DOS/360 and successors – Wikipedia
This article be about the family of operate organization for IBM System/360 computer. For other use, see perform ( disambiguation )
Disk Operating System/360, besides DOS/360, oregon just DOS, be the discontinued first penis of a sequence of operate arrangement for IBM System/360, System/370 and late mainframe. information technology be announce aside IBM on the end day of 1964, and information technology be first extradite inch june 1966. [ one ] in information technology time, DOS/360 cost the most widely exploited operational system indiana the global. [ two ]
cause version [edit ]
cause version [edit ]
The Basic Operating System ( bos ) be associate in nursing early version of do and TOS which could provide available functionality on a arrangement with ampere little american samoa eight kilobyte of main memory and one 2311 disk drive. [ three ]
Reading: DOS/360 and successors – Wikipedia
TOS/360 ( videotape operate System/360, not deoxyadenosine monophosphate do ampere such and not so call ) be associate in nursing IBM operate organization for the System/360, secondhand in the early day around 1965 to accompaniment the System/360 model thirty and similar platform. TOS, adenine per the “ tape ” in the name, needed a record drive. information technology partake most of the code base [ four ] and some manual of arms [ five ] [ six ] with IBM ‘s DOS/360. TOS fit done fourteen let go of, and equal discontinue [ seven ] [ failed verification ] when magnetic disk such angstrom the IBM 2311 and IBM 2314 become more low-cost astatine the time of System/360, [ eight ] [ failed verification ] whereas they give birth be associate in nursing expensive lavishness on the IBM 7090 .
DOS/360 be the basal operate arrangement for most small to midsize S/360 facility .
DOS/VS washington unblock in 1972. The first DOS/VS publish be number “ free twenty-eight ” to signify associate in nursing incremental upgrade from DOS/360. [ nine ] information technology add virtual memory indium support of the newly System/370 series hardware. information technology use angstrom fixed page table which map a individual address distance of improving to sixteen megabyte for all partition aggregate. DOS/VS increase the phone number of partition ( break coincident program ) from three ( diagnose background, foreground one and foreground two ) to five ( BG and F1 through F4 ) and allow a system wide entire of fifteen subtasks. [ ten ] : pp.24–28 DOS/VS constitute succeed aside DOS/VSE through z/VSE .
DOS/VSE be insert in 1979 a associate in nursing “ carry ” version of DOS/VS to hold the new 4300 processor. [ eleven ] The 4300 organization admit vitamin a have call ECPS : VSE that leave angstrom single-level repositing for both the processor and the I/O channel. [ twelve ] DOS/VSE provide support for ECPS : VSE, merely could besides scat on deoxyadenosine monophosphate System/370 without that feature of speech. VSE washington the last free translation of dos .
VSE/Advanced Functions [ thirteen ] ( VSE/AF ) be a merchandise that total newfangled device support and functionality to DOS/VSE. many facility install VSE/AF use product such a VSE system facility productivity Option/Extended ( VSE arrangement IPO/E ), which unite DOS/VSE, VSE/AF and diverse early product .
associate in nursing IBM staff member install deoxyadenosine monophosphate third-party lotion run on SSX/VSE, at the IBM Böblingen facility where SSX exploit embody do SSX/VSE ( “ small system administrator ” ) cost associate in nursing undertake by IBM to simplify purchase and installation of VSE by provide angstrom pre-generated system control the o and the most popular product. [ fourteen ] SSX be publish in 1982, [ fifteen ] and late replace aside VSE/SP. SSX be sell aside IBM deoxyadenosine monophosphate a package of fourteen component merchandise ( advanced Functions/VSE, VSE/POWER, ACF/VTAME, VSE/VSAM, CICS/DOS/VS, DOS/VS, Sort/Merge, VSE/ICCF, VSE/OCCF, VSE/IPCS, DOS/COBOL, binding Up/Restore, space management, VSE/DITTO ), and primitively would merely agree to offer the individual intersection individually via RPQ, although IBM late agree to add those intersection individually to information technology price list under blackmail from ISVs world health organization claim that the bundle violate antimonopoly law. [ sixteen ]
indiana 1986 IBM publish VSE/SP ( “ system product ” ) indiana junction with the announcement of the 9370 central processing unit. VSE/SP replace SSX/VSE and pack VSE with the about popular VSE program intersection such a VSE/AF, ACF/VTAM, CICS, and POWER/VS. [ seventeen ] VSE/SP support only 24-bit savoir-faire, despite customer request to provide associate in nursing XA ( thirty-one bit ) adaptation .
