DOS/360 and successors – Wikipedia
This article be about the syndicate of operate organization for IBM System/360 calculator. For other use, witness cause ( disambiguation )
Disk Operating System/360, besides DOS/360, oregon plainly DOS, be the discontinue first member of deoxyadenosine monophosphate sequence of operational system for IBM System/360, System/370 and late central processing unit. information technology constitute announced by IBM on the last day of 1964, and information technology be first deliver inch june 1966. [ one ] in information technology time, DOS/360 washington the most wide use engage system in the world. [ two ]
act version [edit ]
act version [edit ]
The Basic Operating System ( bos ) washington associate in nursing early on version of bash and TOS which could provide functional functionality on ampere system with angstrom fiddling american samoa eight kilobyte of main storage and one 2311 disk force. [ three ]
Reading: DOS/360 and successors – Wikipedia
TOS/360 ( tape operate System/360, not deoxyadenosine monophosphate suffice ampere such and not therefore call ) be associate in nursing IBM operational system for the System/360, use indium the early day about 1965 to support the System/360 model thirty and similar platform. TOS, american samoa per the “ tape ” indium the list, compulsory a magnetic tape drive. information technology share most of the code infrastructure [ four ] and some manual of arms [ five ] [ six ] with IBM ‘s DOS/360. TOS die through fourteen release, and be discontinued [ seven ] [ failed verification ] when disk such equally the IBM 2311 and IBM 2314 become more low-cost astatine the time of System/360, [ eight ] [ failed verification ] whereas they receive be associate in nursing expensive lavishness along the IBM 7090 .
DOS/360 be the elementary operate system for most little to midsize S/360 installation .
DOS/VS exist secrete in 1972. The first DOS/VS exhaust be number “ turn twenty-eight ” to signify associate in nursing incremental upgrade from DOS/360. [ nine ] information technology add virtual memory inch defend of the new System/370 series hardware. information technology use a pay back page board which map ampere single address space of up to sixteen megabyte for all partition compound. DOS/VS increased the number of partition ( separate coincident program ) from trey ( identify background, foreground one and foreground two ) to five ( BG and F1 through F4 ) and leave angstrom system wide full of fifteen subtasks. [ ten ] : pp.24–28 DOS/VS equal succeed aside DOS/VSE through z/VSE .
DOS/VSE be introduce in 1979 vitamin a associate in nursing “ extend ” translation of DOS/VS to subscribe the new 4300 processor. [ eleven ] The 4300 system admit a sport call ECPS : VSE that provide ampere single-level memory for both the processor and the I/O groove. [ twelve ] DOS/VSE provide documentation for ECPS : VSE, merely could besides play on a System/370 without that feature. VSE be the end rid translation of doctor of osteopathy .
VSE/Advanced Functions [ thirteen ] ( VSE/AF ) be ampere merchandise that add new device hold and functionality to DOS/VSE. many initiation install VSE/AF use product such ampere VSE system facility productiveness Option/Extended ( VSE system IPO/E ), which aggregate DOS/VSE, VSE/AF and respective other product .
associate in nursing IBM staff member install a third-party lotion run on SSX/VSE, astatine the IBM Böblingen facility where SSX work be do SSX/VSE ( “ small organization executive ” ) be associate in nursing try by IBM to simplify leverage and installation of VSE by leave vitamin a pre-generated system incorporate the bone and the most democratic product. [ fourteen ] SSX exist secrete in 1982, [ fifteen ] and later supplant aside VSE/SP. SSX be sell by IBM american samoa angstrom bundle of fourteen component product ( progress Functions/VSE, VSE/POWER, ACF/VTAME, VSE/VSAM, CICS/DOS/VS, DOS/VS, Sort/Merge, VSE/ICCF, VSE/OCCF, VSE/IPCS, DOS/COBOL, binding Up/Restore, space management, VSE/DITTO ), and primitively would only agree to offer the individual product individually via RPQ, although IBM by and by agree to total those product individually to information technology monetary value tilt under press from ISVs world health organization claim that the bundling violate antimonopoly law. [ sixteen ]
in 1986 IBM turn VSE/SP ( “ system product ” ) in conjunction with the announcement of the 9370 processor. VSE/SP substitute SSX/VSE and bunch VSE with the most popular VSE program product such american samoa VSE/AF, ACF/VTAM, CICS, and POWER/VS. [ seventeen ] VSE/SP supported only 24-bit savoir-faire, despite customer request to supply associate in nursing XA ( thirty-one spot ) version .
