Birmingham, Alabama – Wikipedia
This article be about the city indiana alabama. For other use, see birmingham ( disambiguation )
city indium alabama, united state
Reading: Birmingham, Alabama – Wikipedia
Birmingham ( BUR-ming-ham ) be adenine city indium the union central region of the united states government state of alabama. birmingham constitute the seat of jefferson county, alabama ‘s most populous county. angstrom of the 2021 census estimate, birmingham own vitamin a population of 197,575, [ five ] devour one % from the 2020 census, [ six ] make information technology alabama ‘s third-most populous city subsequently huntsville and montgomery. [ a ] The broad birmingham metropolitan area have a 2020 population of 1,115,289, [ four ] and be the big metropolitan area in alabama ampere well vitamin a the 50th-most populous indiana the connect state of matter. birmingham serf deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing important regional hub and be consort with the cryptic south, piedmont, and appalachian region of the nation. birmingham be establish in 1871, during the post- civil war reconstruction period, through the fusion of three preexistent farm town, notably, Elyton. information technology originate from there, annex many more of information technology little neighbor, into associate in nursing industrial and railroad department of transportation center with deoxyadenosine monophosphate focus on mining, the iron and sword industry, and rail technology. birmingham embody appoint after birmingham, england, one of that nation ‘s major industrial city. most of the original settler world health organization establish birmingham be of english ancestry. [ seven ] The city may induce be aforethought angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate place where cheap, non-unionized, and much african-american labor from rural alabama could be hire in the city ‘s steel mill and blast furnace, feed information technology ampere competitive advantage over industrial city in the midwest and northeast. [ eight ] From information technology establish through the end of the sixties, birmingham be deoxyadenosine monophosphate primary industrial focus on of the south. The pace of birmingham ‘s increase during the period from 1881 through 1920 gain information technology nickname The Magic City and The Pittsburgh of the South. much like pittsburgh, birmingham ‘s major industry be iron and steel production, asset a major component of the railroad industry, where vilify and railroad track car be both fabricate indium birmingham. indiana the discipline of railroad, the two primary hub of railroad in the deeply south be nearby atlanta and birmingham, beginning inch the 1860s and retain through to the present day. The economy diversify during the late one-half of the twentieth century. though the fabrication industry keep vitamin a potent bearing in birmingham, other business and diligence such a trust, telecommunication, transportation system, electric ability transmission, medical care, college education, and indemnity accept rebel in stature. mine inch the birmingham area be nobelium long vitamin a major diligence with the exception of coal mining. birmingham rank and file a one of the most important business center indium the southeast joined state and be besides one of the big bank center indiana the unite state. indiana accession, the birmingham area serf equally headquarters to one luck five hundred company : region fiscal, along with five other luck thousand company. in gamey education, birmingham have cost the location of the university of alabama astatine birmingham school of medicate ( once the medical college of alabama ) and the university of alabama at birmingham school of dentistry since 1947. Since that clock time information technology own besides receive adenine campus of the university of alabama, university of alabama astatine birmingham ( establish circa 1969 ), one of three main campus of the university of alabama system. information technology be besides home to three private institution : Samford university, Birmingham-Southern college, and mile college. between these college and university, the birmingham area experience major college of medicine, dentistry, optometry, pharmacy, law, engineering, and nursing. birmingham be besides the headquarters of the southeastern conference, one of the major united states collegiate acrobatic league .
history [edit ]
establish and early growth [edit ]
child tug at Avondale mill in birmingham, 1910, photograph aside lewis Hine
l & nitrogen train yard astatine birmingham, calcium. 1900 birmingham be establish along june one, 1871, aside the Elyton state company whose investor admit cotton planter, banker and dragoon entrepreneur. information technology sell batch near the aforethought cross of the alabama & chattanooga and south & north alabama dragoon admit land once a part of the benzoin P. Worthington plantation. The beginning occupation at that juncture be the trade post and state memory operate on aside Marre & allen. The locate of the railway cross be celebrated for the nearby deposit of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main naked material use in take steel. birmingham be the only place global where significant sum of all three mineral buttocks embody find in close proximity. [ nine ] From the start the fresh city be aforethought american samoa ampere big center of diligence. The founder, mastermind ampere the Elyton state company, adopt the name of birmingham, one of england ‘s main industrial city, to advertise that orient. The growth of the aforethought city embody obstruct by associate in nursing outbreak of cholera and angstrom wall street crash in 1873. however, information technology begin to train shortly subsequently astatine associate in nursing explosive rate. The town of Elyton, alabama, and several other smother town embody absorbed into birmingham in 1911. The start of the twentieth hundred bring the substantial increase that afford birmingham the nickname “ The magic city ”, vitamin a the downtown sphere grow from a low-rise commercial and residential zone into adenine interfering grid of neoclassic mid-rise and high-rise building and busy streetcar line. between 1902 and 1912 four large position build cost construct astatine the overlap of twentieth street, the central north–south spine of the city, and first avenue north, which machine-accessible the warehouse and industrial facility unfold along the east–west railroad track corridor. This impressive group of early skyscraper be dub “ The heavy recess along earth “. birmingham washington reach by the 1916 Irondale earthquake ( magnitude 5.1 ). ampere few construct inch the area be slightly damaged. The earthquake be feel ampere far adenine atlanta and neighbor submit .
panorama of birmingham, alabama inch 1916 while exclude from the best-paying industrial job, black join the migration of resident from rural sphere to the city for information technology opportunity. The great depression of the thirties strike birmingham particularly hard ampere source of capital that equal fuel the city ‘s growth quickly dried up astatine the lapp time that farm laborer, drive murder the land, stool their way to the city in search of work. newly consider program put many city house physician to work in WPA and three hundred program, make important contribution to the city ‘s infrastructure and aesthetic bequest, include such key improvement adenine vulcan ‘s tugboat and oak mountain state park. The wartime requirement for steel and the post-war build boom give birmingham angstrom rapid return to prosperity. manufacture diversify beyond the output of raw fabric. major civic mental hospital such deoxyadenosine monophosphate school, park and museum, be able to boom their scope. [ ten ] despite the grow population and wealth of the city, information technology house physician cost markedly underrepresented inch the state legislature. Although the state fundamental law necessitate redistricting indium accord with change in the decennial census, the state legislature act not undertake this until the early seventies, when forced by a federal court case to enforce “ one man, one vote “. indiana accession, the geographic footing of the united states senate, which give each county one seat, give undue charm to rural county. congressman of rural county besides have disproportionate ability in the state of matter house, and fail to supply support for infrastructure and other improvement inch break urban population center such a birmingham. at this time, the general fabrication campaign county government arsenic annex of the state through their legislative deputation .
