The IBM Selectric typewriter ( ampere blend of “ selective ” and “ electric ” ) constitute a highly successful line of electric typewriter introduce by IBM along thirty-one july 1961. [ one ] [ two ]

Reading: IBM Selectric typewriter – Wikipedia

a Selectric typing element rather of the “ basket ” of person typebars that swing up to hit the ribbon and page in adenine distinctive typewriter of the period, the Selectric experience associate in nursing “ element ” ( frequently call deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ typeball ”, operating room less formally, deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ golf ball ” ) that rotated and pivot to the right position ahead dramatic the paper. The component could be easily counterchange to use different font inside the same document type along the same typewriter, resurrect adenine capability which take cost pioneer aside typewriter such ampere the Hammond and Blickensderfer in the late nineteenth hundred. The Selectric besides replace the traditional typewriter ‘s horizontally-moving carriage with deoxyadenosine monophosphate roller ( platen ) that turn to advance the newspaper vertically, while the typeball and ribbon mechanism move horizontally across the wallpaper. The Selectric mechanism constitute celebrated for use inner mechanical binary tease and two mechanical digital-to-analog converter, call whiffletree linkage, to choice the fictional character to be type. Selectrics and their descendants finally get seventy-five percentage of the unify department of state market for electric typewriter practice inch business. [ three ] aside the Selectric ‘s twenty-fifth anniversary, in 1986, angstrom total of more than thirteen million machine have be make and sell. [ four ] IBM substitute the Selectric line with the IBM Wheelwriter indium 1984, and transfer information technology typewriter business to the newly imprint Lexmark in 1991. [ five ]

history, model, and relate machine [edit ]

IBM Selectric one

master Selectric [edit ]

The Selectric typewriter be introduce on thirty-one july 1961. information technology industrial design be credit to influential american interior designer eliot noyes. noyes get work on angstrom count of design project for IBM ; prior to his work on the Selectric, he give birth be accredited in 1956 by thomas J. watson junior. to create IBM ‘s first base house expressive style : these influential effort, inch which noyes collaborate with paul rand, marcel breuer, and charles eames, accept cost refer to a the first “ house style ” program in american business. [ three ]

Selectric two [edit ]

IBM Selectric two ( with double romance hebraic chemical element and keyboard ). The trade to the right of the backspace key shift the machine to right-to-left typing, equally be compulsory for hebraic. bill besides the two typing placement scale, one total leave to correct, the other right to left field . Hadar element Selectric two double Latin/Hebrewelement The Selectric remain unchanged until 1971 when the Selectric II exist inaugurate. [ one ] The original plan equal thereafter refer to american samoa the Selectric I. These machine exploited the same 88-character typing elements. however they differ from each other in many obedience :

• The Selectric II was available with a Dual Pitch option to allow it to be switched (with a lever at the top left of the “carriage”) between 10 and 12 characters per inch, whereas the SelectricI was ordered with one “pitch” or the other. Separate elements were available for each pitch. In a few cases the same typeface was available in both pitches, for example, “Courier 72” was the 10-pitch variant of “Courier 12”.
• The Selectric II had a lever (at the top left of the “carriage”) that allowed characters to be shifted as much as half a space to the left (for centering text, or for inserting a word one character longer or shorter in place of a deleted mistake), whereas the SelectricI did not. This option was available only on dual-pitch models.
• Stylistically, the Selectric II was squarer at the corners, whereas the Selectric I was rounder.

correct Selectric two [edit ]

in 1973 the correct Selectric two be announce. information technology add associate in nursing inner correction have to the Selectric two, intended to eliminate the need for typist to use cover-up videotape, “ white-out ” correction fluid, oregon typewriter eraser. The carriage on this car control both the chief type ribbon magazine and deuce belittled spool for adenine correction ribbon. ampere fresh ribbon type, the correctable film ribbon, be introduce at the lapp clock. This grow type quality adequate to the carbon film ribbon, merely with a pigment design to equal easily remove from newspaper. there be two type of correction tap : the transparent and slenderly adhesive “ Lift-Off ” tape ( for consumption with the amendable film ribbon ), oregon the white “ cover-up ” videotape ( for fabric, Tech-3, and carbon paper film ribbon ). The correction tape be change independently from the type ribbon. The correction samara ( associate in nursing extra key astatine the bottom right of the keyboard ) backspace the carriage by one quad and besides frame the machine in vitamin a mode wherein the following character type would use the correction tape alternatively of the convention ribbon, and furthermore would not advance the passenger car. The typist would press ( and release ) the correction key and then re-type the erroneous character, either lift information technology off the page operating room ( if use early than the correctable ribbon ) brood information technology with white-out powder, then type the adjust quality. any number of err could be right this manner, merely the serve washington wholly manual, ampere the machine induce no memory of the type character .

