IBM – Wikipedia
The International Business Machines Corporation ( IBM ), dub Big Blue, [ six ] be associate in nursing american multinational engineering corporation headquarter indiana Armonk, new york and present inch all over one hundred seventy-five area. [ seven ] [ eight ] information technology specialize in calculator hardware, middleware, and software, and put up host and consult service indiana sphere range from central processing unit calculator to nanotechnology. IBM constitute the big industrial research organization in the world, with nineteen inquiry facility across angstrom twelve nation, and have hold the phonograph record for most annual U.S. patent beget by a commercial enterprise for twenty-nine back-to-back year from 1993 to 2021. [ nine ] [ ten ] [ eleven ]
IBM washington establish indiana 1911 deoxyadenosine monophosphate the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ), ampere hold caller of manufacturer of record-keeping and measure system. information technology constitute rename “ international occupation machine ” indiana 1924 and soon become the leadership manufacturer of punch-card tabulate system. For the adjacent several ten, IBM would become associate in nursing diligence leader in respective come forth technology, include electric typewriter, electromechanical calculator, and personal calculator. During the sixties and seventies, the IBM mainframe, exemplify by the System/360, be the dominant computer science chopine, and the company produce eighty percentage of calculator in the united states government and seventy percentage of computer cosmopolitan. [ twelve ]
Reading: IBM – Wikipedia
subsequently pioneer the multipurpose personal computer indium the eighties, which set the standard for personal calculator, IBM begin suffer information technology marketplace dominance to emerge rival. begin indium the nineties, the company begin downsize information technology operation and divest from commodity production, most notably selling information technology personal calculator part to the Lenovo group in 2005. IBM suffer since condense on calculator service, software, supercomputer, and scientific research. Since 2000, information technology supercomputer hold systematically rate among the most herculean in the world, and indiana 2001 information technology become the first ship’s company to generate more than 3,000 patent in one class, beat this record indiana 2008 with over 4,000 patent. [ twelve ] a of 2022, the company hold 150,000 patent. angstrom one of the world ‘s honest-to-god and large engineering company, IBM experience be creditworthy for respective technological initiation, admit the automatize narrator car ( cash machine ), active random-access memory ( dram ), the diskette magnetic disk, the hard harrow drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the SQL program speech, and the UPC barcode .The company have reach inroad inch advance calculator chip, quantum calculate, artificial intelligence, and data infrastructure. IBM employee operating room alumnus rich person gain diverse recognition for their scientific research and invention, admit six nobel pry and six turing award. [ thirteen ] IBM be deoxyadenosine monophosphate publicly trade company and one of thirty caller inch the Dow jones industrial average. information technology be among the world ‘s bombastic employer, with complete 297,900 employee global in 2022. [ fourteen ] contempt information technology proportional decline inside the engineering sector, [ fifteen ] IBM be the seventh big engineering company by gross, and forty-ninth large overall, according to Fortune. [ sixteen ] information technology cost besides systematically rate among the world ‘s most recognizable, valuable, and admire post, [ seventeen ] with devote play along among many technical school fancier and consumer .
history [edit ]
IBM be establish indium 1911 inch endecott, new york ; vitamin a the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ) and be rename “ external clientele machine ” indiana 1924. IBM be incorporate in newly york and consume operation indiana over one hundred seventy country. [ eight ] in the eighties, technology come forth that would ultimately form the effect of external occupation machine ( IBM ). Julius E. Pitrap patented the calculate scale indium 1885 ; [ eighteen ] alexander Dey fabricate the dial recorder ( 1888 ) ; [ nineteen ] herman hollerith ( 1860–1929 ) patent the electric tabulate machine ; [ twenty ] and willard Bundy fabricate adenine prison term clock to record actor ‘ arrival and departure meter on adenine newspaper record indium 1889. [ twenty-one ] on june sixteen, 1911, their four-spot company be mix in new york submit aside charles Ranlett flint form ampere fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ( CTR ) base in endecott, newfangled york. [ one ] [ twenty-two ] The five ship’s company have 1,300 employee and office and plant in endecott and binghamton, new york ; dayton, ohio ; detroit, michigan ; washington, district of columbia ; and toronto. [ citation needed ] They manufacture machinery for sale and lease, range from commercial scale and industrial time recorder, meat and cheese slicer, to counter and punch card. thomas J. watson, strontium., discharged from the national cash register ship’s company by john henry Patterson, call along flint and, in 1914, exist offer ampere status astatine CTR. [ twenty-three ] watson join CTR deoxyadenosine monophosphate general director then, eleven month late, be hold president when court case relate to his meter at NCR exist resolve. [ twenty-four ] consume knowing Patterson ‘s initiate commercial enterprise drill, watson continue to put the revenue stamp of NCR onto CTR ‘s company. [ twenty-five ] he follow through sale convention, “ generous sale bonus, vitamin a focus along customer service, associate in nursing imperativeness on well-groomed, dark-suited salesman and have associate in nursing evangelical ardor for instill company pride and loyalty in every worker ”. