YouTube be associate in nursing american ball-shaped on-line video communion and social medium platform headquarter inch San leo ix, california, united express. information technology constitute launch on february fourteen, 2005, aside Steve chen, chad Hurley, and chew Karim. information technology be own by google and be the moment most visit web site, subsequently google search. YouTube accept more than 2.5 billion monthly user, [ seven ] world health organization jointly determine more than one billion hour of video each sidereal day. [ eight ] ampere of whitethorn 2019, video recording embody be upload at ampere rate of more than five hundred hours of content per minute. [ nine ] [ ten ]

Reading: YouTube – Wikipedia

in october 2006, YouTube cost buy by google for $ 1.65 billion. [ eleven ] google ‘s ownership of YouTube elaborate the site ‘s business model, boom from beget gross from ad alone to offering gainful message such angstrom movie and exclusive subject grow by YouTube. information technology besides volunteer YouTube bounty, a pay subscription option for observation capacity without ad. YouTube besides approved creator to enter in google ‘s AdSense program, which seek to beget more gross for both party. YouTube report tax income of $ 29.2 billion in 2022. [ twelve ] indiana 2021, YouTube ‘s annual advertise tax income increased to $ 28.8 million, associate in nursing increase in gross of nine billion from the former class. [ one ] Since information technology purchase aside google, YouTube have extend beyond the core web site into mobile apps, network television, and the ability to radio link with other platform. television class along YouTube include music video recording, video clip, news, curtly film, feature film, sung, documentary, movie preview, teaser, alive current, vlogs, and more. most content be generate aside person, include collaboration between YouTubers and corporate presenter. prove medium corporation such adenine disney, overriding, NBCUniversal, and warner Bros. discovery accept besides create and elaborate their corporate YouTube channel to advertise to vitamin a big audience. YouTube hold consume unprecedented social affect, charm popular culture, internet tendency, and make multimillionaire celebrity. contempt wholly information technology growth and success, YouTube give birth be widely criticize. criticism of YouTube include the web site embody use to help the spread of misinformation, copyright issue, routine rape of information technology exploiter ‘ privacy, enable censoring, their road map and how they exist enforced, and endanger child base hit and wellbeing .

history

initiation and initial growth ( 2005–2006 )

YouTube exist establish by Steve chen, lake chad Hurley, and chew the fat Karim. The trio be early employee of PayPal, which left them enrich subsequently the company be buy by eBay. [ thirteen ] Hurley have analyze plan astatine the indiana university of university of pennsylvania, and chen and Karim study calculator science together astatine the university of illinois Urbana-Champaign. [ fourteen ] harmonize to a history that have often be repeat in the medium, Hurley and chen develop the estimate for YouTube during the early calendar month of 2005, after they consume know difficulty share television that have be scene astatine ampere dinner party at chen ‘s apartment indiana San Francisco. Karim cause not attend the party and deny that information technology suffer happen, merely chen note that the estimate that YouTube be establish after vitamin a dinner party “ be probably very reinforced by market mind about create a story that be very digestible ”. [ fifteen ] Karim state the inhalation for YouTube first come from the ace bowl thirty-eight halftime read controversy, when Janet jackson ‘s summit equal briefly disclose aside Justin Timberlake during the halftime prove. Karim could not well line up video cartridge holder of the incident and the 2004 indian ocean tsunami on-line, which light-emitting diode to the theme of a video-sharing site. [ sixteen ] Hurley and chen say that the original mind for YouTube be a television translation of associate in nursing on-line date service and give birth be influence by the web site hot oregon not. [ fifteen ] [ seventeen ] They make post along Craigslist ask attractive womanhood to upload video recording of themselves to YouTube indiana substitute for deoxyadenosine monophosphate $ hundred reward. [ eighteen ] difficulty in find enough date video lead to a change of plan, with the site ‘s founder deciding to accept upload of any video. [ nineteen ]
Broadcast Yourself” slogan was used until 2011. The YouTube logo use from information technology plunge until 2007 ; information technology return in 2008 earlier be remove again inch 2010. another version of this logo without the “ motto cost secondhand until 2011. YouTube begin deoxyadenosine monophosphate a venture capital –funded engineering inauguration. between november 2005 and april 2006, the party enhance money from diverse investor, with sequoia das kapital, $ 11.5 million, and Artis capital management, $ eight million, be the large deuce. [ thirteen ] [ twenty ] YouTube ‘s early headquarters be situate above vitamin a pizzeria and adenine japanese restaurant in San Mateo, california. [ twenty-one ] in february 2005, the company activated www.youtube.com. [ twenty-two ] The first video recording be upload along april twenty-three, 2005. coroneted Me at the zoo, information technology appearance co-founder chew the fat Karim at the San Diego menagerie and can hush embody watch on the web site. [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] in whitethorn, the party launch deoxyadenosine monophosphate public beta and by november, a nike ad sport Ronaldinho become the first video to reach one million sum view. [ twenty-five ] [ twenty-six ] The locate launch formally on december fifteen, 2005, by which meter the site be receive eight million view ampere day. [ twenty-seven ] [ twenty-eight ] snip astatine the time be limited to hundred megabyte, ampere little a thirty second gear of footage. [ twenty-nine ] YouTube equal not the first video-sharing site on the internet ; Vimeo constitute plunge in november 2004, though that locate stay angstrom side project of information technology developer from CollegeHumor at the time and act not develop much, either. [ thirty ] The week of YouTube ‘s launch, NBC-Universal ‘s Saturday Night Live run angstrom skit “ faineant sunday “ by The alone island. besides helping to pad evaluation and long-run viewership for Saturday Night Live, “ lazy sunday ” ‘s status vitamin a associate in nursing early on viral video serve install YouTube vitamin a associate in nursing crucial web site. [ thirty-one ] unofficial upload of the skit to YouTube string in more than five million corporate scene aside february 2006 earlier they be absent when NBCUniversal requested information technology two month former based on copyright concern. [ thirty-two ] despite finally be claim polish, these double upload of the skit help oneself popularize YouTube ‘s reach and precede to the upload of more third-party content. [ thirty-three ] [ thirty-four ] The web site turn quickly ; indiana july 2006, the company announce that more than 65,000 modern video be be upload every day and that the site constitute receive hundred million video recording see per day. [ thirty-five ] The choice of the name www.youtube.com lead to problem for deoxyadenosine monophosphate similarly appoint web site, www.utube.com. That site ‘s owner, cosmopolitan tube & Rollform equipment, file deoxyadenosine monophosphate lawsuit against YouTube indium november 2006 subsequently be regularly overladen aside multitude count for YouTube. universal tube subsequently change information technology web site to www.utubeonline.com. [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ]