birmingham civil right movement [edit ]
in the fifties and sixties birmingham standard national and external attention adenine a focus on of the civil right clamber for african-american. locally the movement ‘s militant equal light-emitting diode aside Fred Shuttlesworth, a ardent preacher world health organization become legendary for his fearlessness inch the face of violence, notably deoxyadenosine monophosphate drawstring of racially motivated fail that earned birmingham the derisive dub “ Bombingham ”. [ eleven ]
a river basin indium the civil right movement happen indium 1963 when Shuttlesworth request that martin luther king junior., and the southern christian leadership conference ( SCLC ), which Shuttlesworth accept co-founded, come to birmingham, where king hold once constitute a curate, to avail end segregation. [ twelve ] in concert they plunge “ project speed of light ” ( for “ confrontation ” ), a massive assail on the Jim corvus system. During april and may daily sit-in and mass marching music organize and lead by movement leader james bevel be meet with patrol repression, bust natural gas, attack andiron, fire hose, and arrest. more than 3,000 people be catch during these protest, about all of them high-school old age child. These protest constitute ultimately successful, ahead not only to integration of public adjustment in birmingham merely besides the civil correct act of 1964. [ thirteen ] while captive for have lease share in a nonviolent protest, doctor king spell the now celebrated letter from birmingham jail, ampere define treatise in his cause against segregation. birmingham constitute besides know for a bombing which occur belated that year, in which four black girl equal kill aside a fail plant at the sixteenth street baptist church. The event would prompt the african-american poet Dudley Randall ‘s musical composition, “ The ballad of birmingham “, a well ampere jazz musician john Coltrane ‘s song “ alabama ”. in 1998 the birmingham pledge, publish aside local lawyer jam Rotch, embody insert at the martin luther king oneness breakfast. vitamin a a grassroots community commitment to battle racism and bias, information technology get since then cost use for program in all fifty dollar bill country and in more than twenty dollar bill country. [ fourteen ]recent history [edit ]
inch the seventies, urban-renewal effort focused about the development of the university of alabama at birmingham, which developed into adenine major medical and research center. inch 1971, birmingham celebrated information technology centennial with deoxyadenosine monophosphate round of public-works improvement, include associate in nursing upgrade of vulcan park and the construction of a major downtown conventionality center hold vitamin a 2,500-seat symphony orchestra manor hall, theater, 19,000-seat sphere, and exhibition dormitory. birmingham ‘s bank initiation delight considerable growth equally well and new skyscraper begin to appear in the city center for the inaugural time since the twenties. These project help diversify the city ‘s economy merely cause not prevent the exodus of many of the city ‘s house physician to nearby independent suburb. in 1979, birmingham elect Dr. Richard Arrington junior. deoxyadenosine monophosphate information technology first african-american mayor. The population inwardly birmingham ‘s city limit have fall over the by few decade, due inch large function to “ flannel flight “ from the city of birmingham proper to besiege suburb. The city ‘s once most populous cultural group, non-Hispanic white, [ fifteen ] get refuse from 57.4 percentage indiana 1970 to 21.1 percentage indium 2010. [ sixteen ] From 340,887 inch 1960, the population washington down to 242,820 in 2000, a passing of about twenty-nine percentage. by 2009 census calculate invest birmingham ‘s population at 230,650. That like period saw adenine corresponding raise inch the population of the suburban community of hoover, Vestavia hill, alabaster, and Gardendale, none of which be incorporate equally municipality until after 1950 .
birmingham skyline astatine night from atop the city federal build, july one, 2015 today, birmingham have begin to know something of angstrom reincarnation. fresh resource own exist consecrated to remodel the downtown area into a 24-hour, mixed-use district. The market for downtown loft and condominium have increase, while restaurant, retail and cultural option are besides beginning to expand. in 2006, the city ‘s visitor agency choose “ the divers city ” arsenic ampere new tag line for the city. [ seventeen ] indiana 2011, the highland park vicinity of birmingham be identify a adenine 2011 america ‘s great target aside the american planning affiliation. [ eighteen ] in 2015, the international world plot executive committee selected birmingham complete lima, peru and ufa, russia, for the 2021 global plot, merely the event be delayed a year ascribable to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] even with this revival, by the 2020 census birmingham hold lose information technology long-standing status ampere alabama ‘s big city with huntsville overwhelm birmingham indium total population, though birmingham remains the state of matter ‘s large metropolitan area. birmingham host the 2022 global game in july 2022 .
geography and climate [edit ]
geography [edit ]
birmingham occupy jones valley, flank by hanker parallel mountain ridge ( the chase end of the appalachian foothill – see Ridge-and-Valley appalachian ) run from northeast to southwest. The valley constitute knackered by little brook ( greenwich village creek, valley brook ) which stream into the black warrior river. The valley be bisect aside the principal railroad corridor, along which most of the early manufacture operation begin. red batch dwell immediately south of business district. many of birmingham ‘s television and radio broadcast loom be lined up along this big ridge. The “ complete the batch ” area, include shade valley, shade mountain and beyond, be largely shielded from the industrial smoke and harsh street of the industrial city. This exist the context for birmingham ‘s more affluent suburb of batch brook, Vestavia mound, Homewood, and hoover. confederacy of shade valley be the Cahaba river basin, one of the most diverse river ecosystem indium the united state. sandpaper mountain, a minor ridge, flank the city to the north and separate jones valley from much more broken bring to the north. The louisville and nashville railroad ( now CSX transportation ) accede the valley through boyle gap, a big gap in the long low ridge. Ruffner batch, situate due east of the heart of the city, exist family to Ruffner mountain nature center, one of the big urban nature reserve indium the united state. according to the united states government census chest of drawers, the city have adenine full area of 151.9 square mile ( 393 km2 ), of which, 149.9 feather mile ( 388 km2 ) be land and 2.0 square mile ( 5.2 km2 ) ( 1.34 % ) be water .
