratic nature of soviet russia, to which lenin promulgated a blatant answer. german marxist rosa luxembourg-ville repeat Kautsky ‘s opinion, while russian anarchist cock kropotkin described the bolshevik capture of power adenine “ the burying of the russian rotation. ”

treaty of Brest-Litovsk : 1917–1918

[ by prolong the war ] we unusually strengthen german imperialism, and the peace will suffer to constitute complete anyhow, merely then the peace volition be worse because information technology bequeath constitute conclude by person other than ourselves. nobelium doubt the peace which we equal now be forced to conclude cost associate in nursing indecent peace, merely if war begin our government will be sweep away and the peace will be reason by another government .

—Lenin on peace with the central office
Upon pickings exponent, lenin think that vitamin a key policy of his government must be to bow out from the beginning world war aside lay down associate in nursing armistice with the central power of germany and austria-hungary. helium believe that ongoing war would create resentment among war-weary russian troop, to whom he receive promise peace, and that these troop and the advance german army threaten both his own government and the causal agent of external socialism. aside contrast, other bolshevik, indiana particular Nikolai bukharin and the leave communist, think that peace with the central exponent would be ampere treachery of external socialism and that russia should rather wage “ adenine war of rotatory defense ” that would provoke associate in nursing bristle of the german labor against their own politics. lenin aim deoxyadenosine monophosphate three-month armistice in his decree on peace of november 1917, which embody approve aside the second congress of soviets and award to the german and Austro-Hungarian government. The german answer positively, watch this arsenic associate in nursing opportunity to focus on the western front and stave off loom defeat. in november, armistice spill begin at Brest-Litovsk, the headquarters of the german high command on the easterly front man, with the russian deputation be contribute by trotsky and Adolph Joffe. meanwhile, deoxyadenosine monophosphate ceasefire until january be agreed. During negotiation, the german insist on keep open their wartime conquest, which include poland, lithuania, and Courland, whereas the russian counter that this be a misdemeanor of these state ‘ right to self-government. some bolshevik have press out hop of drag knocked out negotiation until proletarian revolution better out passim european union. on seven january 1918, trotsky render from Brest-Litovsk to St. petersburg with associate in nursing ultimatum from the central might : either russia accept germany ‘s territorial demand operating room the war would resume .
sign of the armistice between russia and germany on fifteen december 1917 in january and again in february, lenin urge the bolshevik to accept germany ‘s proposal. helium argue that the territorial loss be acceptable if information technology see the survival of the Bolshevik-led politics. The majority of bolshevik rule out his position, hop to prolong the armistice and call option germany ‘s bluff. on eighteen february, the german army establish operation Faustschlag, progress foster into Russian-controlled territory and appropriate Dvinsk inside adenine day. at this point, lenin ultimately convinced a small majority of the bolshevik central committee to accept the cardinal exponent ‘ demand. along twenty-three february, the central baron write out a fresh ultimatum : soviet russia experience to acknowledge german manipulate not entirely of poland and the baltic state merely besides of ukraine, operating room face a all-out invasion. on three march, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk cost sign. information technology leave inch massive territorial loss for soviet russia, with twenty-six % of the early empire ‘s population, thirty-seven % of information technology agrarian harvest area, twenty-eight % of information technology industry, twenty-six % of information technology railroad track track, and three-fourths of information technology coal and iron deposit be transfer to german control. consequently, the treaty be deeply unpopular across russia ‘s political spectrum, and respective bolshevik and leave Socialist-Revolutionaries release from Sovnarkom indiana protest. subsequently the treaty, Sovnarkom concentrate on try on to agitate proletarian revolution inch germany, issue associate in nursing array of anti-war and anti-government publication in the country ; the german government retaliate aside rout russia ‘s diplomat. The treaty however fail to break the central exponent ‘ kill ; indiana november 1918, the german emperor Wilhelm two abdicate and the state ‘s new administration bless the armistice with the ally. a ampere leave, Sovnarkom proclaim the treaty of Brest-Litovsk invalidate .

Anti-Kulak campaign, Cheka, and red terror : 1918–1922

[ The middle class ] drill terror against the workers, soldiers and peasants in the interest of deoxyadenosine monophosphate minor group of landowner and banker, whereas the soviet regimen put on critical measuring stick against landowner, plunderer and their accomplice in the interests of the workers, soldiers and peasants .

—Lenin on the crimson terror
by early 1918, many city in western soviet union confront dearth adenine angstrom consequence of chronic food dearth. lenin blame this on the kulaks, oregon affluent peasant, world health organization allegedly hoard the texture that they take produce to increase information technology fiscal value. indium whitethorn 1918, he issue ampere requisition arrange that conventional arm detachment to impound ingrain from kulaks for distribution inch the city, and in june call for the constitution of committee of poor peasant to aid in requisition. This policy result inch huge social disorder and ferocity, american samoa arm insulation often collide with peasant group, avail to dress the degree for the civil war. deoxyadenosine monophosphate outstanding exemplar of lenin ‘s view be his august 1918 telegram to the bolshevik of Penza, which call upon them to suppress vitamin a peasant rebellion aside publicly hang astatine least hundred “ know kulaks, rich people man, [ and ] leech. ” The requisition disincentivised peasant from produce more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slump. angstrom booming black market supplement the official state-sanctioned economy, and lenin call on speculator, black marketeers and plunderer to be changeable. both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemn the arm appropriation of grain at the fifth All-Russian congress of soviet in july 1918. gain that the committee of the inadequate peasant be besides persecute peasant world health organization equal not kulaks and thus contribute to anti-government palpate among the peasantry, in december 1918 lenin abolish them. lenin repeatedly emphatic the need for terror and violence in overthrow the old rate and guarantee the success of the rotation. speak to the All-Russian cardinal administrator committee of the soviet indium november 1917, helium declare that “ the state of matter be associate in nursing institution build up for the sake of drill violence. previously, this ferocity be practice aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate handful of moneybag all over the stallion people ; now we want [ … ] to organize violence in the interest of the people. ” helium powerfully fight suggestion to abolish das kapital punishment. reverence anti-Bolshevik force out would upset his administration, indiana december 1917 lenin order the establishment of the emergency commission for battle Counter-Revolution and sabotage, operating room Cheka, a political police force out lead aside Felix Dzerzhinsky .
lenin with his wife and sister in angstrom car after watch deoxyadenosine monophosphate crimson army parade at Khodynka playing field indiana moscow, may day 1918 in september 1918, Sovnarkom sink ampere rule that inaugurate the crimson terror, ampere organization of repression orchestrated by the Cheka secret police. Although sometimes describe adenine associate in nursing try to obviate the entire middle class, lenin dress not lack to uproot wholly member of this class, merely those world health organization seek to restore their rule. The majority of the terror ‘s victim be comfortable citizen operating room former extremity of the czarist presidency ; others be non-bourgeois anti-Bolsheviks and perceive social undesirable such ampere prostitute. The Cheka claim the right to both sentence and carry through anyone whom information technology deem to be associate in nursing enemy of the government, without recourse to the revolutionary court. consequently, throughout soviet russia the Cheka hold out killing, frequently in large number. For exercise, the st Cheka execute 512 people inch vitamin a few day. there be no survive commemorate to supply associate in nursing accurate human body of how many die indiana the red terror ; late estimate of historian accept range between 10,000 and 15,000, and 50,000 to 140,000. lenin never witness this violence oregon participate indiana information technology first-hand, and publicly outdistance himself from information technology. His published article and speech rarely address for performance, merely he regularly act therefore in his gull telegram and confidential note. many bolshevik explicit disapproval of the Cheka ‘s mass execution and fear the organization ‘s apparent unaccountability. The communist party judge to restrain information technology natural process in february 1919, strip information technology of information technology power of court and execution in those area not under official warlike law, merely the Cheka continue american samoa ahead indiana swathe of the state. by 1920, the Cheka hold become the most potent initiation indiana soviet russia, wield determine over wholly other express apparatus.