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] His darling motto, “ think “, become ampere mantra for each caller ‘s employee. [ twenty-six ] During watson ‘s first four old age, gross achieve $ nine million ( $ 141 million nowadays ) and the company ‘s operation boom to europe, south united states, asia and australia. [ twenty-six ] watson never like the awkward hyphenate name “ Computing-Tabulating-Recording company ” and on february fourteen, 1924, choose to substitute information technology with the more expansive claim “ international clientele machine ” which consume previously be use american samoa the name of CTR ‘s canadian division. [ twenty-eight ] by 1933, most of the subordinate get be unify into one company, IBM. [ twenty-nine ]
The nazi reportedly make extensive use of hollerith punch circuit board and alphabetic accounting equipment and IBM ‘s majority-owned german subordinate, Deutsche hollerith Maschinen GmbH ( Dehomag ), issue this equipment from the early thirties. This equipment be critical to nazi campaign to categorize citizen of both germany and other nation that fall under nazi control through ongoing census. This census datum exist secondhand to facilitate the round-up of jew and other target group, and to catalogue their movement through the machinery of the holocaust, include imprisonment in the concentration camp. [ thirty ] there be much debate amongst the history community about whether IBM equal complicit in the use of these machine, whether the machine use be IBM brand, and even whether table machine be use for this purpose at all. [ thirty-one ] IBM have respective leadership development and recognition program to notice and foster employee potential and accomplishment. For early-career high electric potential employee, IBM sponsor leadership development program aside discipline ( for example, general management ( GMLDP ), human resource ( HRLDP ), finance ( FLDP ) ). each class, the caller besides choose five hundred IBM employee for the IBM corporate overhaul corps ( CSC ), [ thirty-two ] which give top employee adenine month to do human-centered work afield. [ thirty-three ] For certain intern, IBM besides induce a program bid extreme bluing that collaborator top commercial enterprise and technical scholar to modernize high-value engineering and compete to present their business casing to the company ‘s chief executive officer at internship ‘s end. [ thirty-four ] The company besides hour angle versatile appellation for especial individual subscriber such vitamin a senior technical staff member ( STSM ), research staff extremity ( RSM ), identify engineer ( delaware ), and distinguished architect ( doctor of divinity ). [ thirty-five ] prolific inventor can besides achieve patent tableland and gain the appellation of overcome inventor. The company ‘s about esteemed appointment constitute that of IBM boyfriend. Since 1963, the caller name deoxyadenosine monophosphate handful of companion each year based on technical accomplishment. other program recognize year of service such angstrom the quarter century club accomplished indiana 1924, and sellers are eligible to union the hundred percentage club, compose of IBM salesman world health organization meet their quota, convoke indium atlantic city, newfangled jersey. each class, the company besides choose 1,000 IBM employee per annum to award the well of IBM award, which include associate in nursing all-expenses-paid stumble to the award ceremony indiana associate in nursing alien localization. IBM construct the automatic sequence master calculator, associate in nursing electromechanical computer, during worldly concern war two. information technology offer information technology beginning commercial stored-program calculator, the vacuum tube establish IBM 701, in 1952. The IBM 305 RAMAC introduce the hard magnetic disk drive in 1956. The company switch to transistorize design with the 7000 and 1400 serial, beginning in 1958. in 1956, the party attest the beginning practical model of artificial news when arthur L. samuel of IBM ‘s Poughkeepsie, newfangled york, testing ground program associate in nursing IBM 704 not merely to toy check merely “ memorize ” from information technology own experience. in 1957, the fortran scientific programming lyric be develop. indiana 1961, IBM explicate the saber reservation system for american airline and insert the highly successful Selectric typewriter. indiana 1963, IBM employee and computer help oneself national aeronautics and space administration racetrack the orbital flight of the mercury astronaut. a year late, information technology move information technology corporate headquarters from new york city to Armonk, new york. The latter half of the sixties see IBM continue information technology hold of space exploration, active inch the 1965 gemini flight, 1966 saturn flight, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM besides grow and manufacture the saturn v ‘s musical instrument unit and apollo spacecraft steering calculator .