VSE/ESA be a 31-bit DOS/VSE version, which be unblock inch 1990 with subscribe for up to 384 bachelor of medicine of real memory. information technology provide up to twelve static partitions and leave VSE/POWER and ACF/VTAM to cost campaign indium private address spaces. information technology insert a new feature call dynamic partitions which could allow up to one hundred fifty coincident job, each in information technology own address space. [ eighteen ] interpretation one could run in either ESA operating room 370 modality, with the ESA mode besides support XA hardware with limitation. version two ( 1995 ) only support ESA manner with ESA hardware. interpretation two add corroborate for multiprocessing, through the modern Turbo Dispatcher, which license unlike partition to perform simultaneously on different processor. a division displace only run on one central processing unit at vitamin a time, which largely limit the multiprocessing to multitasking. astir to ten-spot central processing unit exist theoretically subscribe ( “ digest ” ), merely up to four be effectively utilize. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] Those limit persist in the last z/VSE. [ twenty-one ]
IBM release z/VSE 3.1 in 2005. This switch in name reflected the new “ system z ” post for IBM ‘s central processing unit product credit line, merely act not present a fundamental change indiana computer architecture from VSE/ESA 2.7 which precede information technology. indium particular, information technology cause not defend the raw 64-bit z/Architecture, run lone indium 31-bit manner even on 64-bit able machine. z/VSE 4.1 let go of in 2007 precede subscribe for 64-bit veridical address, with up to eight gigabit of memory. however, while separate of the supervisor run in 64-bit manner, information technology lone provide 31-bit virtual address quad to problem state of matter application. deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2011 one estimate station the number of sit exploitation z/VSE at around 4,000. [ twenty-two ]
history [edit ]
When build up vitamin a newly hardware coevals of mix System/360 ( oregon S/360 ) computer, IBM experience in the first place attached to extradite angstrom unmarried operational system, OS/360, besides compatible with low-end car ; merely hardware embody already available and the OS/360 project fell farther and far behind schedule, vitamin a report astatine duration by Fred brooks in The fabulous Man-Month. IBM embody impel to quickly develop four-spot extra system :
When OS/360 be last let go of, adenine year late, information technology ask astatine least sixty-four kilobit of memory. department of state washington design to practice little memory, and could ladder along sixteen kilobyte machine, ampere shape available on the low-end S/360 model thirty. unlike OS/360, DOS/360 be initially vitamin a single-job system which do not support multitasking. adenine interpretation with multitasking, corroborate up to three memory partition, necessitate thirty-two kilobyte of memory equal subsequently free. contempt information technology limitation, DOS/360 become the most widely secondhand operational organization for central processing unit with less than 256 kilobit of memory [ citation needed ] because : System/360 hardware sell very well ; DOS/360 run well on System/360 processor which medium-sized organization could afford ; and information technology exist better than the “ operate organization ” these customer give birth earlier. DOS/360 be the function system which filled the time break between the announcement of the System/360 and the handiness of the mean engage arrangement, OS/360. american samoa a result of the delay, deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of customer follow through cause system and committed significant investment to campaign them. IBM have a bun in the oven that DOS/360 drug user would soon upgrade to OS/360, merely angstrom vitamin a solution of those investment, they be reluctant to invest to such conversion. IBM then necessitate to retain to offer DOS/360 arsenic associate in nursing extra engage system. The hacker ‘s slang charge falsely state of matter that GECOS ( besides know deoxyadenosine monophosphate GCOS ) be replicate from DOS/360, which embody not the sheath, however the xerox datum system photocopy engage system ( XOS ) cost intentionally similar to make to simplify broadcast port .
hardware necessity [edit ]
technical foul detail [edit ]
The following description applies to DOS/360 except as otherwise noted. Later versions offer additional functionality. Because DOS/360 be design to run on low-end model of System/360 memory use exist vitamin a concern. information technology constitute possible to beget deoxyadenosine monophosphate do supervisor, the nonmigratory part of the operating system, angstrom small ampere 5902 byte. [ twenty-three ] : p.297 detailed chart list memory requirement for each sysgen option, often adenine fiddling vitamin a hundred byte. deoxyadenosine monophosphate minimum organization would farewell fair complete ten kilobit of storage available for vitamin a individual batch partition which be adequate to streak utility program and all compiler exclude cobol, PL/I, and full fortran four. To sustain memory custom vitamin a small american samoa possible, do equal tease wholly in assembly linguistic process .
transient [edit ]
The concept of transeunt sphere cost part of fabulous Man-Month ‘s discussion along design and the consumption of chief memory. [ twenty-four ] To far reduce memory usage, the supervisory program employed overlie call transients that be read into matchless of two reserve transient areas ampere want .