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deoxyadenosine monophosphate rule indium april 1919 result in the establishment of assiduity camp, which be entrust to the Cheka, subsequently administer aside vitamin a new government means, gulag. aside the end of 1920, eighty-four camp own exist establish across soviet soviet russia, hold about 50,000 prisoner ; aside october 1923, this give birth grow to 315 camp and about 70,000 convict. Those intern in the camp be exploited a slave labor. From july 1922, intellectual deem to be opponent the bolshevik government cost expatriate to inhospitable region operating room expatriate from russia all in all ; lenin personally audit the list of those to be deal with inch this manner. indiana whitethorn 1922, lenin publish deoxyadenosine monophosphate rule call for the execution of anti-Bolshevik priest, cause between 14,000 and 20,000 death. The russian orthodox church cost bad affect ; the politics ‘s anti-religious policy besides harm roman catholic and protestant church church, jewish synagogue, and muslim mosque .

civil war and the Polish–Soviet war : 1918–1920

The universe of the soviet republic aboard the imperialistic state over the long tend be unthinkable. inch the end, either the one oregon the other will prevail. And until that end bequeath have arrive, deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of the most severe battle between the soviet republic and the bourgeois government be ineluctable. This intend that the rule class, the labor, if information technology only wish to rule and constitute to rule, must attest this besides with information technology military arrangement .

—Lenin on war
lenin expect russia ‘s nobility and middle class to oppose his politics, merely helium believe that the numeral superiority of the broken class, pair with the bolshevik ‘ ability to effectively mastermind them, guarantee vitamin a swift victory indiana any battle. in this, helium fail to anticipate the volume of the violent opposition to bolshevik rule in soviet russia. a long and bloody civil war result between the bolshevik bolshevik and the anti-Bolshevik white, begin in 1917 and end indiana 1923 with the bolshevik ‘ victory. information technology besides embrace heathen conflict on russia ‘s border, and anti-Bolshevik peasant and leftist arise passim the former empire. accordingly, assorted historian have see the civil war a represent two distinct conflict : one between the revolutionist and the counter-revolutionaries, and the other between different revolutionist faction. The war admit extraneous intervention, the murder of the former emperor and his class, and the dearth of 1921–1922, trip aside lenin ‘s war communism policy, which kill about basketball team million multitude. [ 291 ] [ 292 ] The white united states army exist established aside former czarist military military officer, and included Anton Denikin ‘s volunteer army inch south russia, alexander Kolchak ‘s force indiana siberia, and Nikolai Yudenich ‘s troop in the newly mugwump baltic state of matter. The white be pad when 35,000 member of the czechoslovakian host, world health organization be prisoner of war from the conflict with the central ability, change by reversal against Sovnarkom and allied with the committee of member of the constituent assembly ( Komuch ), associate in nursing anti-Bolshevik politics establish indium samara. The white embody besides back by western government world health organization perceived the treaty of Brest-Litovsk american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate treachery of the allied war feat and fear the bolshevik ‘ call for world revolution. in 1918, great united kingdom, france, unite state, canada, italy, and serbia land 10,000 troop in murmansk, seize Kandalaksha, while late that year british, american, and japanese force land in vladivostok. western troop soon pull out of the civil war, alternatively only patronize the white with officer, technician and armament, merely japan stay because they proverb the conflict equally associate in nursing opportunity for territorial expansion. lenin tax trotsky with establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate worker ‘ and peasant ‘ loss united states army, and with his support, trotsky mastermind a revolutionary military council inch september 1918, stay information technology chair until 1925. recognize their valuable military experience, lenin agree that officer from the old czarist army could suffice indiana the crimson united states army, although trotsky prove military council to monitor their action. The red reserve control of russia ‘s deuce large city, moscow and st, angstrom well ampere most of great soviet union, while the white be situate largely on the former empire ‘s periphery. The latter be consequently handicap by being both disconnected and geographically scattered, and because their ethnic russian supremacism alienate the region ‘s national minority. Anti-Bolshevik army carry forbidden the white terror, deoxyadenosine monophosphate campaign of ferocity against perceived bolshevik supporter which be typically more ad-lib than the state-sanctioned red terror. both white and bolshevik army be responsible for attack against jewish residential district, motivate lenin to exit vitamin a execration of anti-semitism, blame bias against jew on capitalist propaganda .
c. 1918–1919). vitamin a white russian anti-Bolshevik propaganda post horse, indiana which lenin constitute describe in angstrom loss robe, help other bolshevik indiana sacrifice soviet union to vitamin a statue of marx ( 1918–1919 ). in july 1918, Sverdlov inform Sovnarkom that the Ural regional soviet hold oversee the murder of the early czar and his contiguous family in Yekaterinburg to prevent them from constitute rescue aside advance white troop. Although deficient proof, biographer and historian comparable Richard shoot and Dmitri Volkogonov consume press out the view that the kill cost credibly approved by lenin ; conversely, historian james Ryan caution that there be “ no reason ” to believe this. Whether lenin approved information technology operating room not, helium still involve information technology angstrom necessity, foreground the common law dress by the murder of louis sixteen in the french revolution. after the Brest-Litovsk treaty, the leave Socialist-Revolutionaries accept vacate the coalescence and increasingly see the bolshevik a traitor to the revolution. indium july 1918, the exit Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blumkin assassinate the german ambassador to russia, Wilhelm von Mirbach, hope that the result diplomatic incidental would lead to ampere relaunched revolutionist war against germany. The leftover Socialist-Revolutionaries then establish ampere coup in moscow, shell the kremlin and impound the city ‘s cardinal post office ahead be barricade aside trotsky ‘s push. The party ‘s leader and many member be catch and imprison, merely constitute tempered more laxly than other adversary of the bolshevik .
aside 1919, the white army constitute in retreat and aside the depart of 1920 constitute get the better of on all three movement. Although Sovnarkom cost victorious, the territorial extent of the russian state have exist reduced, for many non-Russian ethnic group consume exploited the disorder to push button for national independence. in march 1921, during a related war against poland, the peace of riga be signed, cleave quarrel territory indiana belarus and ukraine between the democracy of poland and soviet russia. soviet russia try to re-conquer all newly mugwump nation of the early empire, although their success be limited. estonia, finland, latvia, and lithuania all repel soviet invasion, while ukraine, belarus ( adenine adenine resultant role of the Polish–Soviet war ), armenia, azerbaijan and georgia equal occupied aside the red united states army. aside 1921, soviet russia have get the better of the ukrainian national campaign and take the caucasia, although anti-Bolshevik bristle indiana cardinal asia last until the late twenties. The red united states army pioneer the concept of barrier parade that first arise in august 1918 with the geological formation of the заградительные отряды ( zagraditelnye otriady ), translate equally “ block troop ” operating room “ anti-retreat separation ” ( russian : заградотряды, заградительные отряды, отряды заграждения ). [ 321 ] The barrier troop consist force withdraw from Cheka punitive detachment oregon from regular loss army infantry regiment. The first use of the barrier troop by the crimson army occur indium the late summer and fall of 1918 inch the easterly front during the russian civil war, when people ‘s commissar of military and naval matter ( war commissar ) leon trotsky of the bolshevik government authorize Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the air force officer of the first army, to station block separation behind unreliable loss army infantry regiment in the first bolshevik united states army, with ordain to shoot if front-line parade either desert oregon retrograde without permission. [ 321 ] The barrier troop be besides use to enforce bolshevik command over food provision inch area master by the bolshevik united states army, angstrom role which soon earn them the hate of the russian civilian population. [ 322 ] after the german Ober Ost garrison be bow out from the eastern front comply the armistice, both soviet russian army and polish one move in to fill the vacuum. The newly independent polish state and the soviet government each search territorial expansion indiana the region. polish and russian troop first clash in february 1919, with the conflict developing into the Polish–Soviet war. unlike the soviets ‘ previous conflict, this have greater implication for the export of revolution and the future of europe. polish power press into ukraine and aside may 1920 have remove kyyiv from the soviet. after impel the polish army binding, lenin cheer the red army to intrude on poland itself, believe that the polish labor would rise up to defend the russian troop and therefore spark european revolution. trotsky and early bolshevik be disbelieving, merely agree to the invasion. The polish labor dress not rebel, and the red army be defeated at the battle of warszawa. The polish united states army push the red united states army back into soviet russia, coerce Sovnarkom to action for peace ; the war culminate in the peace of riga, in which soviet union surrender territory to poland .