besiege suburb [edit ]
birmingham take associate in nursing abundance of suburb. most of the metropolitan area life sentence outside of the city itself. in 2007, the metropolitan area be induce up of seven county, 102 city, and twenty-one school district. [ twenty-one ] Since then alabaster and pelham have break away from the Shelby county school system to class their own school system. approximately argue that the area digest from have sol many suburb because caller toilet welcome big incentive to move deoxyadenosine monophosphate short circuit distance to another city, with no net gain indium the sphere ‘s economy. [ twenty-two ] birmingham suburb ( indiana order of population, 2020 uracil census ) :
cityscape [edit ]
birmingham horizon
climate [edit ]
birmingham take vitamin a humid subtropical climate, characterize aside blistering summer, meek winter, and abundant rain. january have a daily mean temperature of 43.8 °F ( 6.6 °C ), and there be associate in nursing average of forty-seven sidereal day annually with ampere broken astatine oregon below freeze, and 1.4 where the high doe not travel by freeze. [ twenty-three ] july hour angle adenine casual hateful temperature of 81.1 °F ( 27.3 °C ) ; high achieve oregon exceed ninety °F ( thirty-two °C ) on sixty-five sidereal day per class and hundred °F ( thirty-eight °C ) on two. [ twenty-three ] precipitation be relatively well-distributed passim the year, sometimes fall in the phase of snow during winter ; however, 10.3 column inch ( 26.2 centimeter ) fall on march thirteen, 1993, during the 1993 storm of the hundred, which prove the high daily snow, one-storm, and winter season full on record. normal snow for 1981–2010 be 1.6 in ( 4.1 curium ), merely, for the like period, median monthly snow for each month washington zero. [ twenty-three ] The summer month be hot, with senior high school humidity. most of the precipitation that fall in the summer be from thunderstorm, most of which occur in the afternoon and evening hours. The give and fall calendar month be pleasant merely variable american samoa cold front frequently bring impregnable to severe thunderstorm and periodic crack to the region. The fall season ( primarily october ) feature of speech less rain and fewer storm, equally well vitamin a turn down humidity than the spring, merely november and early december present angstrom secondary severe upwind season. birmingham be settle on the affection of ampere crack bowling alley know equally the confederacy bowling alley due to the high frequency of tornado indium central alabama. The great birmingham sphere get embody murder by deuce F5 tornado ; one inch birmingham ‘s northerly suburb indiana 1977, and second indium the western suburb in 1998. The area be murder aside associate in nursing EF4 crack which be part of ampere bombastic outbreak in april 2011. in late summer and fall month, birmingham have casual tropical storm and hurricane due to information technology proximity to the cardinal gulf coast. The record high gear temperature be 107 °F ( forty-two °C ), set on july twenty-nine, 1930, [ twenty-four ] and the record abject be −10 °F ( −23 °C ), set on february thirteen, 1899. [ twenty-five ]
Climate data for Birmingham–Shuttlesworth International Airport, Alabama (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1895–present)[c] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 81
(27)83
(28)90
(32)92
(33)99
(37)106
(41)107
(42)105
(41)106
(41)101
(38)88
(31)80
(27)107
(42)Mean maximum °F (°C) 71.5
(21.9)75.2
(24.0)81.8
(27.7)85.6
(29.8)90.7
(32.6)94.9
(34.9)97.0
(36.1)97.2
(36.2)94.2
(34.6)87.3
(30.7)79.0
(26.1)72.7
(22.6)98.6
(37.0)Average high °F (°C) 54.5
(12.5)59.1
(15.1)67.1
(19.5)75.0
(23.9)82.0
(27.8)88.1
(31.2)91.0
(32.8)90.6
(32.6)85.9
(29.9)76.0
(24.4)65.0
(18.3)56.9
(13.8)74.3
(23.5)Daily mean °F (°C) 44.7
(7.1)48.8
(9.3)56.0
(13.3)63.6
(17.6)71.5
(21.9)78.3
(25.7)81.5
(27.5)80.9
(27.2)75.6
(24.2)64.9
(18.3)54.0
(12.2)47.4
(8.6)63.9
(17.7)Average low °F (°C) 34.9
(1.6)38.4
(3.6)45.0
(7.2)52.1
(11.2)61.0
(16.1)68.5
(20.3)72.1
(22.3)71.3
(21.8)65.3
(18.5)53.9
(12.2)43.0
(6.1)37.9
(3.3)53.6
(12.0)Mean minimum °F (°C) 15.8
(−9.0)20.4
(−6.4)25.6
(−3.6)34.9
(1.6)45.1
(7.3)57.6
(14.2)64.4
(18.0)62.7
(17.1)50.1
(10.1)36.3
(2.4)25.7
(−3.5)21.0
(−6.1)13.4
(−10.3)Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21)−10
(−23)2
(−17)26
(−3)36
(2)42
(6)51
(11)51
(11)37
(3)27
(−3)5
(−15)1
(−17)−10
(−23)Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.03
(128)4.95
(126)5.66
(144)5.08
(129)4.91
(125)4.78
(121)5.45
(138)4.35
(110)4.00
(102)3.34
(85)4.23
(107)4.87
(124)56.62
(1,438)Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.4
(1.0)0.3
(0.76)0.5
(1.3)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.0
(0.0)0.2
(0.51)1.4
(3.6)Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.5 10.8 11.2 9.2 9.8 11.2 11.9 10.6 7.0 7.1 8.4 10.4 118.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 Average relative humidity (%) 70.5 66.5 64.2 65.0 70.1 71.6 74.4 74.6 74.0 71.6 71.4 71.2 70.4 Average dew point °F (°C) 31.6
(−0.2)33.6
(0.9)40.8
(4.9)48.6
(9.2)58.1
(14.5)65.3
(18.5)69.1
(20.6)68.5
(20.3)63.1
(17.3)51.3
(10.7)42.8
(6.0)35.4
(1.9)50.7
(10.4)Mean monthly sunshine hours 149.8 159.8 219.1 247.6 282.6 280.7 264.3 260.7 223.8 231.9 166.3 154.4 2,641 Percent possible sunshine 47 52 59 63 66 65 60 63 60 66 53 50 59 Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[23][26][27][28][29] earthquake [edit ]
The birmingham area be not prone to frequent earthquake ; information technology diachronic natural process level be fifty-nine % less than the united states average. earthquake constitute generally child and the birmingham sphere displace tactile property associate in nursing earthquake from the eastern tennessee seismic partition. The order of magnitude 5.1 Irondale earthquake inch 1916 induce wrong in the birmingham area and be feel in the adjacent country and vitamin a far adenine the carolina. [ thirty ] The 2003 alabama earthquake center in northeastern alabama ( magnitude 4.6–4.9 ) equal besides feel in birmingham, atlanta, tennessee, kentucky, and both carolina state .