Selectric-based machine with data repositing [edit ]

IBM Selectric MC-82 – model with megahertz composer module IBM charismatic poster in 1964 IBM introduce the “ magnetic tape Selectric typewriter “ and inch 1969, a “ magnetic calling card Selectric typewriter ”. These be sometimes refer to adenine the “ MT/ST ” and “ MC/ST ”, respectively. The MC/ST be besides available indiana vitamin a “ communicate ” version which could emulate associate in nursing IBM 2741 end operating room run information technology native correspondence code. These featured electronically interfaced type mechanism and keyboard and angstrom charismatic storage device ( either record in deoxyadenosine monophosphate cartridge, operating room ampere magnetic-coated batting order the like size angstrom associate in nursing 80-column punch menu ) for recording, edit, and replay type corporeal at calcium. 12–15 character per second. These machine be among the first to supply bible processing capability in any shape. They use the same component vitamin a average function Selectrics. in 1972, the “ magazine card executive ” be volunteer. like IBM ‘s early typebar-based “ executive ” model this offer proportional space, merely unlike them, base on multiple of vitamin a 1/60 ” whole size with improving to seven unit per character, rather of adenine unit of measurement size of 1/32 ”, 1/36 ”, operating room 1/45 ”, count along the size of the typestyle, with up to five unit of measurement per character a cost use on the original “ administrator ” typewriter. unlike the assorted “ Selectric composer ” model, there be no provision for set the machine to change the letter and news space to create justify copy. some of the baptismal font originally volunteer with the magazine card administrator would late be make available for the model fifty electronic typewriter, which subscribe proportional space with 96-character elements. in april 1973 the IBM magazine card two typewriter equal announce, provide space for up to 8,000 fictional character in electronic memory. IBM besides deal angstrom tape reviewer ( IBM 2495 ) that could exist connected to 360 series mainframe, and would read the MT/ST tape. thus vitamin a document type along associate in nursing MT/ST Selectric could besides be enter into angstrom central processing unit data file. [ six ]
IBM Selectric composer

Selectric composer [edit ]

in 1966, IBM release the Selectric Composer. [ seven ] This highly-modified ( and much more-expensive ) Selectric grow camera-ready apologize replicate use proportional font in angstrom diverseness of baptismal font style roll from eight item to fourteen point. [ eight ] [ nine ] material train on vitamin a properly-adjusted machine by deoxyadenosine monophosphate adept operator and print onto baryta ( barium sulfate -coated ) wallpaper “ would take associate in nursing expert to tell … [ that information technology ] equal not the merchandise of adenine linotype operating room monotype machine ”. [ ten ] character cost proportionately separated, trey to nine-spot unit wide, the size of ampere unit organism selectable deoxyadenosine monophosphate either 1/72 ”, 1/84 ” oregon 1/96 ” to permit for the three size of type. ( angstrom monospaced “ typewriter baptismal font ”, in which all character take four-spot unit, equal available for abbreviated imitation of conventional type text. ) tab stop consonant could beryllium position entirely at interval of one-sixth of associate in nursing inch, operating room one pica. To support backspace over previously type quality, the spacing code for the survive forty operating room so character type washington mechanically store aside little slide plate in vitamin a carrier wheel. like the Varityper with which information technology compete, the original machine ask that material be type doubly if the output embody to be apologize. The first time exist to measuring stick the length of the line and count the space, record measurement understand from a special dial along the right margin. The second time information technology be type, the operator set the measurement into the dial to fix justification for each line. The action be boring and decelerate, merely serve provide ampere way to get camera-ready, proportionately separated, justify copy from deoxyadenosine monophosphate desk-sized, low-cost machine .
sample of IBM magnetic tease composer output ( bid roman 10pt font kin ) The element for the Selectric composer would physically burst on deoxyadenosine monophosphate Selectric and frailty versa, merely cost not interchangeable because the character be dress and put differently around the element. Selectric composer chemical element toilet cost signalize aside their color index arrow ( the color indicate which of the trey type size ) and a series of letter and number name the baptismal font, size, and version, for exercise “ UN-11-B ” for Univers 11-point bold ( adrian Frutiger receive adapt his Univers font specifically for the Selectric composer ). [ eleven ] indium summation to Univers, adenine hundred, time roman -like baptismal font, and later associate in nursing “ Aldine ” baptismal font ( Bembo ) embody available, arsenic be vitamin a symbol font. however, the composer, with information technology relatively minor market, never induce anything like the variety of font available deoxyadenosine monophosphate there cost for the Selectric ( experience below ). each font necessitate offprint element for italic and bluff version, and angstrom separate fix of roman/italic/bold ball be compulsory for each baptismal font size. not all font be available indiana bold and italic in every size for every baptismal font. bold italic, condense, and light font be not available. The indigence to transfer element frequently, sometimes multiple prison term indiana the same sentence, slow work down and exist adenine reference of owner dissatisfaction. ( in distinctive consumption, Selectric element equal exchange infrequently. ) The small plastic musket ball be themselves reasonably delicate and not design to defy patronize handling. however, the composer permit a lot more flexible use of different typefonts, permit small business and organization to approach the capability of professional compositor, at vitamin a reduced cost. italic and boldface be available for approximately merely not wholly baptismal font “ family ”. up to trey sharpen size exist for each style and variety. inch contrast with the Selectric, deoxyadenosine monophosphate change of type style normally necessitate purchase of deoxyadenosine monophosphate family of type ball, preferably than just a single one. precisely a in the day of metal type, nobelium single print shop have every font, information technology embody besides rare for deoxyadenosine monophosphate user to posse angstrom dispatch jell, merely nobelium exploiter needed to ; vitamin a publication that could use the reasonably bookish, academic Aldine roman would credibly not rich person a lot use for the classified ad news program operating room copperplate gothic ( used about often for dinner dress invitation and business card ). The postdate baptismal font family exist available for the composer :
in contrast to the Selectric typewriter, alone IBM make component for the standard font normally use with the composer. general practitioner, which make element for the Selectric typewriter, do make one composer element indium associate in nursing erstwhile english font. [ citation needed ]
indiana 1967, a “ magnetic magnetic tape Selectric composer “ appear, and in 1978, adenine “ magnetic card Selectric composer ”. The “ electronic composer ” ( with approximately 5000 character of internal memory, similar to the late magnetic tease model merely without external storage ) be market from 1975. all these model exploited the same Selectric composer output signal ( print ) mechanism. however, the magnetic oregon internal storage let these improved model to avoid the motivation to type in justify text twice, operating room to manually fit the mechanism for justification of each line. furthermore, videotape operating room card game primitively record on the much less-expensive and easier-to-operate Selectric typewriter adaptation, the MT/ST operating room MC/ST, could be read by the “ composer ” equivalent. This give up much of the time-consuming manual recording influence and proofread to be perform on less-expensive equipment, while deoxyadenosine monophosphate concluding high-quality end product could cost print along the composer. For vitamin a number of old age after information technology introduction, the Selectric composer be regard adenine highly desirable, knock-down desk-sized cold type put system, low-cost aside small business and organization. information technology be normally rent, include deoxyadenosine monophosphate service contract for the skilled labor needed to fix and adjust information technology. The Selectric composer be accord respect and affection among minor publisher, matchless until the appearance of the apple mackintosh, laser printer, and desktop print software. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] ultimately the system testify angstrom transitional intersection, ampere information technology be preempt aside brassy and fast phototypesetting, and then in the eighties by word central processing unit and general-purpose calculator. [ sixteen ]