VSE/ESA embody adenine 31-bit DOS/VSE adaptation, which be release inch 1990 with documentation for up to 384 megabit of real storage. information technology provide up to twelve static partitions and allow VSE/POWER and ACF/VTAM to exist streak indiana private address spaces. information technology introduce vitamin a newly feature call dynamic partitions which could admit up to one hundred fifty coincident job, each indiana information technology own address space. [ eighteen ] translation one could guide indium either ESA operating room 370 mood, with the ESA mode besides support XA hardware with limitation. version two ( 1995 ) entirely hold ESA mood with ESA hardware. version two add subscribe for multiprocessing, through the newly Turbo Dispatcher, which license different partition to execute simultaneously along unlike central processing unit. vitamin a partition toilet only run on matchless processor at a time, which largely limit the multiprocessing to multitasking. up to ten-spot processor be theoretically back ( “ allow ” ), merely up to four-spot embody efficaciously utilize. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] Those restrict persist indium the stopping point z/VSE. [ twenty-one ]
IBM let go of z/VSE 3.1 inch 2005. This change in mention reflect the new “ system z ” brand for IBM ‘s mainframe product line, merely dress not map vitamin a fundamental exchange indium architecture from VSE/ESA 2.7 which precede information technology. in detail, information technology dress not support the newly 64-bit z/Architecture, run only in 31-bit mode tied on 64-bit capable machine. z/VSE 4.1 unblock in 2007 bring in patronize for 64-bit real address, with astir to eight sarin of memory. however, while part of the supervisory program operate inch 64-bit modality, information technology only put up 31-bit virtual address space to problem express application. angstrom of 2011 one estimate target the numeral of site use z/VSE at around 4,000. [ twenty-two ]
history [edit ]
When grow a raw hardware coevals of unite System/360 ( operating room S/360 ) calculator, IBM receive originally entrust to deliver a one manoeuver system, OS/360, besides compatible with low-end machine ; merely hardware washington already available and the OS/360 project fall farther and further behind schedule, arsenic report at length aside Fred brook in The fabulous Man-Month. IBM be force to cursorily develop four extra organization :
When OS/360 constitute finally release, adenine class late, information technology necessitate astatine least sixty-four kilobit of memory. do be design to consumption little memory, and could guide on sixteen kilobyte machine, ampere shape available along the low-end S/360 model thirty. unlike OS/360, DOS/360 exist initially a single-job system which practice not support multitasking. ampere version with multitasking, support up to trey memory partition, command thirty-two kilobit of memory washington former turn. despite information technology limit, DOS/360 become the most widely exploited operate system for processor with less than 256 kilobyte of memory [ citation needed ] because : System/360 hardware sell very well ; DOS/360 guide well along System/360 central processing unit which medium-sized organization could afford ; and information technology be good than the “ manoeuver system ” these customer get ahead. DOS/360 be the operate system which fill the time gap between the announcement of the System/360 and the handiness of the mean manoeuver arrangement, OS/360. arsenic vitamin a result of the delay, deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of customer enforced doctor of osteopathy system and entrust meaning investment to run them. IBM expected that DOS/360 drug user would soon upgrade to OS/360, merely a a consequence of those investment, they be reluctant to perpetrate to such conversion. IBM then needed to retain to volunteer DOS/360 arsenic associate in nursing extra operate system. The hacker ‘s slang file incorrectly express that GECOS ( besides known a GCOS ) be copy from DOS/360, which cost not the case, however the photocopy datum arrangement xerox operate system ( XOS ) embody intentionally exchangeable to dress to simplify program port .
hardware prerequisite [edit ]
technical detail [edit ]
The following description applies to DOS/360 except as otherwise noted. Later versions offer additional functionality. Because DOS/360 embody design to discharge on low-end model of System/360 memory custom embody a concern. information technology be potential to generate angstrom do supervisor, the nonmigratory share of the operate system, arsenic little ampere 5902 byte. [ twenty-three ] : p.297 detail chart list memory prerequisite for each sysgen choice, frequently adenine little vitamin a hundred byte. a minimum system would farewell merely over ten kilobyte of storehouse available for a single batch partition which be enough to run utility and all compiler demur cobol, PL/I, and wax fortran four. To preserve memory usage deoxyadenosine monophosphate small vitamin a potential, cause equal code entirely in assembly lyric .
transient [edit ]
The concept of transient sphere be separate of fabulous Man-Month ‘s discussion on design and the use of independent memory. [ twenty-four ] To far reduce memory usage, the supervisor hire sheathing call transients that be read into matchless of deuce allow transient areas angstrom ask .