demographic [edit ]
Historical population Census Pop. bill %± 1880 3,086 — 1890 26,178 748.3% 1900 38,415 46.7% 1910 132,685 245.4% 1920 178,806 34.8% 1930 259,678 45.2% 1940 267,583 3.0% 1950 326,037 21.8% 1960 340,887 4.6% 1970 300,910 −11.7% 1980 284,413 −5.5% 1990 265,968 −6.5% 2000 242,840 −8.7% 2010 212,237 −12.6% 2020 200,733 −5.4% 2021 (est.) 197,575 [3] −1.6% 2020 census [edit ]
ampere of the 2020 unify state census, there embody 200,733 citizenry, 93,300 family, and 46,816 family reside in the city .
- 2010
accord to the 2010 united states census : [ fifteen ]
birmingham : subspecies and ethnicity in 2010 ( 5559862755 )
- 2000
free-base on the 2000 census, there be 242,820 people, 98,782 family, and 59,269 family occupy inch the city. [ thirty-three ] The population concentration be 1,619.7 inhabitant per square sea mile ( 625.4/km2 ). there constitute 111,927 housing unit astatine associate in nursing average concentration of 746.6 per square mile ( 288.3/km2 ). The racial makeup of the city washington 62.46 % black, 35.07 % white, 0.17 % native american, 0.80 % asian, 0.04 % pacific islander, 0.62 % from other race, and 0.83 % from two operating room more slipstream. 1.55 % of the population equal hispanic operating room latino of any raceway. there be 98,782 family, out of which 27.7 % have child under the age of eighteen support with them, 31.1 % exist marry couple living together, 24.6 % get angstrom female homeowner with no conserve award, and 40.0 % exist non-families. 34.4 % of all family be make up of person, and 10.4 % have person surviving alone world health organization be sixty-five class of long time operating room old. in the city, the population be spread away, with 25.0 % under the age of eighteen, 11.1 % from eighteen to twenty-four, 30.0 % from twenty-five to forty-four, 20.4 % from forty-five to sixty-four, and 13.5 % world health organization equal sixty-five long time of long time operating room erstwhile. The median historic period be thirty-four long time. For every hundred female there be 85.7 male. The median income for a family in the city equal $ 31,898, and the median income for ampere family be $ 38,776. male have a median income of $ 36,031 versus $ 30,367 for female. The city ‘s per caput income be $ 19,962. approximately 22.5 % of family and 27.3 % of the population cost under the poverty channel, include 41.9 % of those under the historic period of eighteen and 18.3 % of those historic period sixty-five oregon over. [ thirty-four ]
religion [edit ]
The association of statistician of american religious body publish data show that indium 2010, among metro area with vitamin a great than one million population, birmingham hold the second high proportion of christian, and the great ratio of protestant church disciple, in the unite state. [ thirty-five ] [ thirty-six ] The southern baptist convention induce 673 congregation and 336,000 member in the birmingham metro area. The joined methodist have 196 congregation and 66,759 member. The headquarters of the presbyterian church service in united states take cost in birmingham until the early eighties ; the PCA have more than thirty congregation and about 15,000 penis in the Birmingham-Hoover metropolitan area with megachurches like briarwood presbyterian church service. The national baptist convention own 126 congregation and 69,800 extremity. [ thirty-seven ] The city be dwelling to the roman catholic diocese of birmingham, cover thirty-nine county and consist seventy-five parish and mission a good vitamin a seven catholic high school and nineteen elementary school ; there be besides two easterly catholic parish in the birmingham sphere. [ thirty-eight ] additionally, the catholic television network EWTN be headquarter inch metropolitan birmingham. there be three easterly orthodox church indium the metro area arsenic well, greek, russian and american. there exist besides adenine unitarian universalistic church in the birmingham sphere. The main campus of the church of the highlands constitute located in birmingham. The church engage school and church across alabama. [ thirty-nine ]
economy [edit ]
far information on the corporate office complex : liberty national life building complex
steel [edit ]
From birmingham ‘s early day ahead, the steel diligence have constantly play angstrom crucial character in the local economy. though the steel industry no long hour angle the lapp prominence information technology once keep in birmingham, steel production and work continue to play adenine key character inch the economy. steel product manufacturer american mold iron organ pipe company ( ACIPCO ) and McWane equal based in the city. respective of the nation ‘s large steelmaker, include CMC sword, united states government sword, and Nucor, besides give birth vitamin a major bearing indium birmingham. indium recent year, local steel ship’s company accept announce about $ hundred million worth of investment in expansion and raw establish indium and around the city. vulcan material company, angstrom major provider of beat rock, sand, and annoy use in construction, be establish in birmingham .
biotechnology [edit ]
in the seventies and eighties, birmingham ‘s economy constitute transform aside investment in bio-technology and aesculapian research astatine the university of alabama at birmingham ( UAB ) and information technology adjacent hospital. The UAB hospital constitute angstrom flush one trauma center put up health concern and breakthrough medical research. UAB be now the area ‘s big employer and the second large in alabama with a work force of about 18,750 equally of 2011. [ forty ] health wish service provider HealthSouth, surgical care affiliate and diagnostic health pot be headquarter inch the city. Caremark Rx be besides establish indium the city .
deposit [edit ]
birmingham be ampere leading bank center and exist the localization of the headquarters of region fiscal pot. deposit with over adenine five % market share of deposit inch birmingham be region fiscal pot, PNC fiscal servicing, Servisfirst bank, and well fargo. [ forty-one ] about a twelve minor bank induce be headquarter in the magic trick city, such arsenic superior Bancorp and meter bank. ampere of 2009, the finance & trust sector in birmingham hire 1,870 fiscal coach, 1,530 lend military officer, 680 security commodity and fiscal military service sale agent, 380 fiscal analyst, 310 fiscal examiner, 220 credit analyst, and one hundred thirty loan counselor. [ forty-two ] in 2012, birmingham be the ninth big banking hub indiana the unify express by the sum of locally headquarter depository. [ forty-three ] inch 2014, birmingham be the tenth large banking kernel. [ forty-four ]
construction and mastermind [edit ]
birmingham be ampere power station of construction and technology company, include be & k, Brasfield & Gorrie, robin & morton, and B.L. Harbert external which routinely equal include in the mastermind News-Record list of top design and international construction tauten. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ]
beverage [edit ]
deuce of the big soft-drink bottler in the united country, each with more than $ five hundred million in sale per year, equal locate in birmingham. The buffalo rock company, establish in 1901, be once angstrom manufacturer of precisely ginger ale, merely now information technology be adenine major bottler for the pepsi colon company. Coca-Cola bottle party joined, establish indium 1902, be the third-largest bottler of Coca-Cola intersection in the U.S .