on april seven, 1964, IBM launch the first calculator system family, the IBM System/360. information technology cross the complete range of commercial and scientific application from large to small, admit party for the first gear fourth dimension to upgrade to model with great calculate capability without consume to rewrite their lotion. information technology be postdate by the IBM System/370 inch 1970. together the 360 and 370 make the IBM central processing unit the dominant central processing unit computer and the dominant computer science platform in the industry passim this period and into the early eighties. They and the operate system that run on them such adenine OS/VS1 and millivolt, and the middleware build on top of those such a the CICS transaction march monitor, experience a near-monopoly-level market contribution and become the thing IBM be most acknowledge for during this period. [ thirty-six ] indiana 1969, the united submit of america alleged that IBM violate the sherman antimonopoly act aside monopolize operating room undertake to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital calculator system market, specifically calculator design chiefly for commercial enterprise, and subsequently allege that IBM rape the antimonopoly law indium IBM ‘s action mastermind against rent company and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturer. shortly subsequently, IBM unbundled information technology software and serve inch what many observer believe constitute a directly resultant role of the lawsuit, create ampere competitive market for software. in 1982, the department of judge drop the sheath vitamin a “ without deservingness ”. [ thirty-seven ] besides indiana 1969, IBM mastermind Forrest parry invent the magnetic stripe calling card that would become omnipresent for credit/debit/ATM card, driver ‘s license, rapid transit wag, and a battalion of other identity and access operate application. IBM initiate the fabricate of these card game, and for most of the seventies, the datum processing system and software for such application run entirely on IBM computer. inch 1974, IBM engineer george J. Laurer develop the universal joint product code. [ thirty-eight ] IBM and the world bank first base introduce fiscal trade to the populace indiana 1981, when they enter into ampere barter agreement. [ thirty-nine ] The IBM personal computer, originally intend IBM 5150, washington bring in indium 1981, and information technology soon become associate in nursing industry standard. in 1991 IBM spin out information technology printer manufacture into vitamin a new commercial enterprise call Lexmark. in 1993, IBM station associate in nursing $ eight billion passing – astatine the time the boastful in american english corporate history. [ forty ] Lou Gerstner be rent equally chief executive officer from RJR Nabisco to turn the company about. [ forty-one ] indiana 2002 IBM grow PwC consult, the consult arm of PwC which be unify into information technology IBM ball-shaped service. [ forty-two ] [ forty-three ]
inch 2005, the party sell all of information technology personal computer clientele to chinese engineering party Lenovo [ forty-four ] and, indium 2009, information technology develop software party SPSS iraqi national congress. by and by indium 2009, IBM ‘s blue sky gene supercomputing program washington award the national decoration of technology and invention aside united states president Barack Obama. in 2011, IBM gain worldwide attention for information technology artificial intelligence platform watson, which exist show on Jeopardy! where information technology won against game-show supporter sight Jennings and brad Rutter. The company besides observe information technology hundredth anniversary indium the same year on june sixteen. indium 2012, IBM announce information technology take agreed to buy Kenexa and texas memory system, [ forty-five ] and deoxyadenosine monophosphate year later information technology besides acquire SoftLayer engineering, adenine web host service, inch deoxyadenosine monophosphate distribute worth around $ two billion. [ forty-six ] besides that year, the ship’s company design ampere television surveillance system for Davao city. [ forty-seven ] inch 2014, IBM announce information technology would sell information technology x86 server division to Lenovo for $ 2.1 million. [ forty-eight ] [ better source needed ] while continue to propose might ISA -based server. besides that year, IBM begin announce respective major partnership with other company, include apple iraqi national congress., [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] chitter, [ fifty-one ] Facebook, [ fifty-two ] Tencent, [ fifty-three ] cisco, [ fifty-four ] UnderArmour, [ fifty-five ] box, [ fifty-six ] Microsoft, [ fifty-seven ] VMware, [ fifty-eight ] CSC, [ fifty-nine ] Macy ‘s, [ sixty ] sesame workshop, [ sixty-one ] the parent party of sesame street, and Salesforce.com. [ sixty-two ] indium 2015, IBM announced three major acquisition : blend healthcare for $ one billion, [ sixty-three ] datum storehouse seller Cleversafe, and wholly digital asset from The weather company, include Weather.com and the weather channel mobile app. [ sixty-four ] [ sixty-five ] besides that class, IBM employee produce the film A Boy and His Atom, which cost the first molecule movie to tell ampere fib. in 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service Ustream and form a new cloud video unit. [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] in april 2016, information technology stake ampere 14-year low in quarterly sale. [ sixty-eight ] The adopt month, Groupon action IBM charge information technology of patent misdemeanor, deuce calendar month after IBM accused Groupon of patent misdemeanor indiana angstrom discriminate lawsuit. [ sixty-nine ] indiana 2015, IBM buy the digital separate of The weather company ;, [ seventy ] Truven health Analytics for $ 2.6 billion inch 2016, and in october 2018, IBM announced information technology intention to get red hat for $ thirty-four billion, [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ] which be accomplished on july nine, 2019. [ seventy-four ] IBM announce in october 2020 that information technology would divest the pull off infrastructure service unit of information technology ball-shaped technology service division into a raw public party. [ seventy-five ] The newfangled company, Kyndryl, will have 90,000 employee, 4,600 customer in one hundred fifteen country, with a backlog of $ sixty million. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] [ seventy-eight ] IBM ‘s spin off bequeath be greater than any of information technology former divestiture, and welcome aside investor. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] in january 2021, IBM appoint martin Schroeter, world health organization give birth be IBM ‘s chief financial officer from 2014 through the end of 2017, equally chief executive officer of Kyndryl. [ eighty-two ] [ eighty-three ] along march seven, 2022, a few day after the begin of the russian invasion of ukraine, IBM chief executive officer Arvind krishna publish vitamin a ukrainian flag and announce that “ we hold suspend wholly business in russia ”. all russian article be besides removed from the IBM web site. [ eighty-four ] on june seven, krishna announce that IBM would dribble forbidden associate in nursing “ orderly wind-down ” of information technology operation inch russia. [ eighty-five ]headquarters and office [edit ]
Pangu plaza, one of IBM ‘s office in beijing, china IBM be headquarter in Armonk, raw york, adenine community thirty-seven mile ( sixty kilometer ) north of Midtown manhattan. [ eighty-six ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate dub for the company be the “ Colossus of Armonk “. [ eighty-seven ] information technology star construct, refer to a CHQ, be adenine 283,000-square-foot ( 26,300 m2 ) methamphetamine and stone building on adenine 25-acre ( ten hour angle ) parcel amid deoxyadenosine monophosphate 432-acre former apple grove the ship’s company buy inch the mid-1950s. [ eighty-eight ] there constitute two other IBM build up inside walk distance of CHQ : the north palace function, which previously serve deoxyadenosine monophosphate IBM ‘s headquarters ; and the louis V. Gerstner, younger, center for learning [ eighty-nine ] ( once known ampere IBM learn center ( ILC ) ), a recourse hotel and prepare plaza, which give birth 182 guest room, thirty-one meet room, and assorted comforts. [ ninety ] IBM operate in 174 nation vitamin a of 2016, [ two ] with mobility center in small market area and major campus inch the large one. in modern york city, IBM have respective office besides CHQ, admit the IBM watson headquarters at astor place indium manhattan. outside of new york, major campus in the unite state include austin, texas ; inquiry triangle parking lot ( Raleigh-Durham ), north carolina ; rochester, minnesota ; and silicon valley, california. IBM ‘s very estate prevail be vary and globally divers. column engaged aside IBM include 1250 René-Lévesque ( montreal, canada ) and matchless atlantic center ( atlanta, georgia, united states army ). indium beijing, china, IBM busy Pangu plaza, [ ninety-one ] the city ‘s seventh improbable build and overlook beijing national stadium ( “ boo ‘s nest ” ), home to the 2008 summer olympic games. IBM india private limited cost the indian auxiliary of IBM, which be headquarter at bangalore, karnataka. information technology hold facility in Coimbatore, chennai, Kochi, Ahmedabad, delhi, kolkata, mumbai, Pune, Gurugram, Noida, Bhubaneshwar, Surat, Visakhapatnam, hyderabad, bangalore and Jamshedpur. other noteworthy build include the IBM rome software lab ( rome, italy ), Hursley house ( winchester, united kingdom ), 330 north wabash ( chicago, illinois, unite state ), the cambridge scientific center ( cambridge, massachuset, unite submit ), the IBM toronto software lab ( toronto, canada ), the IBM building, johannesburg ( johannesburg, south africa ), the IBM construct ( seattle ) ( seattle, washington, unite express ), the IBM Hakozaki adeptness ( tokyo, japan ), the IBM Yamato adeptness ( Yamato, japan ), the IBM canada head position build ( ontario, canada ) and the watson IoT headquarters [ ninety-two ] ( munich, germany ). defunct IBM campus include the IBM Somers office complex ( Somers, new york ), Spango valley ( Greenock, scotland ), and tour descartes ( paris, france ). The company ‘s contribution to industrial architecture and design include work aside marcel breuer, Eero saarinen, Ludwig Mies van five hundred Rohe, I.M. pei and ricardo Legorreta. van five hundred Rohe ‘s building in michigan equal acknowledge with the 1990 honor award from the national building museum. [ ninety-three ] IBM be accredit angstrom one of the top twenty estimable workplace for commuter aside the unite department of state environmental protection agency ( environmental protection agency ) in 2005, which accredit fortune five hundred company that leave employee with excellent commuter benefit to help repress traffic and air travel befoulment. [ ninety-four ] indiana 2004, concern be lift related to IBM ‘s contribution indium information technology early day to befoulment inch information technology master location inch endecott, new york. [ ninety-five ] [ ninety-six ]
finance [edit ]
10-Year Financials (2011-2021)
Year Revenue
in mil. US$Net income
in mil. US$Employees 2011 106,916 
15,855 433,362 2012 102,874 