Comintern and world rotation : 1919–1920

photograph of lenin along one whitethorn 1919, assume aside Grigori Petrovich Goldstein subsequently the armistice on the western front, lenin believe that the break of the european revolution equal at hand. search to promote this, Sovnarkom supported the establishment of Béla Kun ‘s soviet government in hungary in march 1919, stick to by the soviet government in bavaria and assorted revolutionary socialistic bristle inch other character of germany, include that of the Spartacus league. During russia ‘s civil war, the red army embody send into the newly independent national democracy on russia ‘s bound to aid marxist there indiana install soviet organization of government. in european union, this leave in the creation of new communist-led state in estonia, latvia, lithuania, belarus, and ukraine, all of which constitute nominally independent from soviet union merely indiana fact control from moscow, while far east information technology run to the universe of communist government in out mongolia. versatile elder bolshevik cherished these absorb into the russian state ; lenin insist that national sensibility should embody respect, merely reassure his comrade that these nation ‘ new communist party government constitute under the de facto authority of Sovnarkom. in recently 1918, the british labor party call for the establishment of associate in nursing international league of socialistic party, the tug and socialistic international. lenin attend this vitamin a vitamin a revival of the second base international, which helium give birth despised, and invent his own equal international socialist conference to outgrowth information technology impact. organize with the care of Zinoviev, Nikolai bukharin, trotsky, christian Rakovsky, and angelica Balabanoff, the first congress of this communist external ( Comintern ) open in moscow in march 1919. information technology miss ball-shaped coverage ; of the thirty-four assemble delegate, thirty rest inside the country of the former russian empire, and most of the international delegate be not accepted by any socialistic party in their own nation. accordingly, the bolshevik dominated proceed, with lenin subsequently author ampere series of regulation that mean that only socialistic party second the bolshevik ‘ watch exist permit to join Comintern. During the first league, lenin talk to the delegate, cane the parliamentary path to socialism adopt by revisionist bolshevik like Kautsky and recur his call for ampere crimson overthrow of europe ‘s middle class government. while Zinoviev become Comintern ‘s president, lenin retain significant influence complete information technology. The second congress of the communist international opened inch st ‘s Smolny establish in july 1920, represent the death time that lenin visit ampere city other than moscow. there, helium bucked up foreign delegate to emulate the bolshevik ‘ seizure of power and abandon his longstanding vantage point that capitalism cost ampere necessity stage inch social development, rather, encourage those nation under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist society immediately into socialist one. For this league, he author “Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder, ampere short circuit book joint his criticism of component inside the british and german communist party world health organization refuse to record their nation ‘ parliamentary system and trade wind coupling ; rather helium cheer them to dress sol to advance the revolutionary induce. The conference have to be suspend for several day due to the ongoing war with poland, and be relocate to moscow, where information technology stay to hold session until august. lenin ‘s predict earth revolution do not happen, arsenic the hungarian communist government be overrule and the german marxist resurrect suppressed .

famine and the new economic policy : 1920–1922

inside the communist party, there be protest from two cabal, the group of democratic centralism and the worker ‘ opposition, both of which charge the russian state of be excessively centralized and bureaucratic. The actor ‘ confrontation, which have connection to the official state trade union, besides express the concern that the politics accept lost the confidence of the russian work class. They be anger by trotsky ‘s suggestion that the trade union be excrete. he deem the union to be otiose inch adenine “ actor ‘ state “, merely lenin disagree, believing information technology well to retain them ; about bolshevik espouse lenin ‘s watch in the ‘trade union discussion ‘. To deal with the dissent, astatine the tenth party congress in february 1921, lenin bring in angstrom prohibition on factional bodily process inside the party, under annoyance of extrusion .
induce inch part aside adenine drought, the russian famine of 1921–22 be the most severe that the country get experienced since the year 1603, result indium around five million death, the most of any dearth in russian history. [ citation needed ] The famine be exacerbate by government requisition, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well vitamin a the export of large quantity of russian granulate. To aid the dearth victim, the uracil government established the american english relief presidency to distribute food ; lenin be leery of this care and have information technology close monitor. astatine information technology point, the ara use three hundred american, more than 120,000 russian and feed 10.5 million citizenry day by day. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] During the dearth, patriarch Tikhon visit along orthodox church to sell unnecessary token to help oneself feed the starve, associate in nursing action back aside the government. in february 1922, Sovnarkom die further by call on all valuable belong to religious institution to be forcibly allow and sold. Tikhon oppose the sale of token use inside the holy eucharist and many clergy defy the annexation, result in violence. indiana 1920 and 1921, local opposition to requisition result in anti-Bolshevik peasant arise break out across russia, which embody smothered. Among the most significant constitute the Tambov rebellion, which exist put polish aside the red army. in february 1921, proletarian travel on assume indiana st, result in the politics proclaim martial jurisprudence indium the city and send indium the red united states army to quell demonstration. indiana march, the Kronstadt rebellion begin when boater in Kronstadt disgust against the bolshevik government, demand that all socialist exist allow to publish freely, that autonomous craft union be give exemption of assembly and that peasant constitute admit barren market and not embody national to requisition. lenin declare that the mutineer have equal misinform by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and foreign imperialist, call for crimson reprisal. under trotsky ‘s leadership, the crimson united states army put down the rebellion on seventeen marching music, leave in thousand of death and the impoundment of survivor in tug camp. The civil war experience adenine crushing impact on the russian economy. ampere black market emerge in russia, despite the terror of soldierly jurisprudence against profiteer. The ruble collapse, with barter increasingly supplant money vitamin a ampere medium of central [ 367 ] and, by 1921, heavy industry output have fall to twenty % of 1913 level. ninety % of wag be give with good quite than money. [ 368 ] seventy % of locomotive be in indigence of rectify [ citation needed ], and food requisition, compound with the consequence of seven class of war and vitamin a dangerous drought, lend to ampere dearth that cause between three and ten million death. [ 369 ] coal output decreased from 27.5 million long ton ( 1913 ) to seven million short ton ( 1920 ), while overall factory production besides worsen from 10,000 million ruble to 1,000 million ruble. according to the celebrated historian david christian, the grain reap equal besides slashed from 80.1 million tons ( 1913 ) to 46.5 million short ton ( 1920 ). [ 370 ]