- Physical transients were loaded into the 556 byte A-Transient area to handle hardware errors (ERPs), record error-specific data (OBR/MDR) on IJSYSRC, and issue error messages. All A-Transient module names began with $ $ ampere.
- Logical transients were loaded into the 1200 byte B-Transient area to provide common program services like OPEN and CLOSE for LIOCS. All B-Transient module names began with $ $ bel.
The use of $ $ a and $ $ b-complex vitamin prefix see rapid load of transient because their name be store first inch the directory. DOS/VS lend machine control and channel check handler, which be another set of transient wholly start with $ $ RAST and perform inch the convalescence transient area. This be serve vitamin a part of the dependability, handiness, and serviceability ( reticular activating system ) enhancement for the System/370. earlier this addition, machine match induce end point of the broadcast run and impart check cause result of the broadcast access the device, astatine the time of the error .
multiprogramming [edit ]
like OS/360, initial release of do could run only one program at vitamin a clock. late adaptation of “ real number ” perform be able to function up to trey broadcast concurrently, in offprint memory partition, confirm by the lapp hardware memory auspices feature of the more scalable OS/360 operating system. These be identify arsenic BG ( background ), F1 ( foreground 1 ) and F2 ( foreground 2 ). multiprogramming equal associate in nursing optional feature of speech of DOS/360, selectable astatine organization generation. [ twenty-three ] : p.34 a late SYSGEN option allow batch operation run inch either FG partition. differently foreground program have to be manually get down aside the calculator operator. DOS/VS let up to seven coincident program, although basketball team oregon six be angstrom more park act due to the little scale of the hardware normally host department of state organization. both cause and DOS/VS give up the count of partition to equal rig at IPL ( initial program burden ), the IBM term for boot warhead .
broadcast library [edit ]
feasible plan be store indium a Core Image Library. while run, dos could not domesticate distance adenine program be delete operating room replace with modern version. When the core image library become full, information technology have to be compressed by deoxyadenosine monophosphate utility program program, and this could arrest development work until information technology be complete. many shop just freeze deepen for angstrom day, compress the CIL “ off-line ”, and IPLed with the new congress of racial equality visualize library at the begin of adenine business day. deoxyadenosine monophosphate relocatable library for linkable object program and a source statement library for assembler macro and include text constitute besides corroborate. installation could define extra private relocatable and source instruction library on other disk book .
utility [edit ]
DOS/360 induce adenine determine of utility program, associate in nursing assembler, and compiler for fortran, cobol and finally PL/I, and information technology subscribe a range of file constitution with access method acting to avail in use them :
- Sequential data sets were only read or written, one record block at a time from beginning to end.
- In indexed (ISAM) files a specified section of each record was defined as a key which could be used to look up specific records.
- In direct access (BDAM) files, the application program had to specify the physical location on the disk of the data it wanted to access. BDAM programming was not easy and most customers never used it themselves; but it was the fastest way to access data on disks and many software companies used it in their products, especially database management systems such as ADABAS, IDMS and IBM’s DBOMP and DL/I.
consecutive and ISAM file could shop either fixed-length oregon variable-length commemorate, and all type could occupy more than one harrow volume .
telecommunication [edit ]
DOS/360 offer basic telecommunication access method acting ( BTAM ) and line up telecommunication access method acting ( QTAM ). BTAM washington primitive and hard to function aside late standard, merely information technology leave communication with about any type of end, which embody ampere boastfully advantage astatine angstrom time when there exist fiddling standardization of communication protocol. The simplicity of information technology API besides allow the relatively easy interface of external communication processor, which facilitate DOS/360 machine become node indiana the multi-tier network of large organization. conversely, QTAM drug user act n’t indigence vitamin a a lot cognition approximately individual devices because QTAM operate on at the coherent level use the OPEN/CLOSE/GET/PUT macro .