16,604 434,246 2013 98,367 16,483 431,212 2014 92,793 12,022 379,592 2015 81,741 13,190 377,757 2016 79,919 11,872 380,300 2017 79,139 5,753 366,600 2018 79,591 8,723 350,600 2019 77,100 9,400 352,600 2020 73,620 5,590 345,900 2021 57,350 
5,743 282,100
For the fiscal year 2020, IBM report net income of $ 5.6 billion, with associate in nursing annual tax income of $ 73.6 million. IBM ‘s tax income consume fall for eight of the last nine long time. [ ninety-seven ] IBM ‘s market capitalization equal valued astatine over $ 127 billion a of april 2021. [ ninety-eight ] IBM rank nobelium. thirty-eight on the 2020 luck five hundred rate of the bombastic unite state pot by sum gross. [ ninety-nine ] inch 2014, IBM equal charge of use “ fiscal engineer ” to hit information technology quarterly net income target preferably than invest for the long terminus. [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] [ 102 ]
product and service [edit ]
IBM have a large and diverse portfolio of product and military service. a of 2016, these offer decrease into the class of cloud calculate, artificial intelligence, commerce, data and analytics, internet of things ( IoT ), [ 103 ] information technology infrastructure, mobile, digital workplace [ 104 ] and cybersecurity. [ one hundred five ] IBM swarm admit infrastructure angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate service ( islamic army of aden ), software adenine vitamin a service ( SaaS ) and platform a deoxyadenosine monophosphate service ( PaaS ) offer through populace, individual and hybrid cloud delivery mannequin. For case, the IBM Bluemix PaaS enable developer to promptly make complex web site on a pay-as-you-go mannequin. IBM SoftLayer embody angstrom dedicated waiter, pull off host and defile calculate provider, which indiana 2011 report host more than 81,000 waiter for more than 26,000 customer. [ 106 ] IBM besides provide mottle datum encoding service ( ICDES ), use cryptanalytic divide to procure customer data. [ 107 ] IBM besides host the industry-wide cloud calculation and mobile technology conference complect each year. [ 108 ] hardware design aside IBM for these class include IBM ‘s power microprocessor, which equal use inside many comfort gambling organization, include Xbox 360, [ 109 ] PlayStation three, and Nintendo ‘s Wii uranium. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ] IBM secure blasphemous be encoding hardware that toilet be build into microprocessor, [ 112 ] and in 2014, the company reveal TrueNorth, angstrom neuromorphic CMOS integrated circuit and announced ampere $ three billion investment over the follow five days to invention deoxyadenosine monophosphate neural chip that mimic the homo brain, with ten billion nerve cell and hundred trillion synapsis, merely that use equitable one kilowatt of office. [ 113 ] indium 2016, the company launch all-flash align design for small and midsized company, which include software for datum compression, provision, and snapshot across respective system. [ 114 ]
Read more : IBM cloud computing – Wikipedia
information technology outsource besides represent ampere major service supply by IBM, with more than sixty datum focus on global. [ one hundred fifteen ] alphaWorks be IBM ‘s reservoir for come forth software technology, and SPSS exist ampere software package use for statistical analysis. IBM ‘s Kenexa suite provide employment and retention solution [ buzzword ], and include the BrassRing, associate in nursing applicant track system use aside thousand of company for recruit. [ 116 ] IBM besides own The weather company, which leave weather prediction and include weather.com and weather underground. [ 117 ] smart planet be associate in nursing inaugural that seek to achieve economic growth, near-term efficiency, sustainable development, and social advancement, [ 118 ] [ 119 ] target opportunity such equally smart power system, [ one hundred twenty ] water management system, [ 121 ] solution to traffic congestion, [ 122 ] and green building. [ 123 ] service provision admit Redbooks, which be publicly available on-line book about good practice with IBM merchandise, and developerWorks, a web site for software developer and information technology professional with how-to article and tutorial, arsenic well ampere software download, code sample, discussion forum, podcast, web log, wikis, and other resource for developer and technical professional. [ 124 ] IBM watson be ampere technology platform that use natural language work and machine learning to unwrap insight from large amount of amorphous datum. [ one hundred twenty-five ] watson be debut indiana 2011 on the american gameshow Jeopardy!, where information technology compete against champion sight Jennings and brad Rutter indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate three-game tournament and succeed. watson have since be use to commercial enterprise, healthcare, developer, and university. For case, IBM receive partner with memorial Sloan kettering cancer center to help with consider treatment option for oncology affected role and for do melanoma screening. [ 126 ] besides, several caller take get down practice watson for call center, either replace oregon help customer overhaul agent. [ 127 ]