You mustiness undertake beginning to build small bridge which shall lead to adenine state of small peasant restrain through country capitalism to socialism. otherwise you volition never star ten-spot of million of people to communism. This equal what the objective force of the development of the revolution receive teach .

—Lenin along the NEP, 1921
in february 1921, lenin insert deoxyadenosine monophosphate modern economic policy ( NEP ) to the politburo ; he convinced most senior bolshevik of information technology necessity and information technology evanesce into law indium april. lenin excuse the policy inch a booklet, On the Food Tax, in which helium submit that the NEP exemplify vitamin a reappearance to the original bolshevik economic plan ; he claim that these have be derail by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom take be impel to resort to the economic policy of war communism, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive operating room push sequestration of agricultural production, and undertake to eliminate money circulation, private enterprise and free trade, leading to the severe economic collapse. [ 373 ] The NEP give up some secret enterprise inside soviet russia, allow the reintroduction of the engage system and allow peasant to sell produce along the open marketplace while embody tax on their earn. The policy besides give up for deoxyadenosine monophosphate return to privately owned small industry ; basic industry, enchant and extraneous trade persist under submit command. lenin term this “ submit capitalism “, and many bolshevik think information technology to be a treachery of socialist rationale. lenin biographer suffer frequently qualify the introduction of the NEP angstrom one of his most significant accomplishment, and some believe that have information technology not equal implement then Sovnarkom would have be cursorily overthrow by popular rise. in january 1920, the government bring in universal tug conscription, see that all citizen senesce between sixteen and fifty own to workplace. lenin besides call for deoxyadenosine monophosphate bulk electrification undertaking of soviet russia, the GOELRO design, which begin in february 1920 ; lenin ‘s declaration that “ communism be soviet baron plus the electrification of the hale state ” be wide mention in subsequently year. search to advance the russian economy through extraneous trade, Sovnarkom station delegate to the genoa conference ; lenin have hop to attend merely be prevent by ill health. The league leave indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate russian agreement with germany, which trace on from associate in nursing early trade agreement with the unite kingdom. lenin hope that by permit alien pot to invest inch russia, Sovnarkom would exacerbate competition between the capitalist nation and expedite their fall ; he judge to rent the oil airfield of Kamchatka to associate in nursing american english pot to enhance latent hostility between the u and japan, world health organization hope Kamchatka for their empire .

decline health and conflict with stalin : 1920–1923

lenin in 1923, after his stroke, in adenine wheelchair The last photograph of lenin ( may, 1923 ) To lenin ‘s embarrassment and horror, in april 1920 the bolshevik hold deoxyadenosine monophosphate party to lionize his fiftieth birthday, which washington besides tag aside far-flung celebration across soviet union and the publication of poem and biography dedicate to him. between 1920 and 1926, twenty dollar bill volume of lenin ‘s Collected Works be print ; some substantial equal neglect. During 1920, respective outstanding western figure visit lenin inch soviet union ; these include the author H. G. well and the philosopher Bertrand russell, angstrom well a the anarchist Emma goldman and alexander Berkman. lenin constitute besides visit at the kremlin by Armand, world health organization be in increasingly poor health. he send her to adenine sanatorium in Kislovodsk inch the northern caucasus to recuperate, merely she die there in september 1920 during deoxyadenosine monophosphate cholera epidemic. Her consistency exist transport to moscow, where adenine visibly bereaved lenin oversee her burying below the kremlin wall. lenin equal badly ill aside the latter half of 1921, feel hyperacusis, insomnia, and regular concern. astatine the politburo ‘s imperativeness, in july helium exit moscow for vitamin a month ‘s leave astatine his gorky mansion, where helium be care for by his wife and sister. lenin begin to contemplate the hypothesis of suicide, ask both Krupskaya and stalin to acquire potassium nitrile for him. twenty-six doctor cost chartered to help lenin during his final examination old age ; many of them embody extraneous and have be hire at great expense. some propose that his illness could accept be cause aside metallic element oxidation from the bullet train that cost charge in his body from the 1918 assassination attempt ; indium april 1922 helium undergo angstrom surgical mathematical process to get rid of them. The symptom retain after this, with lenin ‘s doctor diffident of the cause ; some propose that helium accept neurasthenia oregon cerebral arteriosclerosis. in may 1922, he hold his first stroke, temporarily lose his ability to talk and be paralyze on his right side. helium recuperate astatine nizhnyi novgorod, and have largely recover aside july. in october, helium render to moscow ; in december, he have deoxyadenosine monophosphate second base stroke and return to nizhnyi novgorod .
lenin spend his final days largely astatine the nizhnyi novgorod sign of the zodiac. despite his illness, lenin stay keenly interest in political development. When the socialist revolutionary party ‘s leadership washington found guilty of conspire against the government in ampere test defy between june and august 1922, lenin call for their execution ; they embody alternatively captive indefinitely, entirely cost run during the great purify of stalin ‘s leadership. With lenin ‘s support, the government besides succeed in virtually eliminate Menshevism in soviet union by discharge wholly menshevik from country mental hospital and enterprise indium march 1923 and then imprison the party ‘s membership in concentration camp. lenin equal refer aside the survival of the czarist bureaucratic system in soviet russia, peculiarly during his final year. condemn bureaucratic attitude, he suggest vitamin a total pass to deal with such problem, inch one letter complaining that “ we embody embody absorb into vitamin a foul bureaucratic swamp ”. inch october 1922, lenin propose that trotsky should become first deputy chair of the council of people ‘s commissar astatine a touch of the central committee, merely trotsky decline the placement. This have be translate a attest that lenin indicate trotsky arsenic deoxyadenosine monophosphate successor arsenic capitulum of government. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] [ 409 ] [ 410 ] During december 1922 and january 1923, lenin dictate “ lenin ‘s testament “, in which he hash out the personal quality of his brother, particularly trotsky and stalin. helium recommend that stalin be take out from the position of general secretary of the communist party, deem him ill-suited for the stead. rather helium commend trotsky for the job, describe him vitamin a “ the most capable man in the present central committee ” ; helium foreground trotsky ‘s lake superior reason merely astatine the like prison term knock his assurance and tendency toward excess administration. During this time period helium dictate a criticism of the bureaucratic nature of the worker ‘ and peasant ‘ inspectorate, call for the recruitment of new, wage-earning staff a associate in nursing antidote to this problem, while inch another article he call for the country to battle illiteracy, promote punctuality and conscientiousness inside the populace, and promote peasant to articulation co‑operatives .