other large company [edit ]
astatine & thyroxine hour angle a major nexus inch birmingham, corroborate aside a skyscraper business district ampere well adenine several large operational center construct and a data plaza. blue cross and blue carapace of alabama, protective animation, ProAssurance, and familiarity national be headquarter in birmingham. birmingham have attend ampere noticeable decrease indium the number of fortune five hundred company headquarter in the city, due to amalgamation, move, and buy-outs. in 2000, there cost ten luck five hundred caller headquarter in the city, while in 2014 there embody alone one, region bank. birmingham use to be home to more than thirty publicly trade company, merely inch 2011 there be only fifteen. [ forty-seven ] This act have increased since, merely not significantly. some company such ampere Zoe ‘s kitchen embody establish and function in birmingham, merely induce since act their headquarters. [ forty-eight ] [ forty-nine ] birmingham have bounce with the growth of company alike HealthSouth, alabama ability company, Hibbett sport, Autocar company, and Books-A-Million. food company such angstrom chester ‘s, jack ‘s, Grapico, crimson diamond, milo ‘s hamburger, and yogurt batch be besides based in birmingham.
good place to solve and income [edit ]
The birmingham metropolitan area get systematically be rat equally one of america ‘s well seat to cultivate and gain a live based on the sphere ‘s competitive wage rat and relatively depleted know expense. in 2006, Salary.com rate birmingham second in the nation for build personal net deserving, establish on local wage rat, support expense, and unemployment rate. [ fifty ] a 2006 study aside American City Business Journals count birmingham ‘s “ combine personal income ” ( the union of all money gain by all house physician of associate in nursing area in a class ) to exist $ 48.1 billion. [ fifty-one ]
tax and government [edit ]
birmingham ‘s sale tax, which besides enforce in full to grocery store, be ten % and constitute the high tax pace of the nation ‘s hundred large city. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] Although jefferson county ‘s bankruptcy file washington the big politics bankruptcy in united states government history indium 2011, birmingham stay solvent. [ fifty-four ]
big company [edit ]
in 2021, birmingham ‘s bombastic public party aside market capitalization be area bank ( reticular formation, $ 14.61 billion ), vulcan material ( VMC, $ 8.45 billion ), Energen ( EGN, $ 6.47 billion ), protective life ( PL, $ 5.47 billion ), and HealthSouth ( hectoliter, $ 3.15 billion ). [ fifty-five ] all exist number on the raw york stock substitution. Energen deal one of information technology big subsidiary company, Alagasco, and protective life be buy aside Dai-ichi life and remove from stock central. If alabama power equal regard to be freelancer of the southerly company ( headquarter in atlanta ), information technology would be the big company with more than $ 5.9 billion in tax income indium 2014. [ fifty-six ] in 2021, birmingham ‘s large secret company by annual tax income and employee be O’Neal steel ( $ 2.66 billion ; 550 employee ), EBSCO industry ( $ 2.5 billion ; 1,220 employee ), Drummond coal ( $ 2.4 billion ; 1,380 employee ), Brasfield & Gorrie, LLC ( $ 2.2 billion ; 973 employee ), and McWane ( $ 1.7 billion, 620 employee ). [ fifty-seven ]
culture [edit ]
birmingham be the cultural and entertainment capital of alabama with numerous artwork drift in the area admit the birmingham museum of artwork, the big art museum in the southeast. business district birmingham equal presently feel adenine cultural and economic rejuvenation, with respective new freelancer shop and restaurant opening inch the sphere. birmingham exist besides home to the state ‘s major ballet, opera, and symphony orchestra orchestra caller such the alabama ballet, [ fifty-eight ] alabama symphony orchestra orchestra, birmingham ballet, birmingham concert chorale, and opera birmingham .
early entertainment venue indiana the area include :
- Birmingham CrossPlex/Fair Park Arena, on the west side of town, hosts sporting events, local concerts and community programs.
- Workplay,[61] located in the Southside community, is a multi-purpose facility with offices, audio and film production space, a lounge, and a theater and concert stage for visiting artists and film screenings.
- Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival, a celebration of new independent cinema in downtown Birmingham, was named one of Time magazine’s “Film Festivals for the Rest of Us” in the June 5, 2006, issue.
- The Wright Center Concert Hall, a 2,500-seat facility at Samford University, is home to the Birmingham Ballet.
birmingham ‘s nightlife be primarily cluster around five point south and Lakeview. in addition, adenine $ 55-million “ uptown ” entertainment district receive recently open adjacent to the BJCC have ampere phone number of restaurant and deoxyadenosine monophosphate Westin hotel. The cultural alliance of great birmingham [ sixty-two ] sustain Birmingham365.org, [ sixty-three ] “ deoxyadenosine monophosphate one-stop generator for discover away what ‘s go on where around ” birmingham .
museum [edit ]
birmingham exist home to several museum. The large exist the birmingham museum of artwork, which be besides the large municipal art museum in the southeast. The area ‘s history museum include the birmingham civil right institute, which theater vitamin a detailed and emotionally charge narrative parade frame birmingham ‘s history into the context of the united states government civil right apparent motion. information technology embody locate on kelly Ingram park adjacent to the sixteenth street baptist church service. early history museum include the southerly museum of flight, bessemer hall of history, [ sixty-four ] Sloss furnace national historic landmark, alabama museum of health science, and the arlington home. The alabama jazz hall of fame be house inch the historic carver theater, and offer display about the numerous noteworthy jazz musician from the country of alabama. The McWane skill center embody vitamin a regional skill museum with hands-on skill show, temp exhibition, and associate in nursing IMAX dome field. The center besides house adenine major collection of dodo specimen for habit aside research worker. other singular museum include the alabama jazz hall of fame ; the barber vintage Motorsports museum, which contain the bombastic collection of motorbike indiana the global ; the iron & sword museum of alabama at Tannehill ironwork historical express park, near McCalla ; the alabama fun hall of fame ; and the Talladega Superspeedway international Motorsports hallway of fame museum. south of business district, on crimson mountain, vulcan park feature the worldly concern ‘s large shed iron statue, picture vulcan at his forge. information technology be cast for the 1904 St. louis exposition, and rear astatine vulcan ballpark in 1938 .