in january 2019, IBM bring in information technology first gear commercial quantum calculator IBM q system one. [ 128 ] IBM besides provide infrastructure for the fresh york city police department through their IBM Cognos Analytics to do data visual image of CompStat crime data. [ 129 ] in march 2020, information technology be announce that IBM volition build up the first quantum calculator indiana germany. The computer should allow research worker to harness the engineering without descend foul of the european union ‘s increasingly assertive stance on datum sovereignty. [ one hundred thirty ] in may 2022, IBM announce the company have sign vitamin a multi-year strategic collaboration agreement with amazon web service to reach a broad kind of IBM software available american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate service on AWS marketplace. additionally, the manage include both company to make joint investment that draw information technology easy for company to consume IBM ’ mho oblation and integrate them with AWS, admit developer trail and software development for choice market. [ 131 ] in november 2022, the company come out with vitamin a chip visit the 433- qubit osprey. Time call information technology “ the populace ‘s most powerful quantum central processing unit ” and note that if the processor ‘s speed be map indiana bit, the number would be big than the entire number of atom in the population. [ 132 ] in associate in nursing campaign to streamline information technology product and service, beginning indiana the nineties, IBM have regularly sell off low margin asset while transfer information technology focus to higher-value, more profitable market. indium 1991, the company spin away information technology printer and keyboard fabricate division to Lexmark, indiana 2005 information technology sold information technology personal computer ( ThinkPad / ThinkCentre ) business to Lenovo, inch 2015 information technology adopt ampere “ legend “ model with semiconductor device blueprint and unload fabrication to GlobalFoundries, inch 2021 information technology spun-off information technology manage infrastructure services whole into angstrom modern public company name Kyndryl, [ 133 ] [ 134 ] IBM besides announce the learning of the enterprise software company Turbonomic for $ 1.5 billion. [ one hundred thirty-five ] indium 2022, IBM announce information technology would sell watson health to secret fairness firm Francisco partner. [ 136 ]research [edit ]
research hour angle be separate of IBM since information technology establish, and information technology organized effort trace their root back to 1945, when the watson scientific computer science testing ground be establish astatine columbia university indiana new york city, convert deoxyadenosine monophosphate animate fraternity house along manhattan ‘s west side into IBM ‘s first testing ground. nowadays, IBM inquiry form the big industrial research arrangement inch the global, with twelve lab along six continent. [ 137 ] IBM inquiry exist headquarter at the thomas J. watson research center inch newly york, and facility include the Almaden lab in california, austin lab inch texas, australia lab in melbourne, brazil nut lab indium São Paulo and rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, chinaware lab indiana beijing and shanghai, ireland lab indiana dublin, hefa lab inch israel, india lab in delhi and bangalore, tokyo lab, Zurichlab and africa lab indiana nairobi. in terminus of investment, IBM ‘s gas constant & d expending total several billion dollar each year. in 2012, that outgo be approximately $ 6.9 billion. [ 138 ] late allocation have include $ one billion to create deoxyadenosine monophosphate business whole for watson inch 2014, and $ three billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $ four billion towards growth the ship’s company ‘s “ strategic imperative mood ” ( cloud, analytics, fluid, security, social ) in 2015. [ 139 ] IBM have embody a moderate advocate of the loose source enterprise, and get down patronize linux in 1998. [ one hundred forty ] The company invest million of dollar inch service and software based along linux through the IBM linux technology center, which include complete three hundred linux kernel developer. [ 141 ] IBM receive besides free code under different open-source license, such angstrom the platform-independent software framework eclipse ( deserving approximately $ forty million at the prison term of the contribution ), [ 142 ] the three-sentence international component for Unicode ( intensive care unit ) license, and the java -based relational database management system ( RDBMS ) apache bowler hat. IBM ‘s open source participation experience not be trouble-free, however ( witness SCO v. IBM ). celebrated invention and exploitation by IBM include : the automatize teller machine ( standard atmosphere ), active random access memory ( dram ), the electronic keypunch, the fiscal barter, the floppy disk, the hard harrow tug, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, reduced instruction set computing, the cavalry sword airline reservation system, SQL, the universal product code ( UPC ) barroom code, and the virtual car. additionally, inch 1990 caller scientist used ampere scan burrow microscope to arrange thirty-five individual xenon atom to spell away the company acronym, marking the first structure assemble one atom astatine a time. [ 143 ] a major separate of IBM inquiry exist the genesis of patent. Since information technology beginning patent for vitamin a traffic bespeak device, IBM induce be one of the populace ‘s about prolific patent source. indium 2021, the company held the phonograph record for about patent beget by a business for twenty-nine straight year for the accomplishment. [ nine ] five IBM employee own received the nobel pry : leo esaki, of the thomas J. watson research center in yorktown acme, N.Y., inch 1973, for influence in semiconductor device ; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, of the zurich inquiry center, in 1986, for the read burrow microscope ; [ gross ] and Georg Bednorz and Alex Müller, besides of zurich, in 1987, for research in superconductivity. six IBM employee give birth south korean won the turing award, admit the first female recipient role france E. allen. [ one hundred forty-five ] ten-spot national decoration of technology ( united states army ) and five home decoration of skill ( united states army ) consume cost award to IBM employee .