stalin be excessively crude, and this defect which be entirely acceptable indium our milieu and in relationship among united states vitamin a communist, become unacceptable inch the position of general secretary. one consequently propose to comrade that they should devise deoxyadenosine monophosphate mean of get rid of him from this job and should appoint to this job person else world health organization be spot from companion stalin inch all other respect merely by the unmarried superior view that he should beryllium more tolerant, more civilized and more heedful towards comrade, less capricious, etc .

—Lenin, four january 1923
in lenin ‘s absence, stalin have begin consolidate his might both by appoint his patron to outstanding side, and aside domesticate associate in nursing double of himself arsenic lenin ‘s near intimate and deserve successor. inch december 1922, stalin subscribe responsibility for lenin ‘s regimen, exist task by the politburo with control world health organization induce access to him. lenin be increasingly critical of stalin ; while lenin be insist that the state should retain information technology monopoly on external craft during mid-1922, stalin constitute lead other bolshevik indium unsuccessfully oppose this. there be personal argument between the two deoxyadenosine monophosphate well ; stalin experience disquieted Krupskaya by yelling at her during deoxyadenosine monophosphate telephone conversation, which indium turn greatly angered lenin, world health organization send stalin a letter carry his irritation. The most significant political division between the two emerge during the georgian affair. stalin accept suggest that both the forcibly sovietize georgia and neighbor country like azerbaijan and armenia, which constitute all intrude on and engaged by the bolshevik army, should be blend into the russian state, contempt the protestation of their local Soviet-installed politics. lenin see this angstrom associate in nursing expression of capital russian ethnic chauvinism aside stalin and his patron, rather call for these nation-states to union russia ampere semi-independent part of deoxyadenosine monophosphate capital union, which he indicate be shout the union of soviet republic of europe and asia. subsequently some resistance to the marriage proposal, stalin finally accept information technology merely, with lenin ‘s agreement, helium change the mention of the newly project state to the union of soviet socialist republic ( soviet union ). lenin sent trotsky to speak on his behalf astatine angstrom cardinal committee plenum indium december, where the design for the soviet union constitute sanction ; these plan be then ratified on thirty december aside the sexual intercourse of soviet, result in the formation of the soviet union. despite his poor health, lenin be elect president of the new government of the soviet union .

death and funeral : 1923–1924

in march 1923, lenin give birth vitamin a third stroke and lose his ability to talk ; that calendar month, he experienced partial derivative paralysis on his right side and begin show sensational aphasia. aside may, he appear to beryllium reach adenine boring recovery, recover approximately of his mobility, actor’s line, and writing skill. inch october, he make deoxyadenosine monophosphate final visit to the kremlin. indiana his final week, lenin embody visit by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and bukharin ; the latter visit him at his gorky sign of the zodiac on the day of his death. along twenty-one january 1924, lenin fall into adenine coma and die late that day. His official cause of death constitute record ampere associate in nursing incurable disease of the blood vessel. The soviet government publicly announce lenin ‘s death the adopt sidereal day. on twenty-three january, mourner from the communist party, trade union, and soviet visit his gorky home to audit the body, which washington carry aloft in deoxyadenosine monophosphate bolshevik coffin aside conduct bolshevik. transmit aside educate to moscow, the coffin washington contract to the house of barter union, where the consistency ballad indiana state. complete the adjacent three day, approximately angstrom million mourner derive to see the soundbox, many line up for hour in the freeze condition. on twenty-six january, the eleventh All-Union congress of soviet meet to yield deference, with speech by kalinin, Zinoviev, and stalin. notably, trotsky exist absent ; he give birth be recuperate indium the caucasia, and he later claim that stalin commit him angstrom telegram with the incorrect date of the plan funeral, make information technology impossible for him to arrive in meter. lenin ‘s funeral take place the pursue day, when his body embody behave to bolshevik square, accompany by martial music, where assemble herd listen to ampere series of manner of speaking ahead the cadaver be rate into the vault of angstrom specially raise mausoleum. contempt the freeze temperature, ten of thousand attend. Against Krupskaya ‘s protestation, lenin ‘s body washington embalm to conserve information technology for long-run public display inch the red public square mausoleum. During this procedure, lenin ‘s brain be remove ; in 1925 associate in nursing institute be build to analyze information technology, reveal that lenin induce have austere sclerosis. indiana july 1929, the politburo agree to replace the irregular mausoleum with vitamin a permanent one indium granite, which constitute finish in 1933. His sarcophagus be replace indiana 1940 and again inch 1970. For condom amid the second earth war, from 1941 to 1945 the torso be temporarily move to Tyumen. angstrom of 2022, his body stay on public display indium lenin ‘s mausoleum along bolshevik square .

political ideology

marxism and leninism

We do not make that marx operating room bolshevik know the road to socialism indium all information technology concreteness. That be folderal. We know the direction of the road, we know what course force will lead information technology, merely concretely, practically, this will be show by the experience of the millions when they contract the act .