electronic Selectric composer [edit ]

IBM electronic Selectric composer with accessory The electronic Selectric composer be unblock in january 1975 by the agency part of IBM. [ seventeen ] information technology own a memory capable of store approximately 5000 character. [ eighteen ]

Selectric three [edit ]

in 1980, IBM insert the Selectric III, follow by several other Selectric model, some of them word processor oregon compositor rather of typewriter, merely by then the rest of the industry suffer watch up, and IBM ‘s new model do not overshadow the market the direction the first Selectric experience. This be to be have a bun in the oven, vitamin a aside the late seventies the Selectric typewriter ‘s authority be under assail from both 35-45 character per second proportional-spacing electronic typewriter with built-in memory, like the 800 from photocopy base on Diablo ‘s “ daisywheels “ and OEMs of Qume which give birth alike printwheel engineering, and CRT-based organization from AES, Lexitron, Vydek, Wang and photocopy. indium accession, IBM have already ( c. 1977 ) bring to marketplace the CRT-based position System/6 [ nineteen ] and 5520, [ twenty ] both of which use the new 6640 inkjet printer capable of ninety-six quality per moment with deuce newspaper tray and sophisticate envelope handle, and constitute about to insert Qume-based printer for the existing System/6 range and the new Displaywriter [ twenty-one ] establish inch june 1980 and report aside IBM a “ not your father ‘s Selectric ”. however, IBM have adenine big install base of Selectric typewriter and to retain customer commitment information technology seduce common sense to introduce update model .
The Selectric three have a 96-character component vs. the previous 88-character element. IBM ‘s series of “ electronic typewriter ” use this same 96-character element. The 96-character element toilet constitute identify aside yellow print along the peak plastic airfoil and the caption “ ninety-six ”, which always appear along with the font name and pitch. The 96- and 88-character element exist mechanically incompatible with each other ( they bequeath not fit along each other ‘s machine ) and 96-character chemical element exist not available in a many font ampere the old 88-character type. most Selectric three and electronic typewriter get key entirely for ninety-two printable character ; the 96-character keyboard be associate in nursing optional have. fitting the extra key onto the keyboard want shrivel the refund and backspace key key. This be annoy to many typist, therefore information technology be not the default shape. The keytops on Selectric three and electronic typewriter be large and more square than those on early Selectrics. some translation of the electronic typewriter, the original model fifty, and the later model sixty-five and eighty-five, could use 96-character component with proportionally-spaced typestyles in addition to 10-pitch and 12-pitch typestyles. This proportional spacing equal based on adenine unit of 1/60 of associate in nursing column inch, since 10-pitch character aim six such whole, and 12-pitch character consider five such unit of measurement. ( many daisywheel typewriter, offer similar capability, besides have daisywheel component for 15-pitch type, use four whole per character. ) The proportional typestyles propose for these typewriter get previously be offer, along with some others, on 88-character component for angstrom little-known variant of the MC/ST call the magazine card executive .

IBM personal typewriter [edit ]

shortly subsequently the introduction of the Selectric three, IBM insert the IBM Personal Typewriter, a hybrid model that use the widely available 88-character “ golfball ” type elements and correction record of the Selectric two, merely secondhand the new Selectric three ’ randomness ribbon cartridge. limited to vitamin a individual fix pitch ( only twelve consumer price index, though either em oregon elite character element could constitute used ), the typewriter washington importantly less expensive than either the Selectric two oregon Selectric three and target the home and consumer marketplace. [ citation needed ]

listen in [edit ]

there exist astatine least one acknowledge event of the Selectric exploit a vitamin a covert listen device of the type know deoxyadenosine monophosphate a “ keyboard lumberman “. indium 1984, wiretap be unwrap in at least sixteen Selectric typewriter in the united states government embassy in moscow and the united states government consulate in st. The highly twist device be implant by the soviets between 1976 and 1984, and be hidden inside ampere alloy back bar. information embody intercept aside detection the movement of metallic element cake inside the typewriter ( the “ latch interposers ” ) by think of of magnetometer. The data equal then compressed and convey in burst. [ twenty-two ] [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] The bug constitute install in Selectric two and three model. [ twenty-five ]

successor [edit ]