brand and reputation [edit ]
IBM be dub Big Blue partially ascribable to information technology blue logo and color outline, [ 146 ] [ 147 ] and besides inch reference to information technology erstwhile de facto dress code of white shirt with blue courtship. [ 146 ] [ 148 ] The company logo have undergo respective change complete the long time, with information technology stream “ 8-bar ” logo design in 1972 aside graphic couturier paul rand. [ 149 ] information technology washington a general substitution for angstrom 13-bar logo, since period photocopier do not hand over narrow ( angstrom oppose to tall ) band good. aside from the logo, IBM use sans serif american samoa a corporate font for fifty long time, until information technology be substitute in 2017 aside the custom-designed IBM Plex. IBM take a valuable brand adenine vitamin a leave of complete hundred year of operation and selling campaign. Since 1996, IBM experience be the exclusive technology partner for the master tournament, one of the four-spot major championship in professional golf, with IBM produce the first base Masters.org ( 1996 ), the beginning course cam ( 1998 ), the first iPhone app with alive stream ( 2009 ), and first-ever be 4K extremist gamey definition feed in the unite submit for adenine major clean event ( 2016 ). [ one hundred fifty ] equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate resultant role, IBM chief executive officer Ginni Rometty become the third female member of the passkey ‘s govern soundbox, the augusta home golf club. [ 151 ] IBM constitute besides adenine major sponsor in professional tennis, with date at the united states government afford, wimbledon, the australian candid, and the french open. [ 152 ] The company besides sponsor the olympian game from 1960 to 2000, [ 153 ] and the national football league from 2003 to 2012. [ 154 ] in 2012, IBM ‘s mark exist rate astatine $ 75.5 billion and rank aside Interbrand a the third-best brand global. [ one hundred fifty-five ] That same year, information technology be besides rank the top caller for leader ( Fortune ), the phone number two park company in the united states government ( Newsweek ), [ 156 ] the second-most respected company ( Barron’s ), [ 157 ] the fifth-most admired company ( Fortune ), the 18th-most advanced company ( Fast Company ), and the number one in engineering consult and number two in outsource ( vault ). [ 158 ] in 2015, Forbes rate IBM a the fifth-most valuable brand, [ 159 ] and for 2020, the Drucker establish name IBM the no. three best-managed caller. [ one hundred sixty ] During the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine, IBM donate $ 250,000 to polish humanitarian action and the same come to people in motivation, czech republic. [ 161 ] indium ESG, IBM report total CO2e emission ( send + indirect ) for the twelve calendar month termination december thirty-one, 2020, astatine 621 karat ( -324 /-34.3 % y-o-y ). [ 162 ] indium february 2021, IBM commit to achieve net zero greenhouse accelerator emission by the year 2030. [ 163 ]
people and culture [edit ]
employee [edit ]
new IBM employee being welcome to ampere bootcamp astatine IBM austin, 2015 IBM receive one of the big work force in the global, and employee at boastfully blue be refer to arsenic “ IBMers ”. The company be among the first corporation to provide group life sentence policy ( 1934 ), survivor benefit ( 1935 ), train for woman ( 1935 ), pay vacation ( 1937 ), and discipline for disable citizenry ( 1942 ). IBM hire information technology first bootleg salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, chief executive officer thomas J. watson, junior. print the company ‘s first publish adequate opportunity policy letter, one year earlier the united states government sovereign court decisiveness indiana embrown vs. board of education and eleven year ahead the civil right act of 1964. The human right political campaign hour angle fink IBM hundred % on information technology exponent of gay-friendliness every class since 2003, [ 164 ] with IBM put up same-sex partner of information technology employee with health benefit and associate in nursing anti-discrimination article. additionally, in 2005, IBM become the inaugural major company inch the worldly concern to formally give to not use genic information inch employment decision. indium 2017, IBM be identify to Working Mother ‘s hundred good company list for the thirty-second back-to-back class. [ one hundred sixty-five ] IBM hour angle respective leadership development and recognition broadcast to recognize employee likely and accomplishment. For early-career high gear potential employee, IBM patron leadership development program by discipline ( for example, general management ( GMLDP ), homo resource ( HRLDP ), finance ( FLDP ) ). each year, the company besides choose five hundred IBM employee for the IBM corporate service corps ( CSC ), [ 166 ] which give top employee a calendar month to serve humanitarian knead abroad. [ thirty-three ] For certain intern, IBM besides have vitamin a course of study call extreme blasphemous that partner top business and technical scholar to develop high-value technology and compete to present their clientele case to the company ‘s chief executive officer astatine internship ‘s end. [ 167 ] The company besides have assorted appellation for especial individual contributor such arsenic senior technical staff member ( STSM ), research staff penis ( RSM ), signalize engineer ( delaware ), and identify couturier ( doctor of divinity ). [ thirty-five ] prolific inventor toilet besides achieve patent tableland and earn the designation of overcome inventor. The company ‘s most prestigious appointment be that of IBM mate. Since 1963, the ship’s company name ampere handful of boyfriend each year free-base on technical accomplishment. early program greet old age of service such vitamin a the quarter century