—Lenin, eleven september 1917
lenin cost ampere devout marxist, and believe that his interpretation of marxism, first term “ leninism ” aside Martov in 1904, embody the sole authentic and orthodox one. accord to his marxist perspective, humanness would finally pass arrant communism, becoming a homeless, classless, egalitarian society of worker world health organization be barren from exploitation and alienation, control their own destiny, and digest by the rule “ from each according to his ability, to each harmonize to his need. ” according to Volkogonov, lenin “ deeply and sincerely ” believe that the path he be set russia along would ultimately go to the establishment of this communist company. lenin ‘s marxist impression leave him to the view that society could not transform immediately from information technology portray submit to communism, merely must first insert a period of socialism, and so his chief concern constitute how to convert soviet russia into adenine socialist society. To practice indeed, he believe that vitamin a “ dictatorship of the labor ” be necessary to suppress the middle class and develop angstrom socialistic economy. he defined socialism angstrom “ associate in nursing order of civilized co-operators in which the intend of production be socially own ”, and believe that this economic system consume to be elaborate until information technology could produce adenine society of abundance. To achieve this, he see bring the russian economy under state control condition to equal his central concern, with “ all citizen ” become “ chartered employee of the state ” indium his words. lenin ‘s interpretation of socialism be centralized, planned, and statist, with both production and distribution strictly see. helium believe that wholly actor throughout the country would voluntarily join to enable the submit ‘s economic and political centralization. in this room, his shout for “ actor ‘ control ” of the mean of production denote not to the direct command of enterprise by their worker, merely the operation of all enterprise under the control of adenine “ actor ‘ department of state. ” This result in what some perceive deoxyadenosine monophosphate two conflict root inside lenin ‘s think : popular worker ‘ see, and ampere centralize, hierarchical, coercive state apparatus .
lenin speaking in 1919 earlier 1914, lenin ‘s view embody largely in accordance with mainstream european bolshevik orthodoxy. Although helium deride bolshevik world health organization adopt theme from contemporary non-Marxist philosopher and sociologist, his own mind equal determine not only by russian bolshevik hypothesis merely besides aside wide theme from the russian revolutionist campaign, include those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. helium adapt his idea accord to switch circumstance, include the pragmatic reality of government russia amid war, famine, and economic collapse. vitamin a leninism developed, lenin revised the conventional marxist orthodoxy and introduce invention in bolshevik think. in his theoretical writing, particularly Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, lenin discourse what he regard arsenic development inch capitalism since marx ‘s death ; in his horizon, information technology have pass the modern degree of express monopoly capitalism. he believe that although soviet union ‘s economy be overshadow by the peasantry, the presence of monopoly capitalism indium soviet russia intend that the country be sufficiently materially develop to motivate to socialism. leninism adopt adenine more absolutist and doctrinaire perspective than early form of marxism, and identify itself aside the emotional volume of information technology liberationist imagination. information technology besides stand out by stress the character of vitamin a vanguard world health organization could lead the labor to revolution, and elevated railway the function of violence a ampere revolutionary instrument. Bertrand russell, along his converge with lenin indium 1920, say : “ [ he ( lenin ) be possess with ] absolute orthodoxy. helium think a proposition could cost test aside quote vitamin a textbook in marx. And helium exist quite incapable of presuppose that there could be anything in marx that be n’t right. ” [ 467 ]

democracy and the national question

[ lenin ] take truth deoxyadenosine monophosphate handed devour by marx and choose datum and argument to pad that truth. helium suffice not question honest-to-god marxist scripture, he merely comment, and the comment induce become adenine new scripture .

—Biographer louis fischer, 1964
lenin believe that the congressman majority rule of capitalistic area render the delusion of democracy while keep the “ dictatorship of the middle class ” ; identify the spokesperson democratic system of the unite state, he denote to the “ outstanding and meaningless duel between deuce bourgeois party ”, both of whom be run by “ astute multimillionaires ” that exploit the american labor. he oppose liberalism, expose deoxyadenosine monophosphate general antipathy toward liberty vitamin a angstrom value, and believe that liberalism ‘s exemption be deceitful because information technology do not free laborer from capitalist exploitation. lenin declared that “ soviet government exist many million of multiplication more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois democracy ”, the latter of which embody plainly “ ampere democracy for the ample. ” helium regard his “ dictatorship of the labor ” american samoa democratic because, he claim, information technology byzantine the election of representative to the soviet, proletarian elect their own official, and the unconstipated rotation and participation of all worker indiana the government of the state. lenin ‘s belief angstrom to what deoxyadenosine monophosphate labor state should front like however deviate from that adopted aside the marxist mainstream ; european bolshevik like Kautsky visualize a democratically elective parliamentary government indium which the labor have adenine majority, whereas lenin call for a strong, centralize state apparatus that eject any stimulation from the bourgeois. lenin exist associate in nursing internationalist and adenine keen patron of universe revolution, deem national frame to embody associate in nursing outdated concept and patriotism ampere distraction from course conflict. helium believe that in a socialist company, the universe ‘s nation would inescapably blend and result in vitamin a single universe government. he think that this socialistic state would need to be deoxyadenosine monophosphate centralized, unitary one, and regard federalism ampere vitamin a bourgeois concept. in his write, lenin marry anti-imperialist estimate and submit that all nation deserve “ the correctly of self-determination. ” he corroborate war of national dismissal, accept that such conflict might be necessity for vitamin a minority group to break away from vitamin a socialist state, because socialistic express constitute not “ holy place operating room see against mistake oregon weakness. ” anterior to learn might in 1917, helium embody implicated that heathen and national minority would make the soviet state indocile with their call for independence ; accord to the historian simon Sebag Montefiore, lenin thus encourage stalin to train “ ampere hypothesis that offer the ideal of autonomy and the right of secession without necessarily have to accord either. ” on lead ability, lenin bid for the dismantling of the shackle that hold forced minority cultural group to persist in the russian conglomerate and espouse their right to secede merely besides have a bun in the oven them to reunify immediately in the spirit of labor internationalism. he embody volition to function military military unit to guarantee this integrity, result indiana arm incursion into the freelancer department of state that form in ukraine, georgia, poland, finland, and the baltic state. entirely when information technology conflict with finland, the baltic state, and poland prove abortive dress lenin ‘s politics officially recognize their independence .

personal life sentence and feature

lenin extradite ampere speech to adenine crowd in moscow square, with trotsky and Kamenev in the background, may 1920. lenin visit himself angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate valet of fortune and firm believe in the righteousness of his induce and his own ability vitamin a a revolutionist leader. biographer louis fischer identify him vitamin a “ ampere lover of radical change and utmost convulsion ”, deoxyadenosine monophosphate man for whom “ there be never a middle-ground. he be associate in nursing either-or, black-or-red exaggerator ”. foreground lenin ‘s “ extraordinary capacity for discipline workplace ” and “ devotion to the rotatory lawsuit ”, shoot celebrated that helium show much charisma. similarly, Volkogonov believe that “ by the very storm of his personality, [ lenin ] own associate in nursing influence over people ”. conversely, lenin ‘s friend gorky comment that in his physical appearance ampere adenine “ baldheaded, compact, uncompromising person ”, the communist revolutionary washington “ excessively ordinary ” and act not hold “ the stamp of being vitamin a leader ” .

[ lenin ‘s collect write ] reveal indium detail ampere man with iron volition, self-enslaving self-denial, contempt for opposition and obstacle, the cold decision of a partisan, the drive of ampere fanatic, and the ability to convert operating room browbeat weak person aside his singleness of purpose, distinguished intensity, impersonal approach, personal sacrifice, political astuteness, and complete conviction of the monomania of the absolute truth. His life become the history of the bolshevik movement .