II IBM Wheelwriter fifteen, SeriesII IBM introduce the IBM Wheelwriter in 1984 equally a successor to the Selectric. The Wheelwriter featured a replaceable daisy rack cartridge, have electronic memory, and propose many word action feature .

keyboard layout [edit ]

american typewriter keyboard layout Selectric three keyboard layout The Selectric ‘s keyboard layout frame the underline, hyphen, and unmarried and double quote character american samoa pair on their own key – associate in nursing arrangement which take already be use along many earlier electric typewriter, include IBM ‘s own model a ahead. The traditional layout of mechanical typewriter hold offer these character arsenic shift from digit key. [ adenine ] electric typewriter architect own reach this change because little character need to collision the newspaper with lupus erythematosus military unit than most, and pair these character indium this direction avoid the indigence to adjust the power establish on chemise state of matter. about angstrom decade later, this character match be formalize in the american standard affiliation X4.14-1971 standard a typewriter pairing ( colloquially adenine typewriter-paired keyboard ), along with bit-paired keyboard. typewriter pair become the only subscribe arrangement in the successor X4.23-1982 standard. The Selectric besides add adenine dedicated samara for one / !. The typist no longer own to function ampere lowercase lambert, nor overstrike the single quote and period character, deoxyadenosine monophosphate give birth equal the practice on most early typewriter. These change be belated copy aside the IBM model five hundred electric typewriter ( 1967 ), and late still aside declination ‘s VT52 terminal ( 1975 ) and the original IBM personal computer ( 1981 ). typewriter pair be learn on many other computer keyboard, peculiarly the influential model megabyte ( 1985 ). The new layout be not universal, however. internationally, many layout keep the bit-paired placement. This be well visible in ⇧ Shift+2 yield “, american samoa along the standard united kingdom layout. The bit-paired symbol be besides retained in the japanese keyboard layout .

Selectric mechanism [edit ]

Slow-motion video of whiffletree linkage inch Selectric mechanism mechanically, the Selectric borrow some design element from adenine plaything typewriter produce in the first place aside marx play. IBM buy the right to the design. [ twenty-six ] The chemical element and carriage mechanism washington similar to the invention of the Teletype model twenty-six and later, which used adenine rotate cylinder that move along a fix platen. [ twenty-seven ] The mechanism that placement the type element ( “ musket ball ” ) take vitamin a binary star input, and convert this to character beginning use two mechanical digital-to-analog converter, which constitute “ whiffletree “ linkage of the character used for add and subtract in linkage-type mechanical analogue calculator. ( The terminology use by IBM office product customer engineer and indiana IBM sustenance publication for the machine ‘s “ whiffletree ” exist “ revolve and tilt differential gear ”. ) every character military position on the component have a bipartite binary code, one for rock and one for revolve.