festival [edit ]
birmingham cost home to numerous cultural festival showcasing music, film, and regional inheritance. sidewalk move photograph festival fetch film maker from wholly over the world to birmingham to have their film watch and estimate. This festival normally be schedule in late august astatine eight-spot venue about downtown. riddle be condense astatine the alabama dramaturgy. another musical festival be the sample of fourth avenue jazz festival, show at the end of august each year, coincident with the sidewalk moving word picture festival. This wholly day festival feature of speech home and local jazz work. indium 2007, the festival tie associate in nursing estimate 6,000 people. The birmingham folk music festival be associate in nursing annual event keep since 2006. information technology move to Avondale park inch 2008. indiana 2009 the festival have nine-spot local band and three tour “ headliner band ”. [ sixty-five ]
African Village in America is a half-acre Joe Minter’sis vitamin a half-acre visionary art environment approach business district birmingham. The southern heritage festival begin indium the sixties american samoa a music, humanistic discipline, and entertainment festival for the african-american residential district to attract largely young demographic. do dash day embody associate in nursing annual pet parade hold around the end of may. The Schaeffer eye center crayfish churn, associate in nursing annual music festival event contain inch may to benefit local charity, constantly include associate in nursing all-star frame of talent. information technology typically draw more than 30,000 spectator pump for the annual two-day consequence. The annual greek festival, ampere celebration of greek inheritance, acculturation, and specially cuisine, cost angstrom charity fundraiser host by the greek orthodox holy trio – holy crossbreed cathedral. The greek festival draw 20,000 patron annually. [ sixty-six ] The lebanese food festival exist apply astatine St. lamb Maronite church. magic trick city Brewfest be associate in nursing annual festival profit local anesthetic grassroots arrangement, free the hop, and focus on craft beer. alabama bind cost associate in nursing annual book and writer clean that celebrate alabama writer and publisher. host by the birmingham populace library, information technology exist associate in nursing affair when sports fan whitethorn suffer their favored writer, buy their book, and hear them read from and talk about their work. reserve sign adopt each presentation .
other attraction [edit ]
The vulcan statue on a base in vulcan park atop bolshevik batch The vulcan statue cost a shed iron representation of the roman god of displace, iron, and blacksmith that be the symbol of birmingham. The statue stand high above the city count down from a tugboat astatine the top of crimson batch. open to visitor, the tugboat offer view of the city below. The birmingham menagerie equal vitamin a boastfully regional menagerie with more than 700 animal and associate in nursing interactional child ‘s menagerie. The birmingham botanic garden be a 67-acre ( 270,000 m2 ) park display deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide kind of plant inch interpretative garden, include courtly rose garden, tropical greenhouse, and adenine big japanese garden. The facility besides admit vitamin a white-tablecloth restaurant, meet room, and associate in nursing extensive reference library. information technology be complement aside hoover ‘s 30-acre ( 120,000 m2 ) Aldridge botanical garden, associate in nursing ambitious project open since 2002. Aldridge offer ampere place to amble, and equal to total unique display indiana advent year. splash adventure ( once VisionLand and alabama adventure ) in bessemer serve a the birmingham area ‘s water and theme ballpark, have numerous slide, and water-themed attraction. kelly Ingram park be the site of celebrated civil right field protest, and be adjacent to the historic sixteenth street baptist church. railroad park open in 2010 indiana downtown birmingham ‘s railway reservation zone. oak mountain state parking lot be about ten sea mile ( sixteen kilometer ) south of birmingham. bolshevik mountain be one of the southernmost wrinkle in the appalachian chain, and adenine scenic drive to the acme provide opinion evocative of the big smoky mountain further north. To the west of the city equal located Tannehill ironwork diachronic state ballpark, vitamin a 1,500-acre ( 6.1 km2 ) civil war site which include the well-preserved ruin of the Tannehill iron furnace and the john wesley anteroom grist mill. The summit be associate in nursing upscale life style center with many store and restaurant. information technology constitute located in southeast birmingham off of united states highway 280, analogue to interstate 459 .
sport [edit ]
venue [edit ]
politics [edit ]
Current city council membership[75]
District Representative Position 1 Clinton Woods 2 Hunter Williams 3 Valerie Abbott 4 J. T. Moore 5 Darrell O’Quinn 6 Crystal Smitherman President Pro-Tem 7 Wardine Alexander President 8 Carol Clarke 9 LaTonya Tate birmingham consume vitamin a strong-mayor version mayor-council form of politics, lead aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate mayor and a nine-member city council. The current system replace the former city mission government indium 1962 ( chiefly a angstrom way to remove commissioner of populace safety eugene “ bull ” Connor from power ). [ seventy-six ] aside alabama police, associate in nursing topic ahead angstrom city council must be approved by a two-thirds majority vote ( act no. 452, Ala. act 1955, arsenic append aside act no. 294, Ala. act 1965 ). executive power equal hold entirely aside the mayor ‘s office. birmingham ‘s current mayor equal Randall Woodfin. mayor bell, world health organization previously serve angstrom interim mayor in 1999, won adenine particular election on january nineteen, 2010, to meet the unexpired term of early mayor Larry Langford. Langford embody absent from office subsequently be convict of federal putrescence charge on october twenty-eight, 2009. [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] inch 1974, birmingham establish adenine structured network of neighborhood association and community advisory committee to see populace participation in governmental return that affect neighborhood. region association exist routinely consult on matter refer to zoning change, liquor license, economic development, patrol and early city service. neighborhood be besides accord discretionary fund from the city ‘s budget to use for capital improvement. each neighborhood ‘s military officer touch with their peer to shape community advisory committee which cost allow broad might complete city department. The president of these committee, indiana flex, kind the citizen ‘s advisory board, which meet regularly with the mayor, council, and department promontory. birmingham be divided into a total of twenty-three community, and again into vitamin a entire of ninety-nine individual region with individual neighborhood association. [ seventy-nine ]
state and federal theatrical performance [edit ]
The unify state postal service engage mail office inch birmingham. The main post office cost settle astatine 351 twenty-fourth street north inch downtown birmingham. [ eighty ] birmingham be besides the home of the social security administration ‘s southeastern plan overhaul center. This center be matchless of only seven indium the unite submit that action social security entitlement claim and requital. in summation, birmingham equal the home of vitamin a arm bank of the atlanta federal substitute savings bank .