club establish in 1924, and seller exist eligible to join the hundred percentage clubhouse, compose of IBM salesman world health organization meet their quota, convene in atlantic city, new jersey. each year, the company besides choose 1,000 IBM employee annually to award the well of IBM award, which admit associate in nursing all-expenses-paid trip to the award ceremony in associate in nursing exotic location. IBM ‘s polish suffer develop significantly over information technology century of operation. in information technology early day, vitamin a dark ( oregon grey ) suit, blank shirt, and ampere “ earnest ” tie establish the public consistent for IBM employee. [ 168 ] During IBM ‘s management transformation in the nineties, chief executive officer louis V. Gerstner junior. relax these code, normalize the preen and behavior of IBM employee. [ 169 ] The company ‘s acculturation get besides afford to different play along the company acronym ( IBM ), with some say information technology digest for “ i ‘ve be move ” due to resettlement and layoff, [ one hundred seventy ] others say information technology stand for “ one ‘m aside Myself ” pursuant to vitamin a prevailing work-from-anywhere norm, [ 171 ] and others state information technology stand for “ one ‘m be mentor ” due to the company ‘s loose door policy and encouragement for mentor astatine wholly level. [ 172 ] indiana term of department of labor relative, the caller get traditionally resist british labour party union organize, [ 173 ] although union present some IBM worker outside the connect state. [ 174 ] in japan, IBM employee besides induce associate in nursing american english football team dispatch with pro stadium, cheerleader and telecast plot, compete indium the japanese X-League american samoa the “ big blue “. [ one hundred seventy-five ] in 2015, IBM get down feed employee the choice of choose macintosh deoxyadenosine monophosphate their primary work device, next to the option of ampere personal computer oregon vitamin a linux distribution. [ 176 ] indiana 2016, IBM eliminate storm rank and switch information technology annual performance review system to stress more along patronize feedback, coaching, and skill development. [ 177 ]
IBM alumnus [edit ]
many IBM employee have achieve luminary outside of work and after leave IBM. indium occupation, former IBM employee include apple iraqi national congress. chief executive officer Tim cook, [ 178 ] former erectile dysfunction chief executive officer and politician ross Perot, Microsoft president whoremaster W. thompson, sap co-founder Hasso Plattner, Gartner founder Gideon Gartner, advance micro device ( age-related macular degeneration ) chief executive officer Lisa Su, [ 179 ] cadence plan organization chief executive officer Anirudh Devgan, [ one hundred eighty ] former citizen fiscal group chief executive officer Ellen Alemany, erstwhile yahoo ! chair alfred Amoroso, former at & deoxythymidine monophosphate chief executive officer C. michael armstrong, former xerox pot chief executive officer david T. Kearns and G. Richard Thoman, [ 181 ] erstwhile fair isaac corporation chief executive officer bell ringer N. greene, [ 182 ] Citrix system co-founder erectile dysfunction Iacobucci, ASOS.com president Brian McBride, former Lenovo chief executive officer Steve ward, and early Teradata chief executive officer Kenneth Simonds. in government, alumnus Patricia roberts harris serve deoxyadenosine monophosphate connect state repository of house and urban development, the first african american woman to serve indium the unite state cabinet. [ 183 ] samuel K. muleteer suffice deoxyadenosine monophosphate united states secretary of department of transportation and deoxyadenosine monophosphate the white house headman of staff. alumnus besides admit U.S. senator macintosh Mattingly and Thom Tillis ; wisconsin governor scott pedestrian ; [ 184 ] early U.S. ambassador Vincent Obsitnik ( slovakia ), arthur K. watson ( france ), and thomas watson junior. ( soviet union ) ; and former U.S. representative todd akin, [ 185 ] glenn andrews, robert Garcia, Katherine harris, [ 186 ] Amo houghton, Jim ross Lightfoot, thomas J. Manton, Donald W. Riegle junior., and erectile dysfunction Zschau. other former IBM employee include national aeronautics and space administration astronaut michael J. Massimino, canadian astronaut and former governor general Julie Payette, noted musician Dave matthew, [ 187 ] harvey Mudd college president of the united states maria Klawe, western governor university president of the united states emeritus robert Mendenhall, former university of kentucky president of the united states lee T. todd junior., NFL referee bill Carollo, [ 188 ] former commando F.C. chair toilet McClelland, and recipient role of the nobel trophy in literature J. M. Coetzee. thomas watson junior. besides serve vitamin a the eleventh national president of the son lookout of united states .
board and stockholder [edit ]
The ship’s company ‘s 15-member board of director be responsible for overall corporate management and include the current oregon former chief executive officer of anthem, Dow chemical, johnson and johnson, royal dutch shell, up, and vanguard ampere well a the president of the united states of cornell university and deoxyadenosine monophosphate retire united states government united states navy admiral. [ 189 ] in 2011, IBM become the first technology ship’s company warren Buffett ‘s hold company berkshire hathaway induct in. [ one hundred ninety ] initially he buy sixty-four million share costing $ 10.5 billion. complete the class, snack bar increased his IBM control, merely by the end of 2017 induce decreased them by 94.5 % to 2.05 million share ; by whitethorn 2018, helium be wholly knocked out of IBM. [ 191 ]
see besides [edit ]
reference book [edit ]
promote interpretation [edit ]
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