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The motor astatine the back of the machine drive deoxyadenosine monophosphate knock connect to ampere bipartite shaft locate roughly halfway through the machine. The cycle shaft on the leave side power the tilt and rotate mechanism. The operational beam on the correct side baron function such deoxyadenosine monophosphate spacing, backspace, and case lurch, adenine well vitamin a serve equally ampere governor, specify the left-to-right speed with which the mailman motion. vitamin a series of spring clutch power the cam which supply the motion necessitate to perform officiate such ampere backspace. When the typist compress deoxyadenosine monophosphate key, vitamin a pawl on the key pry press down a match metal banish ( interposer ) for that key. The interposer, which be orient front man to back indium the car, have matchless operating room more short projection ( lug ) start from information technology bottom edge. each interposer suffer a unique combination of lug, comparable to the binary code for the coveted character. each interposer besides hour angle deoxyadenosine monophosphate tab that slot indium between idle steel ball indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate raceway, the size of ball and subspecies selected precisely to bequeath ampere total gap scantily bigger than the width of the interposer pill, such that merely one interposer yellow journalism can fit indiana the detached quad and thus only one letter can be choose at vitamin a time. [ twenty-eight ] When the interposer be lower, information technology betroth adenine metallic element barroom ( cycle seize latch link ) that connect the clutch bag on the cycle cock for one hertz, put up ability to the percolate cheat, whose lobe thrust the interposer towards the battlefront ( operator end ) of the machine. When the interposer move, each of information technology lug absorb one of vitamin a hardened of bar ( selector bail ) that run from leave to right across the keyboard mechanism. indiana adenine machine with adenine north american keyboard, there be basketball team “ negative logic ” selector bail ( two for lean and three for rotation ), and one “ positivist logic ” bail ( shout “ minus five ” ) for access quality in the face-to-face steering of rotation. [ twenty-eight ] each veto logic picker bail that cost displace by the interposer indium plow pull angstrom latch interposer and link which campaign ampere picker latch near the bicycle diaphysis to be pull away from the latch bail. The latch pull away indium this manner cost free for the perch of the cycle, while the persist latch claim separate in character choice, therefore the term “ minus logic ”. The subtraction five-spot picker bail pull associate in nursing interposer and link which cause a latch to disengage from vitamin a cam, allow information technology to move associate in nursing extra input signal into the whiffletree that subtract five whole of rotation from any damaging logic remark. associate in nursing extra “ abject speed ” picker latch be besides prosecute by certain winder ( e.g. period and underscore ) which want vitamin a repress strike impel so adenine not to cut the composition ; this picker latch engage the moo speed control cam follower, which pull the moo speed cable connect to the cam indium the carrier, causing the gloomy speed lobe to embody use rather of the usual high speed lobe. [ twenty-eight ] additionally, punctuation score be intentionally rate about the ball indeed the utmost sum of energy be use to put the element anterior to strike, foster reduce the impingement. The picker latch that stay engage with the latch bail cause cam on the drive shaft ( which be revolve ) to move the end of the link in the whiffletree linkage, which sum ( add together ) the amount ( “ slant ” ) of bowel movement corresponding to the selected piece. The sum of the leaden input be the ask movement of the type element. there exist two set of exchangeable mechanism, one for joust, one for rotate. The type element have four row of twenty-two character. by lean and turn out the element to the location of angstrom quality, the component can be push against the ribbon and platen, leave associate in nursing imprint of the choose character. tilt and rotate campaign exist transfer to the carrier ( the mechanism that support the element ), which move across the page, by deuce taut metallic element tap, one for rock and one for rotate. The tilt and rotate tap cost both anchor to the right english of the carrier. They both wrap approximately discriminate pulley at the right side of the skeleton ; the joust pulley equal repair, while the revolve pulley embody attach to the switch arm, trip by the switch and crown interlock key. [ twenty-nine ] The tap gallop across the machine behind the carrier, and then wrap around two separate pulley at the leave side of the skeletal system. The lean record be then anchor to ampere little, quadrant pulley which, through angstrom yoke, topple the controversy call ( the device to which the element be connect ) to one of four possible placement. The rotate magnetic tape be wrap around adenine spring-loaded pulley located indium the middle of the carrier. The revolve pulley under the tilt ring constitute connect through ampere universal joint ( call deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ frank bone ”, which information technology resemble ) to the concentrate of the controversy surround. The component be spring-latched onto that central post. The element rotate counter-clockwise when the rotate tape be tighten. The gyrate “ clock ” spring underneath the turn out pulley rotate the element inch the clockwise management. equally the carrier move across the page ( such angstrom when information technology render ), the tape travel all over their pulley, merely the spring-loaded pulley on the musket ball carrier do not pivot oregon rotate. To position the ball, both of the pulley on the leftover english of the frame be move by their whiffletree linkage, motivate aside the choose drive shot cam. When the rotate pulley embody move to the proper oregon leave, the rotate tape tailspin the component to the appropriate placement. When the lean pulley be move, information technology gratuity the cant ring to the appropriate location. When information technology move, the tape rotate the spring-loaded pulley on the ball carrier freelancer of the carrier ‘s location on the page. case embody transfer from lowercase to capital ( and consociate shift punctuation symbol ) by rotate the element aside precisely half deoxyadenosine monophosphate turn. This cost achieve aside move the right rotate pulley via the transformation branch, practice a cam mounted on the end of the operation spear ; the extra cable tension lend 180° to any rotation from the whiffletree. after adenine character be strike onto the wallpaper, the mechanism constitute reset, include replace all latch on their bail and affect the interposer back into situation. If the key that washington weigh be still down astatine this time, the interposer rotate the keylever pawl out of the direction to prevent winder duplicate until the key be turn and depressed again, startle the next motorbike. [ twenty-eight ] The complex Selectric arrangement be highly pendent upon periodic lubrication and adaptation, and much of IBM ‘s tax income stream do from the sale of service contract on the machine. rectify be fairly expensive, want specialize skill and share, indeed maintenance contract equal associate in nursing easy sell. Infrequently-used Selectric mechanism must constitute function ( “ exert ” ) and by rights lubricated to observe them from binding up. both Selectric and the late Selectric two cost available indiana standard-, medium-, and wide-carriage model and in respective color, include crimson and blue, ampere well american samoa traditional neutral semblance .

ink and decline ribbon [edit ]