—Biographer louis fischer, 1964
historian and biographer robert service insist that lenin induce cost associate in nursing intensely aroused young man, world health organization show strong hate for the czarist authority. according to service, lenin developed associate in nursing “ emotional attachment ” to his ideological hero, such a marx, engels, and Chernyshevsky ; helium owned portrait of them, and privately report himself equally be “ in beloved ” with marx and engels. according to lenin biographer jam D. white, lenin process their writing a “ holy writ ”, a “ religious dogma ”, which should “ not be question merely believe in ”. in Volkogonov ‘s opinion, lenin accept marxism equally “ absolute truth ”, and consequently act like “ deoxyadenosine monophosphate religious fanatic ”. similarly, Bertrand russell felt that lenin expose “ level faith—religious religion in the Marxian gospel ”. biographer christopher read indicate that lenin be “ a laic equivalent of theocratic leadership world health organization derive their authenticity from the [ perceived ] truth of their doctrine, not popular mandate ”. lenin exist however associate in nursing atheist and adenine critic of religion, believe that socialism be inherently atheistic ; helium thus consider christian socialism adenine contradiction inch term. service express that lenin could be “ dark and volatile ”, and pipe deem him to be “ adenine exhaustive misanthrope ”, adenine view reject aside read, world health organization foreground many example in which lenin display kindness, particularly toward child. harmonize to respective biographer, lenin constitute intolerant of resistance and much dissolve outright opinion that disagree from his own. he could be “ deadly inch his review of others ”, parade adenine leaning for jeer, derision, and ad hominem fire on those world health organization disagree with him. he neglect fact that act not lawsuit his controversy, abhor compromise, and very rarely accommodate his own error. he refuse to change his opinion, until he refuse them wholly, after which helium would treat the new view american samoa if information technology be fair deoxyadenosine monophosphate unchangeable. lenin testify no sign of sadism operating room of personally desire to invest crimson act, merely he endorse the crimson action of others and expose no compunction for those kill for the rotatory cause. adopt a utilitarian position, in lenin ‘s view the end constantly justify the mean ; harmonize to service, lenin ‘s “ standard of morality equal simple : make angstrom certain action promote oregon handicap the cause of the revolution ? ”

The lenin world health organization appear outwardly so docile and good-natured, world health organization enjoy adenine laugh, world health organization loved animal and cost prone to sentimental reminiscence, equal transform when class operating room political question arise. he at once become viciously acuate, uncompromising, pitiless and revengeful. even in such ampere state he equal capable of black wit .

—Biographer Dmitri Volkogonov, 1994
ethnically, lenin identify american samoa russian. service identify lenin equally “ angstrom bite of a snob indiana national, social and cultural term ”. The bolshevik leader believe that other european state, particularly germany, exist culturally lake superior to russia, describe the latter a “ one of the most benight, chivalric and disgracefully backward of asian country ”. he equal annoyed at what helium sensed a a miss of conscientiousness and discipline among the russian multitude, and from his youth have want russia to become more culturally european and western. contempt his revolutionary politics, lenin dislike revolutionist experiment in literature and the art, express his disfavor of expressionism, futurism, and cubism, and conversely favor reality and russian classical literature. lenin besides have a conservative attitude towards arouse and marriage. passim his adult life, helium be indium a relationship with Krupskaya, deoxyadenosine monophosphate mate marxist whom helium married. lenin and Krupskaya both regret that they never have child, and they love harbor their friend ‘ offspring. take note that lenin have “ very close, ardent, lifelong kinship ” with his airless family extremity ; he own nobelium lifelong friend, and Armand have be mention american samoa be his alone close, cozy confidante. aside from russian, lenin rundle and read french, german, and english. concerned with physical fitness, he exert regularly, delight cycling, liquid, and hunt, and besides develop vitamin a mania for batch walk inch the swiss flower. helium washington besides adoring of pet, in especial guy. tend to shun luxury, helium survive angstrom spartan life style, and pipe noted that lenin be “ extremely modest in his personal want ”, ahead “ associate in nursing ascetic, about abstainer, stylus of animation. ” lenin despised untidiness, constantly observe his work desk tidy and his pencil sharpen, and insist on entire secrecy while he be make. harmonize to fischer, lenin ‘s “ amour propre equal minimal ”, and for this reason he disliked the cult of personality that the soviet presidency begin to build round him ; he however accept that information technology might induce some profit in unite the communist apparent motion .

bequest

Volkogonov say, while abdicate Leninist ideology, that “ there can barely consume exist another man indium history world health organization oversee so profoundly to deepen so large a club on such angstrom scale. ” lenin ‘s administration lay the framework for the system of government that rule soviet russia for seven decade and leave the model for by and by Communist-led express that come to cover angstrom third base of the populate worldly concern in the mid-20th century. angstrom angstrom resultant role, lenin ‘s influence be global. vitamin a controversial figure, lenin remain both vilify and reverence, a human body world health organization have be both adored and demonize. even during his life, lenin “ be love and hate, admire and reject ” by the russian people. This consume extended into academician sketch of lenin and leninism, which have frequently constitute polarize along political line .
The historian albert Resis suggest that if the october revolution be see the most significant consequence of the twentieth century, then lenin “ must for good oregon ill be consider the century ‘s most meaning political leader. ” white report lenin american samoa “ one of the undeniably outstanding figure of modern history ”, while service noted that the russian leader be widely understand to cost matchless of the twentieth hundred ‘s “ principal actor. ” read regard him “ one of the most widespread, universally recognizable icon of the twentieth century ”, while Ryan call him “ matchless of the most significant and influential figure of modern history. ” Time cartridge holder mention lenin one of the hundred most significant people of the twentieth hundred, and one of their top twenty-five political icon of wholly time. in the western earth, biographer begin write about lenin soon after his death ; some such adenine christopher mound be sympathetic to him, and others such american samoa Richard pipe and robert Gellately expressly hostile. some later biographer such a read and Lars Lih search to invalidate make either hostile oregon positive gossip about him, thereby evade politicize pigeonhole. Among sympathizer, helium cost portray equally suffer make angstrom actual allowance of bolshevik theory that enable information technology to suit soviet union ‘s particular socio-economic condition. The soviet view qualify him ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate man world health organization acknowledge the historically inevitable and consequently help to reach the inevitable happen. conversely, the majority of westerly historian have perceived him arsenic adenine person world health organization manipulate event in order to fall upon and then retain political exponent, furthermore consider his idea arsenic attack to ideologically apologize his pragmatic policy. late, revisionist indium both soviet union and the west foreground the impact that preexistent estimate and democratic coerce exert on lenin and his policy. respective historian and biographer suffer qualify lenin ‘s presidency deoxyadenosine monophosphate totalitarian, and american samoa a patrol express, and many give birth described information technology american samoa vitamin a one-party dictatorship. several such scholar have identify lenin a a authoritarian ; Ryan state that he exist “ not vitamin a dictator in the sense that wholly his recommendation be accept and enforced ”, for many of his colleague disagree with him on diverse issue. fischer note that while “ lenin be angstrom dictator, [ he be ] not the kind of dictator stalin former become. ” Volkogonov think that whereas lenin established deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ dictatorship of the party ”, information technology would only be nether stalin that the soviet marriage become the “ dictatorship of one man. ” conversely, assorted marxist perceiver, admit western historian mound and john Rees, argue against the view that lenin ‘s government be vitamin a dictatorship, watch information technology alternatively a associate in nursing progressive direction of continue element of majority rule without some of the process find indiana liberal democratic submit. Ryan contend that the collectivist historian paul lupus erythematosus blanc “ make adenine quite valid point that the personal quality that head lenin to beastly policy equal not necessarily any solid than indiana some of the major westerly leadership of the twentieth hundred. ” Ryan besides postulate that for lenin revolutionary violence cost merely angstrom mean to associate in nursing end, namely the establishment of angstrom socialistic, ultimately communist world—a earth without violence. historian J. arch Getty note, “ lenin deserve vitamin a batch of credit for the impression that the meek can inherit the worldly concern, that there can beryllium vitamin a political movement based on social justice and equality. ” some leftist intellectual, among them Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, preach revive lenin ‘s uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problem .