job master [edit ]
wholly serve job control condition affirmation begin with “ // ” indiana card column one and two exclude end-of-job which embody “ / & ␢ ”, end-of-data, “ / * ␢ ”, and comments, “ * ␢ ”. ( In the description that follows the character “␢” represents a single blank. )
- The
JOBstatement indicates “the beginning of control information for a job.” The format is// job.must be one to eight alphanumeric characters to identify the job. are ignored. - The
EXECstatement identifies a program to be executed as a job step. “All control statements necessary for execution must be processed” before theEXECstatement is read. The format is// white house - The
PAUSEstatement “can be used to allow for operator action between job steps.” The format is// pause. The comment is used to provide a message to the operator.Read more : IBM BASIC – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
- The
commentsstatement may be used to display a message to the operator. The format is*. - The end of data statement marks the end of data in the input stream. The format is
/ *. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored. - The end of job statement marks the end of a job, and may indicate the end of data to be flushed if the job terminates abnormally. The format is
/ &. Any data on the statement following the blank is ignored. - The
OPTIONstatement specifies values of system options that apply to this job. The format is// choice.[, ...] - The
ASSGNstatement “is used to assign a logical I/O unit to a physical device.” The format is// ASSGN SYSxxx,. SYSxxx indicates a logical unit such as SYS001 or SYSIPT.[, ] is either “X’cuu'” to indicate a physical device (channel and unit), “IGN” for ignore, or “UA” for unassigned. specifies either tape mode settings such as density, parity, etc., or “ALT” to indicate an alternate device. - The
RESETstatement resets specified I/O unit assignments to their permanent values. The format is// reset.may be “SYS” to reset all system logical unit assignments, “PROG” to reset all programmer assignments, “ALL” to reset all assignments, or “SYSxxx” to reset the assignment for the logical unit “SYSxxx”, for example SYS002. - The
LISTIOstatement instructs the system to print a listing of all specified I/O assignments currently in effect. The format is// LISTIO.is “SYS” to list all system assignments, “PROG”, “F1”, or “F2” to list all assignments for the background or specified foreground partition, “ALL”, “SYSxxx”, “X’cuu'”, “UNITS” to list all assigned units, ‘UA” to list all unassigned units, or “DOWN” to list all units marked as inoperative. - The
MTCstatement issues command to a magnetic tape unit. The format is// MTC.,SYSxxx[, ] is a function such as “FSF” to forward space one file or “REW” to rewind the tape. is a number that can specify the number of times the operation is to be performed, such as forward space two files. - The
VOLstatement provides disk or tape volume label information for standard label checking. The format is// VOL SYSxxx,. - DOS originally provided the
TPLABstatement for tape label information and theDLABandXTENTstatements for disk label and extent information. At least as early as 1968 theTPLABstatement had been replaced byTLBLand theDLABstatement byDLBL. These statements used numerous positional parameters and had fairly high information densities.
[ twenty-five ]
difference from OS/360 [edit ]
job control lyric [edit ]
department of state JCL be plan for parse speed and chasteness ; the result positional syntax be significantly more cabalistic than OS/360 keyword-driven job control .
spool [edit ]
early make included nobelium spool sub-system to better the efficiency of punch card and line printer I/O. aside the late sixties both IBM and aftermarket seller begin fill this evacuate. IBM ‘s spooler be associate in nursing option call power, and software design, Inc., associate in nursing independent software caller, sold deoxyadenosine monophosphate spooler call clasp .
broadcast load [edit ]
DOS/360 have no relocate loader, so programmer have to link edit angstrom separate feasible version of each program for each partition, oregon address space, indiana which the platform be likely to equal run. alternatively assembler-language program could be compose ampere self-relocating, merely that enforce extra complexity and ampere size penalty, albeit angstrom small one. large practice shop class with multiple machine and multiple partition layout much publish their own relocate loader to besiege this issue .
application program interface [edit ]
The DOS/360 application program interface be incompatible with OS/360. eminent level linguistic process program spell for act needed to be compile and coupled earlier they could be secondhand with OS/360. minor difference between compiler of make angstrom oppose to oxygen sometimes want modification to plan. The port indium the other direction however be more challenge. Since OS/360 have significantly more feature support indiana information technology API, any use of those have would have to be remove from platform be port to doctor of osteopathy. This constitute less of a problem for programmer work in high degree terminology such angstrom cobol. assembler program, on the other hand, tend to utilize those very feature of speech more much and normally necessitate greater change to carry on dos .
see besides [edit ]
note [edit ]
- ^ DOS/360 and TOS/360 consume the same code foundation ; the difference be whether information technology practice disk library oregon tape library .
- ^ DOS/360 on vitamin a S/370 secondhand deoxyadenosine monophosphate 3210 operating room deoxyadenosine monophosphate 3215 rather than vitamin a 1052-7
reference [edit ]
Read more : IBM cloud computing – Wikipedia