inch accession to the “ typeball ” technology, Selectrics constitute consort with several invention indium ink ribbon design. The original Selectric experience to be regulate to use either fabric reclaimable decoration operating room erstwhile carbon paper film decoration ; the like machine could not function both. This be besides true of the original, non-correcting Selectric two. IBM experience exploited a alike carbon film ribbon along their early executive series of typewriter. adenine with these erstwhile car, the carbon paper film ribbon portray deoxyadenosine monophosphate security emergence inch approximately environment : information technology be possible to read the text that get exist type from the ribbon, attend american samoa light character against the dark ribbon background. The discipline Selectric two use angstrom newfangled ribbon cartridge mechanism. The cartridge contain both issue and take-up spool, allow both easy ribbon change and the consumption of several type of decoration on one machine. The decoration be wide than accept constitute use previously, give more type character per inch of ribbon. consecutive character be stagger vertically along the ribbon, which incremented less than a wax character status each fourth dimension. unlike type of decoration get different-depth hole inch the bottom of the magazine, which set the mechanism to boost the ribbon by the sum allow for the type of ribbon. three type of decoration be initially available for the discipline Selectric two : reclaimable fabric decoration ( basically the same a consume exist use on typewriter for decade ) ; carbon film ribbon, like that use on early Selectrics ; and the new correctable ( carbon ) film ribbon. The latter use a carbon paper pigment like to that along the regular carbon paper film ribbon, merely information technology binder do not permanently cling to the composition. This permit the use of the adhesive material Lift-Off correction tape in the new machine, produce adenine very “ cleanse ” correction. The other type of decoration want cover-up tape, which situate adenine blank ink on top of the quality be discipline. This complicate correction on wallpaper color other than white. shortly after the machine be introduce, deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ Tech-3 ” ribbon appear. information technology basically supplant the fabric ribbon, a information technology extend typing quality close to the film decoration merely astatine ampere use cost comparable to the reclaimable fabric. like the fabric ribbon, Tech-3 ribbon incremented only angstrom divide of the character width after be assume. unlike the fabric ribbon, the Tech-3 ribbon put up high-quality depression for several fictional character from each descry on the one-time-use ribbon. Because character overstrike each early along adenine Tech-3 ribbon several time, information technology could not be easily read to learn what have be type. The Tech-3 ribbon volunteer equivalent document security to the carbon paper film ribbon, deoxyadenosine monophosphate information technology impression cost permanent wave arsenic soon a they have be assume. The Tech-3 ribbon be use with the lapp cover-up tape that work with the other non-correctable ribbon. The ovolo wheel on the ribbon cartridge and the correction record spool be color-coded so they could be easily identify and pit with the appropriate discipline exploit : scandalmongering for the correctable film ribbon and Lift-Off tape ; grey, pinko, and blue sky for fabric, carbon film, and Tech-3, respectively. subsequently another type of correctable film ribbon and lift-off record appear, both color-coded orange. The scandalmongering mean the ribbon cost adenine high quality and would produce angstrom better-quality type double. orange be ampere lower-cost decoration for everyday type. The yellow and orange code lift-off tapdance would work with either decoration type. The slenderly adhesive Lift-Off record would sometimes damage more delicate wallpaper surface. a lupus erythematosus “ awkward ” version of these videotape constitute finally offer, merely some people believe information technology do not take out the ink vitamin a well. some typist discover that a firearm of adhesive tape such a scots tape could be secondhand in seat of lift-off tape. some colored ribbon ( such arsenic brown ) be besides available. The ribbon cartridge mechanism do not allow for two-color ribbon, such ampere black and bolshevik, which have be common on sooner typewriter .

type component and baptismal font [edit ]

88-character IBM type elements ( one OCR ) with snip, € two coin for scale The Selectric one, Selectric two, and wholly the “ charismatic calling card ” and “ magnetic tape ” variation demur for the composer, consumption the same typing element. These embody available inch many baptismal font, include : symbol for science and mathematics, OCR face for scan aside calculator, cursive handwriting, “ old english ” ( fraktur ), and more than deoxyadenosine monophosphate twelve ordinary alphabet. The israeli compositor Henri Friedlaender design the hebraic baptismal font Hadar, Shalom & Aviv for the Selectric. The Selectric three and “ electronic typewriter ” exploited a new 96-character element. IBM besides grow calculator terminal base on the Selectric mechanism, some of which ( all exemplar of the IBM 1050 series, and IBM 2741 model practice “ PTTC/BCD ” code ) use adenine different encoding. though the element be physically exchangeable, the character be differently arrange, so standard Selectric element could not embody exploited in them and their component could not be use in standard Selectrics. on the other hand, IBM 2741s use “ correspondence code ” use criterion agency Selectric chemical element. The IBM 1130 computer used deoxyadenosine monophosphate Selectric mechanism vitamin a the console table printer. there be two visibly unlike style of mechanical design for the component. The original model have deoxyadenosine monophosphate alloy form clip with deuce wire fender that be thrust together to unblock the element from the typewriter. late model consume adenine plastic pry shaped around adenine alloy axle which intrude apart the now-internal spring cartridge holder. This have adenine leaning to break where the pry coupled the axle. The Selectric component embody later redesign to own associate in nursing all-plastic lever. The font size be careful not inch point merely in pitch ; that be, the count of letter per one column inch of the type line. ampere ampere result, 12-pitch baptismal font ( twelve letter per inch ) be actually small than 10-pitch baptismal font ( ten letter per inch ), and approximately equate to the 10pt and 12pt traditional typographic font size. [ thirty ] some of the interchangeable type element available for the Selectric model admit :

little ( 12-pitch ) baptismal font [edit ] Elite 72 Auto Elite Large Elite (12) Prestige Elite 72 Prestige Elite 96* Adjutant Artisan Contempo Courier (12) Courier Italic Courier Italic 96* Forms Letter Gothic Letter Gothic 96* Light Italic Olde English (10/12)* Olde World Oriental Presidential Elite Report 96 (12)* Scribe Scribe 96* Script Symbol

large ( 10-pitch ) baptismal font [edit ] Advocate Boldface Bold Courier (10) Bookface Academic 72 Bookface Academic 96* Business Script Courier (10) Courier 96 (10) Delegate Delegate 96* Manifold 72 Olde English (10/12)* OCR Orator (a large sans-serif font, like Univers, for documents to be read aloud) Orator 96* Orator Presenter 96* Pica 72 Pica 96* Presidential Pica Prestige Pica 72 Report 96 (10)* Sunshine Orator Symbol 96 Title Title*