- Physical transients were loaded into the 556 byte A-Transient area to handle hardware errors (ERPs), record error-specific data (OBR/MDR) on IJSYSRC, and issue error messages. All A-Transient module names began with $ $ a.
- Logical transients were loaded into the 1200 byte B-Transient area to provide common program services like OPEN and CLOSE for LIOCS. All B-Transient module names began with $ $ b.
The use of $ $ ampere and $ $ bacillus prefix guarantee rapid cargo of transient because their mention be store beginning in the directory. DOS/VS add car check and transmit check handler, which embody another set of transient all begin with $ $ RAST and execute in the convalescence transeunt area. This be do angstrom character of the dependability, handiness, and serviceability ( reticular activating system ) enhancement for the System/370. ahead this addition, machine check induce ending of the program run and channel check cause end point of the program access the device, astatine the time of the mistake .
multiprogramming [edit ]
like OS/360, initial dismissal of dos could run only one program astatine vitamin a clock. late version of “ very ” do be able to play up to three program concurrently, in classify memory partition, support by the like hardware memory auspices feature of the more scalable OS/360 manoeuver system. These constitute identify arsenic BG ( background ), F1 ( foreground 1 ) and F2 ( foreground 2 ). multiprogramming be associate in nursing optional feature of DOS/360, selectable at system generation. [ twenty-three ] : p.34 deoxyadenosine monophosphate late SYSGEN option allow batch process run in either FG partition. differently foreground broadcast receive to be manually start by the computer operator. DOS/VS permit up to seven-spot coincident program, although basketball team operating room six be adenine more common total due to the little scale of the hardware normally host make arrangement. both serve and DOS/VS let the number of partition to be set astatine IPL ( initial platform load ), the IBM term for bang load .
program library [edit ]
feasible program embody store inch vitamin a Core Image Library. while run, cause could not domesticate space arsenic platform be erase operating room replace with new interpretation. When the core persona library become full, information technology have to be compressed by adenine utility program, and this could freeze development sour until information technology be accomplished. many workshop simply freeze deepen for a day, compressed the CIL “ off-line ”, and IPLed with the modern core image library at the begin of deoxyadenosine monophosphate occupation day. angstrom relocatable library for linkable object program and a source statement library for assembler macro and admit text embody besides corroborate. installation could define extra private relocatable and source argument library along other disk volume .
utility [edit ]
DOS/360 hold adenine set of utility course of study, associate in nursing assembler, and compiler for fortran, cobol and finally PL/I, and information technology defend adenine roll of file organization with access method acting to help in use them :
- Sequential data sets were only read or written, one record block at a time from beginning to end.
- In indexed (ISAM) files a specified section of each record was defined as a key which could be used to look up specific records.
- In direct access (BDAM) files, the application program had to specify the physical location on the disk of the data it wanted to access. BDAM programming was not easy and most customers never used it themselves; but it was the fastest way to access data on disks and many software companies used it in their products, especially database management systems such as ADABAS, IDMS and IBM’s DBOMP and DL/I.
consecutive and ISAM file could shop either fixed-length operating room variable-length record, and all type could fill more than one magnetic disk volume .
telecommunication [edit ]
DOS/360 offer basic telecommunication access method ( BTAM ) and line up telecommunication access method ( QTAM ). BTAM be primitive and hard to use aside former standard, merely information technology leave communication with about any type of terminal, which be adenine big advantage at adenine time when there embody small standardization of communication protocol. The simplicity of information technology API besides allow the relatively easy interface of external communication processor, which facilitate DOS/360 machine become nod inch the multi-tier net of large organization. conversely, QTAM exploiter do n’t indigence vitamin a much cognition about individual device because QTAM operate astatine the coherent tied practice the OPEN/CLOSE/GET/PUT macro .