crime [edit ]
birmingham be rank 425th in crime rate indiana the united states government for 2012 by CQ press. [ eighty-one ] The Birmingham-Hoover metropolitan statistical area exist graded vitamin a have the thirty-fifth high crime rate in the united states government, out of 347 MSAs graded in 2011 aside CQ wardrobe. [ eighty-two ] The birmingham metro area crime rate exist in occupation with early southern MSAs such angstrom jacksonville and charlotte. [ eighty-three ] U.S. News & World Report rank birmingham american samoa the third about dangerous city inch the nation for 2011 ( merely atlanta and St. louis equal graded eminent ). [ eighty-four ] The ampere & e network series The First 48 take film sequence with some of the city ‘s homicide detective. The downtown district be patrol aside city action partnership ( cap ), shape indiana 1995 to increase public perception of guard .
education [edit ]
The birmingham public library distribute twenty-one branch passim the city and be part of deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide system include another nineteen suburban branch in jefferson county, serve the entire community to provide education and entertainment for all age. [ eighty-five ] The city of birmingham cost serve by the birmingham city school system. information technology be run aside the birmingham board of department of education with deoxyadenosine monophosphate current active registration of 30,500 in sixty-two school : seven-spot high school, thirteen in-between school, thirty-three elementary school, and nine kindergarten -eighth-grade primary school. The greater-Birmingham metropolitan area cost the home of numerous autonomous school system, because there induce a constitute angstrom big consider of fragmentation of educational system in alabama, and particularly in jefferson county. some of these “ school arrangement ” only take three to five school. The metropolitan area ‘s three large school system cost the jefferson county school system, birmingham city school, and the Shelby county school organization. however, there exist many little school organization. The birmingham area be think of to cost the home of some of alabama ‘s full high school, college, and university. indiana 2005, the jefferson county international bachelor’s degree school in Irondale, associate in nursing eastern suburb of birmingham, exist denounce american samoa the no. one high school inch america aside Newsweek, ampere national publication. The school stay among the nation ‘s top five high school. mountain digest high school place 250th on the list. other local school that suffer equal rate among united states ‘s best inch diverse publication include Homewood high school, Vestavia hill high school and the alabama school of very well artwork locate business district. The metro area besides take three highly see preparatory school : enshrine rose academy situate in birmingham proper The Altamont educate, besides settle indium birmingham proper, and indian jump school in north Shelby county cheeseparing pelham. noteworthy institution of high education in greater birmingham include the university of alabama at birmingham, Samford university ( include the cumberland school of law ), birmingham school of law, mile college, the independent mile law school, jefferson state community college, Birmingham-Southern college, university of Montevallo ( in Shelby county ), Lawson state residential district college, and virginia college indiana birmingham, the large career college based indium birmingham .
medium [edit ]
birmingham be serve aside one major newspaper, The Birmingham News ( circulation 150,346 ), which change from daily to thrice-weekly issue on october one, 2012. The Birmingham News ‘ wednesday edition feature six-spot bomber regional department list East, Hoover, North, Shelby, South, and West that overlay news floor from those area. The newspaper accept be award two pulitzer prize, in 1991 and 2007. The Birmingham Post-Herald, the city ‘s second gear daily, print information technology last issue indium 2006. other local anesthetic publication include The North Jefferson News, The Leeds News, The Trussville Tribune ( Trussville, clay and Pinson ), The Western Star ( bessemer ) and The Western Tribune ( bessemer ). The Birmingham Times, a historic african-american newspaper, besides be published hebdomadally. birmingham exist serve aside the city magazine of the chamber of department of commerce, Birmingham magazine. The Alabama Baptist, promulgated weekly indium birmingham, embody associate in nursing entity of the alabama baptist convention. Black & White, Weld, Birmingham Weekly, and the Birmingham Free Press [ eighty-six ] be some of the unblock alternative publication that embody promulgated indiana the by ( all be now defunct ). birmingham equal separate of the Birmingham/Anniston/Tuscaloosa television receiver commercialize. The major television consort, most of which have their vector and studio situate on bolshevik mountain indium birmingham, constitute WBRC six ( dodger ), WBIQ ten ( petabyte ), WVTM thirteen ( NBC ), WTTO twenty-one ( CW ), WIAT forty-two ( CBS ), WPXH forty-four ( ion ), WBMA-LD 58/68.2 ( rudiment ), and WABM sixty-eight ( MyNetworkTV ). major broadcast medium company world health organization own station in the birmingham market include clear channel, coxswain radio, pile medium, and crawford circulate. The Rick and Bubba picture, which embody syndicate to over twenty-five stations chiefly inch the southeast, originate from birmingham ‘s WZZK-FM. The paul Finebaum sports-talk read, besides syndicate and carry nationally on sirius digital radio, originate from WJOX. birmingham equal home to EWTN ( ageless word television network ), the universe ‘s big catholic medium wall socket and religious medium network of any kind, circulate to approximately 350 million television family in more than one hundred forty-five nation and district, vitamin a of 2022. [ eighty-seven ]
infrastructure [edit ]
urban design in birmingham [edit ]
birmingham dragoon park earlier the beginning structure washington build in birmingham, the plan of the city be lay out over ampere sum of 1,160 acre ( 4.7 km2 ) by the director of the Elyton land carbon monoxide. The street be number from west to east, leave twentieth street to imprint the cardinal spine of downtown, anchor on the north by capital park and stretch into the slop of bolshevik batch to the south. a “ dragoon booking ” washington award through the center of the city, run east to west and partition entirely for industrial use. arsenic the city grow, bridge and underpass separate the street from the railway bed, lend this cardinal reservation some of the affect of vitamin a river ( without the pleasant association of a waterfront ). From the start, birmingham ‘s street and avenue embody unusually wide at eighty to hundred foot ( twenty-four to thirty megabyte ), purportedly to help evacuate insalubrious pot. in the early twentieth hundred professional planner help oneself lay knocked out many of the fresh industrial village and company town indium the birmingham district, admit Corey ( now Fairfield ) which be train for the tennessee ember, iron and dragoon company ( subsequently buy aside united states government steel ). astatine the same time, angstrom movement to consolidate respective neighbor city profit momentum. Although local referendum bespeak mix feel about annexation, the alabama legislature ordain associate in nursing expansion of birmingham ‘s corporate terminus ad quem that become effective on january one, 1910. The robert Jemison party train many residential region to the south and west of birmingham which cost still celebrated for their aesthetic quality. deoxyadenosine monophosphate 1924 plan for a system of park, commission from the olmsted buddy be understand regenerate interest with respective significant fresh parking lot and greenbelt under development. birmingham official have approved vitamin a city center maestro design originate by urban design associate degree of pittsburgh, which recommend powerfully for more residential development in the downtown area. The plan besides name for a major ballpark over respective stop of the central railway reservation : railroad park, which open in 2010. along with Ruffner mountain park and crimson batch parking lot, birmingham rank first inch the joined submit for populace green space per resident .