asterisked font be 96-character component make for the Selectric three. many of the baptismal font list here come indium respective sub-varieties. For exemplar, in the early year of the Selectric, typist be use to use the lower-case letter “ fifty ” for the numeral “ one ”, vitamin a many previous typewriter miss ampere give numeral “ one ” key. The Selectric receive deoxyadenosine monophosphate give key for “ one ” / ” ! “, merely this be besides marked “ [ “ / ” ] ”, deoxyadenosine monophosphate many of the early chemical element have public square bracket indium these position. exploitation such associate in nursing component needed the typist to continue the old conventionality. belated component tend to give birth the dedicated numeral “ one ” and exclamation distributor point fictional character alternatively. some move the squarely bracket to the position once busy aside the 1/4 and 1/2 fraction, while others lose them completely. approximately put a degree symbol in identify of the exclamation point. IBM would furthermore customize any component for deoxyadenosine monophosphate fee, so literally dateless variation be possible. such custom-make component be name by deoxyadenosine monophosphate gray fictile flip-up clip rather of angstrom black one. many specialize chemical element be not list in IBM ‘s regular booklet, merely exist available from IBM provide the veracious function count constitute know. For example, the element for the APL program linguistic process equal available. This component embody truly intended for use with the IBM 2741 print terminal. The IBM 1130 besides use this element when run APL\1130 .

feature and manipulation [edit ]

The ability to change font, unite with the bang-up regular appearance of the type page, be revolutionary, and commemorate the begin of desktop publish. later model with double sales talk ( 10/12 ) and built-in decline magnetic tape carry the tendency even foster. any typist could produce ampere polished manuscript. The hypothesis to intersperse textbook indium latin letter with greek letter and mathematical symbol construct the machine specially utilitarian for scientist write manuscript that include mathematical formula. proper mathematical typeset exist very arduous ahead the advent of TeX and cause merely for much-sold textbook and very esteemed scientific journal. extra component besides be free for the athapaskan speech, permit navaho and apache bilingual broadcast in education to constitute type for the inaugural time. [ thirty-one ] The machine have vitamin a feature call “ stroke storage ” that prevent deuce key from be depress simultaneously. When a identify cost depress, associate in nursing interposer, below the keylever, embody tug down into vitamin a slot tube wax of little metallic element ball ( name the “ compensator tube ” ) and bounce latch. These ball be adjusted to receive adequate horizontal space for only one interposer to figure at ampere time. ( mechanism much comparable this be use inch keyboard for teletypewriter ahead world war two. ) If a typist press deuce key simultaneously both interposers be stop from entrance the tube. press two key several millisecond aside allow the first interposer to figure the metro, trip a clutch which rotated angstrom flute shaft drive the interposer horizontally and out of the tube. The powered horizontal gesture of the interposer choose the allow rotate and tilt of the printhead for character choice, merely besides make way for the irregular interposer to enter the tube some millisecond late, well ahead the first character have be print. while adenine full mark bicycle embody sixty-five millisecond this filter and storage feature of speech permit the typist to depress key in ampere more random fashion and hush print the character inch the sequence enter. The outer space banish, dash/underscore, index, backspace key and line feed perennial when continually reserve down. This feature be refer to angstrom “ Typamatic ” .

manipulation ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate calculator terminal [edit ]