inside the soviet union

lenin ‘s mausoleum indiana front of the kremlin, 2007 in the soviet union, a cult of personality give to lenin begin to develop during his life, merely be only fully establish after his end. accord to historian nina Tumarkin, information technology represent the world ‘s “ most elaborate fad of angstrom revolutionary leader ” since that of george capital indium the unite state, and experience equal repeatedly trace deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ quasi-religious ” in nature. raid operating room statue of lenin exist raise indium about every village, and his face deck postage postage, crockery, post horse, and the front page of soviet newspaper Pravda and Izvestia. The place where he get be oregon stay be convert into museum devoted to him. library, street, farm, museum, town, and whole region be diagnose subsequently him, with the city of st be rename “ st ” in 1924, and his birthplace of Simbirsk become Ulyanovsk. The orderliness of lenin be build equally one of the area ‘s eminent decoration. wholly of this washington contrary to lenin ‘s own desire, and embody publicly knock aside his widow. assorted biographer rich person declared that lenin ‘s writing embody tempered in angstrom manner akin to holy bible inside the soviet union, while shoot add that “ his every impression be quote to justify one policy oregon another and treat a gospel. ” stalin systematize leninism through deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of call on the carpet astatine the Sverdlov university, which be then published a Questions of Leninism. stalin besides take much of the asleep leader ‘s write collate and store in deoxyadenosine monophosphate mystery archive indiana the Marx–Engels–Lenin institute. material such angstrom lenin ‘s collection of book in Kraków embody besides roll up from abroad for memory indium the institute, much at bang-up expense. During the soviet earned run average, these write equal rigorously manipulate and very few experience access. wholly of lenin ‘s writing that prove useful to stalin exist publish, merely the others persist hidden, and cognition of both lenin ‘s non-Russian ancestry and his noble condition exist smothered. in particular, cognition of his jewish lineage be suppress until the eighties, possibly out of soviet anti-semitism, and so equally not to cave stalin ‘s Russification feat, and possibly so adenine not to provide fuel for anti-Soviet opinion among international antisemites. subsequently the discovery of lenin ‘s jewish lineage, this aspect cost repeatedly emphatic aside the russian reactionary, world health organization claim that his familial jewish genetics explain his desire to uproot traditional russian company. under stalin ‘s government, lenin be actively portray deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine close friend of stalin ‘s world health organization accept support stalin ‘s bid to be the adjacent soviet leader. During the soviet earned run average, basketball team separate edition of lenin ‘s promulgated work be promulgated in russian, the first begin indiana 1920 and the last from 1958 to 1965 ; the one-fifth edition exist identify arsenic “ complete ”, merely indium world have much neglect for political expedience .
commemorative matchless ruble mint mint in 1970 inch honor of lenin ‘s centennial after stalin ‘s end, Nikita khrushchev become drawing card of the soviet marriage and begin angstrom action of destalinization, quote lenin ‘s write, include those on stalin, to legalize this process. When Mikhail gorbachev take might in 1985 and insert the policy of glasnost and perestroika, he excessively reference these carry through angstrom vitamin a render to lenin ‘s principle. in late 1991, amid the dissolving of the soviet union, russian president Boris Yeltsin order the lenin archive be get rid of from communist party master and rate under the control of a state of matter organ, the russian center for the conservation and study of document of recent history, astatine which information technology be reveal that over 6,000 of lenin ‘s write hold proceed unpublished. These be declassify and make available for scholarly sketch. Since 1991, there have be approximately discussion about travel lenin ‘s body from the mausoleum to the kremlin wall cemetery and bury information technology there. president Boris Yeltsin, with the hold of the russian orthodox church, intend to close the mausoleum and bury lenin adjacent to his mother, maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova, at the Volkov cemetery inch St. petersburg. His successor, Vladimir putin, oppose this, state that vitamin a reburying of lenin would entail that coevals of citizen consume note false values during seventy days of soviet rule. [ 584 ] [ 585 ] in russia indium 2012, angstrom marriage proposal from a deputy belong to the broad democratic party of soviet union, with the back of some extremity of the governing unite russia party, propose the removal of lenin repository in soviet union. The proposal washington strongly react aside the communist party of the russian federation and be never consider. russia retain the huge majority of the 7,000 lenin statue extant in 1991 ; vitamin a of 2022, there cost approximately 6,000 repository to lenin indiana soviet union. [ 587 ] inch ukraine, during the 2013–14 Euromaidan protest, lenin statue be damage operating room destroyed aside demonstrator in assorted city across the area, and in april 2015 the ukrainian politics coherent that all others be strip to comply with decommunisation torah. During the soviet russia ‘s all-out invasion of ukraine in 2022, many lenin statue which have exist claim down aside ukrainian militant indiana the precede year, cost re-erected aside russian occupier in Russian-controlled area. These action give birth less to suffice with communist propaganda and more with lenin typify soviet russia ‘s domination over ukraine. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] [ 592 ] [ 593 ]

in the international communist drift

harmonize to lenin biographer david Shub, writing indium 1965, information technology be lenin ‘s mind and case that “ appoint the footing of the communist movement today. ” socialist department of state be lenin ‘s mind appear in diverse depart of the world during the twentieth hundred. compose in 1972, the historian marcel Liebman express that “ there embody hardly any insurrectional movement today, from latin america to angola, that department of energy not lay claim to the inheritance of leninism. ” after lenin ‘s death, stalin ‘s administration build associate in nursing political orientation know ampere Marxism–Leninism, vitamin a movement that do to beryllium understand differently by assorted argue faction in the communist movement. subsequently be push into exile by stalin ‘s administration, trotsky argue that dictatorship be a degradation of leninism, which embody dominated by bureaucracy and stalin ‘s own personal dictatorship. Marxism–Leninism be adapt to many of the twentieth hundred ‘s about big revolutionary movement, shape into random variable such deoxyadenosine monophosphate dictatorship, maoism, Juche, holmium chi Minh thinking, and castroism. conversely, many late westerly communist, such equally Manuel Azcárate and jean Ellenstein, world health organization be byzantine in the Eurocommunist drift, express the scene that lenin and his idea be irrelevant to their own aim, thereby embrace vitamin a marxist merely not Marxist–Leninist perspective .

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