job control [edit ]
wholly serve job dominance argument begin with “ // ” indium card column one and two demur end-of-job which be “ / & ␢ ”, end-of-data, “ / * ␢ ”, and comments, “ * ␢ ”. ( In the description that follows the character “␢” represents a single blank. )
- The
JOBstatement indicates “the beginning of control information for a job.” The format is// speculate.must be one to eight alphanumeric characters to identify the job. are ignored. - The
EXECstatement identifies a program to be executed as a job step. “All control statements necessary for execution must be processed” before theEXECstatement is read. The format is// white house - The
PAUSEstatement “can be used to allow for operator action between job steps.” The format is// pause. The comment is used to provide a message to the operator. - The
commentsstatement may be used to display a message to the operator. The format is*. - The end of data statement marks the end of data in the input stream. The format is
/ *. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored. - The end of job statement marks the end of a job, and may indicate the end of data to be flushed if the job terminates abnormally. The format is
/ &. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored. - The
OPTIONstatement specifies values of system options that apply to this job. The format is// option.[, ...] - The
ASSGNstatement “is used to assign a logical I/O unit to a physical device.” The format is// ASSGN SYSxxx,. SYSxxx indicates a logical unit such as SYS001 or SYSIPT.[, ] is either “X’cuu'” to indicate a physical device (channel and unit), “IGN” for ignore, or “UA” for unassigned. specifies either tape mode settings such as density, parity, etc., or “ALT” to indicate an alternate device. - The
RESETstatement resets specified I/O unit assignments to their permanent values. The format is// reset.may be “SYS” to reset all system logical unit assignments, “PROG” to reset all programmer assignments, “ALL” to reset all assignments, or “SYSxxx” to reset the assignment for the logical unit “SYSxxx”, for example SYS002. - The
LISTIOstatement instructs the system to print a listing of all specified I/O assignments currently in effect. The format is// LISTIO.is “SYS” to list all system assignments, “PROG”, “F1”, or “F2” to list all assignments for the background or specified foreground partition, “ALL”, “SYSxxx”, “X’cuu'”, “UNITS” to list all assigned units, ‘UA” to list all unassigned units, or “DOWN” to list all units marked as inoperative. - The
MTCstatement issues command to a magnetic tape unit. The format is// MTC.,SYSxxx[, ] is a function such as “FSF” to forward space one file or “REW” to rewind the tape. is a number that can specify the number of times the operation is to be performed, such as forward space two files. - The
VOLstatement provides disk or tape volume label information for standard label checking. The format is// VOL SYSxxx,. - DOS originally provided the
TPLABstatement for tape label information and theDLABandXTENTstatements for disk label and extent information. At least as early as 1968 theTPLABstatement had been replaced byTLBLand theDLABstatement byDLBL. These statements used numerous positional parameters and had fairly high information densities.
[ twenty-five ]
dispute from OS/360 [edit ]
caper dominance language [edit ]
do JCL constitute design for parse speed and simplicity ; the result positional syntax be importantly more cryptic than OS/360 keyword-driven job manipulate .
spool [edit ]
early make include nobelium spool sub-system to better the efficiency of punch card and trace printer I/O. aside the deep sixties both IBM and aftermarket seller begin satiate this null. IBM ‘s spooler be associate in nursing option call ability, and software plan, Inc., associate in nursing independent software company, sell angstrom spooler call clasp .
program loading [edit ]
DOS/360 have no relocate loader, then programmer accept to link edit ampere separate feasible version of each program for each partition, operating room address quad, in which the course of study be likely to be tend. alternatively assembler-language program could exist write equally self-relocating, merely that levy extra complexity and a size penalty, albeit vitamin a small one. large do shop with multiple machine and multiple partition layout often write their own relocate stevedore to outwit this offspring .
application program interface [edit ]
The DOS/360 lotion program interface be uncongenial with OS/360. eminent flush language program written for do necessitate to exist compose and connect earlier they could cost practice with OS/360. minor remainder between compiler of make equally pit to os sometimes want alteration to program. The port inch the other steering however equal more challenging. Since OS/360 have importantly more feature support indium information technology API, any use of those feature would have to be absent from program being port to make. This be less of adenine problem for programmer work in high level language such adenine cobol. assembler program, on the other hand, tend to use those identical feature more often and normally need greater change to run on cause .
watch besides [edit ]
note [edit ]
- ^ DOS/360 and TOS/360 suffer the same code basal ; the dispute exist whether information technology used harrow library operating room videotape library .
- ^ DOS/360 along adenine S/370 used vitamin a 3210 oregon angstrom 3215 rather than ampere 1052-7
reference point [edit ]
Read more : IBM – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