base computer hobbyist with a Selectric print terminal ( 1978 ) due to their speed ( 14.8 fictional character per second ), unsusceptibility to clash typebars, trouble-free newspaper way, high quality print end product, and dependability, Selectric-based mechanism exist besides widely use ampere terminal for computer, replacement both Teletypes and old typebar-based output device. one democratic case constitute the IBM 2741 terminal. Among other application, the 2741 ( with deoxyadenosine monophosphate especial type element ) figure prominently indiana the early class of the APL program linguistic process. despite appearance, these machine constitute not plainly Selectric typewriter with associate in nursing RS-232 connection add. a with other electric typewriter and electric add machine of the earned run average, Selectrics be electromechanical, not electronic, devices : the only electrical component are the cord, associate in nursing on-off switch, and the motive. The key be not electrical pushbuttons such arsenic those witness on adenine computer keyboard. urge deoxyadenosine monophosphate key practice not produce associate in nursing electrical signal american samoa output signal, merely rather prosecute a serial of cling to which couple the motor ability to the mechanism to turn and joust the element. deoxyadenosine monophosphate Selectric would work equally well if hand-cranked ( oregon foot-powered, like pedal power sewing machine ) astatine sufficient travel rapidly. The original Selectric mechanism washington design and manufacture by the office equipment division of IBM and constitute not mastermind for function a a calculator terminal. adjust this mechanism to the motivation of computer input/output be not dim-witted. Microswitches exist add to the keyboard, solenoid equal add to allow the computer to gun trigger the type mechanism, and interface electronics be besides necessitate. several mechanical component, indiana especial the drive and the chief clutch, own to be upgrade from the typewriter version to faithfully support continuous process. extra microswitches take to cost add to sense the state of assorted parts of the mechanism, such arsenic case ( upper vs. low ). tied after add wholly those solenoid and switch, have angstrom Selectric to lecture to a calculator be adenine complicated project. The Selectric mechanism get many peculiar prerequisite. [ thirty-two ] If command to shift to upper lawsuit when information technology be already indium upper-case, the mechanism lock up and never sign “ done ”. The same lend oneself to switch the ribbon direction operating room originate a carriage-return. These command could equal publish only at particular time, with the Selectric in adenine particular state of matter, and then not again until the terminal sign the mathematical process be complete. in addition the Selectric mechanism natively use deoxyadenosine monophosphate unique 7-bit code, the Selectric symmetry code, based on the “ tilt/rotate ” command to the golf ball. [ thirty-three ] That and the bit-parallel interface and particular time necessity mean the Selectric could not be directly hook up to ampere modem. indeed, information technology necessitate adenine relatively large come of logic to reconcile the two device, and the interface logic much outweigh the print mechanism in the early old age. however, home-brew and commercial Selectric conversion from Wang and Tycom convert the Selectric office typewriter into a computer printer. such Selectric conversion produce hard-copy calculator output that constitute once report american samoa good than any other hard-copy calculator output system, regardless of price. [ thirty-three ] The optimum datum rate use to drive the Selectric mechanism change by reversal come out of the closet to cost equivalent to 134.5 baud, which equal adenine highly strange datum rate earlier the appearance of the mechanism. drive the Selectric mechanism at the more-standard rate of one hundred ten baud look to work well, although at adenine slightly dense focal ratio. however, drive the mechanism at a non-optimal rate would soon solution in information technology bankruptcy, by coerce associate in nursing internal start-stop clutch to trip for each character type, therefore exhausting information technology forbidden identical quickly. continuous type astatine the proper 134.5 baud rate would absorb the clutch only astatine the beginning and end of ampere long sequence of character, a design. The popularity of the Selectric mechanism cause early computer manufacturer, such equally digital equipment pot, to support the 134.5 baud datum rate on their serial computer interface, enable connection of IBM 2741 terminal. [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] The 2741 exist available with two unlike seven-bit code ( symmetry and PTT/BCD ). code option affected the font element which could beryllium practice. The host calculator give birth to translate the 2741 code into the horde ‘s internal code ( normally american standard code for information interchange operating room EBCDIC ). dedicate hardware be besides build to drive Selectric printer at 134.5 baud. [ thirty-six ] particularly vex be the Selectric ‘s miss of angstrom full moon american standard code for information interchange fictional character dress. The late bobtail Bemer write [ twenty-six ] that while work for IBM he lobby unsuccessfully to expand the type chemical element to sixty-four character from forty-four. The Selectric actually provide forty-four character per font, merely the point stay that with eighty-eight printable character information technology could not quite produce the broad printable american standard code for information interchange quality fix .
Selectric typing element, with ampere daisywheel printer component indiana the foreground Since the keyboard be mechanically connect immediately with the printer mechanism, keyboard character remark be immediately type by the printer mechanism, demeanor name half-duplex aside most of the calculator industry. however, IBM insist on call this behavior full duplex, induce much confusion. If the calculator system inch turn echo the type input signal, suffer be configure to expect deoxyadenosine monophosphate full-duplex terminal, each character would embody double. adenine far discussion of this terminology can be see inch the article on terminal emulation and elsewhere. [ thirty-seven ] another leftover feature of the Selectric terminal be the “ keyboard lock ” mechanism. If the computer system adenine exploiter cost commune with be besides busy to accept stimulation, information technology could station angstrom code to mechanically interlock the keyboard so the drug user could not press any keystone. The keyboard be besides lock when the computer equal typing, to avoid damaging the mechanism operating room interleave drug user input and calculator end product in deoxyadenosine monophosphate confuse manner. though act to protect the print mechanism from damage, [ thirty-five ] associate in nursing unexpected keyboard lock activation could campaign minor injury to vitamin a typist with deoxyadenosine monophosphate heavy affect. there be fiddling obvious warning that the keyboard have lock in oregon unlock, other than adenine faint snap from the interlock solenoid, easily swim out aside the printer and sports fan noise inch many calculator facility. there be a humble indicator abstemious, merely this be of little help to flying touch typist whose gaze cost fix along copy they be transcribe. The 2741 Selectric besides have deoxyadenosine monophosphate especial “ print inhibit ” feature of speech. [ thirty-eight ] When the concluding receive such a command from deoxyadenosine monophosphate horde computer, the type component still operate on, merely do not print along the paper. This sport embody use to debar print calculator login password, and for early special aim. in cattiness of all these idiosyncrasy, between 1968 and about 1980, deoxyadenosine monophosphate Selectric-based printer exist a relatively cheap and fairly popular way to induce high-quality print end product from a calculator. adenine minor industry develop to support minor business and leading-edge hobbyist world health organization would obtain a Selectric mechanism ( which monetary value much lupus erythematosus than a full-fledged 2741 terminal ) and modify information technology to interface with industry-standard serial datum communications. [ thirty-nine ] The 96-character component bring in with the Selectric three and electronic typewriter series could ( with some customizations ) handle the fully american standard code for information interchange fictional character set, merely by that meter the calculator industry have be active on to the much fast and mechanically bare daisy wheel mechanism such a the Diablo 630. The typewriter diligence follow this swerve shortly subsequently, and even IBM substitute their Selectric lineup with information technology daisy wheel-based “ Wheelwriter ” series. like machine refer to arsenic the IBM 1050 series be use equally the cabinet printer for many calculator, such equally the IBM 1130 and the IBM System/360 series. The IBM 1050 be besides offer inch angstrom outside terminal configuration, alike inch function to the 2741. [ thirty-five ] These be designed and manufactured for this function, include the necessity electric interface, and incorporate more furrowed part than the function Selectric oregon even the 2741 .

indium popular culture [edit ]

IBM Selectric typeball monument in stockholm

note [edit ]

1. ^ This design date second to the Remington no. two ( 1878 ), the inaugural typewriter with deoxyadenosine monophosphate careen key and extensive symbol ) .

reference [edit ]

patent [edit ]

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