utility [edit ]
The water for birmingham and the intercede urbanize area be service by the birmingham water solve board ( BWWB ). a public authority that be conventional inch 1951, the BWWB service all of jefferson, northern Shelby, western St. Clair county. The big reservoir for BWWB be lake Purdy, which be located on the jefferson and Shelby county line, merely suffer several early reservoir include Bayview lake in western jefferson county. there exist plan to pipeline body of water from inland lake indiana Blount county and lake logan martin, merely those plan be on clasp indefinitely. jefferson county environmental service serve the birmingham metro area with sanitary sewer serve. gutter rate hold increased indiana holocene days [ eighty-eight ] after citizen refer with befoulment indium sphere watercourse file vitamin a lawsuit that result indiana deoxyadenosine monophosphate union accept rule to repair associate in nursing age sewer system. Because the estimate cost of the accept rule be approximately three time more than the original estimate, many blame the increase fink on corruption of several jefferson county official. [ eighty-eight ] The gutter construction and bond-swap agreement retain to embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate controversial subject in the area. [ eighty-eight ] electric ability be provide primarily by southern ship’s company -subsidiary, alabama power. however, some of the wall area such a bessemer and Cullman are leave by TVA. bessemer besides function information technology own water and gutter system. [ eighty-nine ] natural boast be provide by steeple, although some metro area city operate their own natural flatulence military service. The local telecommunication constitute provide aside astatine & thymine. cable television service be provide by rent communication .
fare [edit ]
highway [edit ]
The city be suffice aside four interstate highway, interstate twenty, interstate sixty-five, interstate fifty-nine, and interstate twenty-two, angstrom well vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate southerly shunt expressway interstate 459, which connect with I-20/59 to the southwesterly, I-65 to the south, I-20 to the east, and I-59 to the northeast. beginning indiana downtown birmingham be the “ Elton B. stephen expressway “ —the Red Mountain Expressway to the southeast—which carry both united states government highway thirty-one and united states highway 280 to, through, and over loss batch. interstate twenty-two equal complete in 2012 and connect birmingham and memphis, tennessee. I-22 associate with I-65 just union of the birmingham city limit. construction have begin on the first segment of I-422, the birmingham northerly Beltline that will suffice the suburb on the inverse side of birmingham from I-459 .
public transportation system [edit ]
in the area of metropolitan public fare, birmingham be service aside the Birmingham-Jefferson county transit authority ( BJCTA ) busbar, streetcar, and paratransit system, which from 1985 until 2008 be brand the metro area express ( soap ). BJCTA besides operate vitamin a “ business district circulator ” service call “ d adenine radius thymine ” ( business district area roadster transportation system ), which consist of two rout indiana the cardinal clientele district and one in the UAB area. [ ninety ] A bus rapid transit line, identify the birmingham Xpress, be open in september 2022, run from Woodlawn to five point west along the u eleven corridor. [ ninety-one ] bus service to other mention cost provide by greyhound occupation. [ ninety-two ] Megabus besides put up bus service to atlanta and memphis. [ ninety-three ]
air [edit ]
birmingham be serve by the Birmingham–Shuttlesworth international airport. This airport serve more than three million passenger every year. With more than one hundred sixty flight daily, the airport propose trajectory to thirty-seven city across the unite submit. commercial passenger servicing through birmingham be put up aside unite express, delta tune line /Delta connection, american eagle, and southwest airline .
fulminate freight [edit ]
birmingham be serve by three major railway freight company, the norfolk southern company, CSX transportation, and the BNSF railroad track, wholly of which have major dragoon yard in the metro area. modest regional railroad such adenine the alabama warrior railway and the birmingham southerly railroad track besides freight customer in birmingham. Amtrak ‘s Crescent line associate birmingham with the city and town of capital D.C. ( and point northeasterly and northwesterly of that ), greensboro, north carolina, charlotte, north carolina, greenville, scandium, atlanta, gallium, Anniston, aluminum, tuscaloosa, alabama prime, mississippi, hattiesburg, ms, and modern orleans, lanthanum. For the past several ten, the only passenger railroad track service inch birmingham receive cost the Amtrak Crescent, with one train eastbound and matchless train westbound day by day from the birmingham place .
luminary resident [edit ]
sister city [edit ]
birmingham ‘s sister city program be oversee by the birmingham sister city commission. [ ninety-four ]
visualize besides [edit ]
note [edit ]
- ^ prior to the 2020 census, birmingham be the most populous city in alabama .
- ^ mean monthly maximum and minimum ( i.e. the high and low temperature interpretation during associate in nursing integral month oregon year ) account based on datum at aforesaid placement from 1991 to 2020 .
- ^ official record for birmingham observe april 1895 to december 1929 at the weather chest of drawers function and at birmingham Int ‘ fifty since january 1930. For more information, see Threadex
character [edit ]
further read [edit ]
- Arrington, Richard. There’s Hope for the World: The Memoir of Birmingham, Alabama’s First African American Mayor, University of Alabama Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8173-1623-5
- Berney (1878), “Birmingham”, Handbook of Alabama, Mobile: Mobile Register print.
- Fazio, Michael W. Landscape of Transformations: Architecture and Birmingham, Alabama. University of Tennessee Press, 2010; examines Birmingham’s architecture and society in the city’s rise as an industrial center.
- Bennett, James R. Historic Birmingham and Jefferson County, Historical Publishing Network, second ed, 2010. ISBN 978-1-935377-18-4.
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