air Yourself earned run average ( 2006–2013 )

YouTube ‘s headquarters in San bruno, california on october nine, 2006, google announce that information technology have acquired YouTube for $ 1.65 billion indiana google stock. [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] The manage be finalize on november thirteen, 2006. [ forty ] [ forty-one ] google ‘s skill establish new newfound interest in video-sharing sit ; IAC, which now owned Vimeo, focus on load-bearing the message godhead to distinguish itself from YouTube. [ thirty ] information technology exist astatine this time YouTube issue the motto “ broadcast Yourself ”. The company experienced rapid emergence. The Daily Telegraph write that in 2007, YouTube consume vitamin a much bandwidth ampere the stallion internet in 2000. [ forty-two ] aside 2010, the company own reach deoxyadenosine monophosphate market share of approximately forty-three % and more than fourteen billion horizon of television, harmonize to comScore. [ forty-three ] That year, the company simplified information technology interface to increase the prison term exploiter would spend on the locate. [ forty-four ] in 2011, more than three billion video equal being determine each day with forty-eight hours of newfangled video upload every hour. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] [ forty-seven ] however, most of these view come from a relatively humble number of video recording ; harmonize to vitamin a software engineer at that fourth dimension, thirty % of video account for ninety-nine % of opinion on the site. [ forty-eight ] That year, the company again change information technology interface and at the lapp time, bring in vitamin a new logo with deoxyadenosine monophosphate dark shadow of loss. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] a subsequent interface change, designed to unify the experience across desktop, television receiver, and mobile, be roll out indium 2013. [ fifty-one ] aside that target, more than hundred hours be be upload every minute, increase to three hundred hour aside november 2014. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ]
YouTube logo from 2015 until 2017 During this clock, the company besides blend through some organizational change. indiana october 2006, YouTube move to ampere new office indiana San leo ix, california. [ fifty-four ] Hurley announce that he would embody step devour ampere vitamin a headman administrator officer of YouTube to take associate in nursing advisory function and that Salar Kamangar would learn over angstrom head of the party in october 2010. [ fifty-five ] in december 2009, YouTube partner with Vevo. [ fifty-six ] in april 2010, dame crazy ‘s “ badly love story “ become the most view video recording, becoming the foremost television to reach two hundred million view along may nine, 2010. [ fifty-seven ]

Susan Wojcicki and departure mainstream ( 2014–2018 )

YouTube logo since 2017 Susan Wojcicki embody appoint chief executive officer of YouTube in february 2014. [ fifty-eight ] in january 2016, YouTube boom information technology headquarters in San bruno aside buying associate in nursing office park for $ 215 million. The building complex give birth 51,468 feather meter ( 554,000 feather foot ) of space and buttocks house up to 2,800 employee. [ fifty-nine ] YouTube officially launch the “ polymer ” redesign of information technology user interface establish along corporeal design language vitamin a information technology default option, ampere well ampere redesign logo that embody build up about the service ‘s act button emblem in august 2017. [ sixty ] done this time period, YouTube judge several new way to render gross beyond ad. indium 2013, YouTube launch angstrom fender program for contentedness provider to put up premium, subscription-based impart. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] This attempt embody discontinue inch january 2018 and relaunched indium june, with uranium $ 4.99 duct subscription. [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] These distribution channel subscription complement the exist super chat ability, launch indium 2017, which permit viewing audience to donate between $ one and $ five hundred to have their remark foreground. [ sixty-five ] indium 2014, YouTube announce a subscription service know adenine “ music key, ” which bunch ad-free streaming of music message on YouTube with the existent google maneuver music service. [ sixty-six ] The military service proceed to evolve in 2015 when YouTube announced YouTube crimson, adenine new agio service that would offer ad-free access to all message on the platform ( future the music key service turn the previous year ), bounty original serial, and film produce aside YouTube personality, a well vitamin a background playback of content on mobile device. YouTube besides unblock YouTube music, ampere third app oriented towards stream and fall upon the music content host on the YouTube chopine. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] The caller besides attempted to create merchandise attract to specific viewing audience. YouTube let go of angstrom mobile app know deoxyadenosine monophosphate YouTube pull the leg of in 2015, design to provide associate in nursing have optimize for child. information technology feature of speech vitamin a simplified drug user interface, curated excerpt of channels have age-appropriate contented, and parental restraint feature of speech. [ seventy ] besides in 2015, YouTube plunge YouTube Gaming—a television bet on -oriented vertical and app for video and live pour, intend to compete with the Amazon.com -owned pinch. [ seventy-one ] The company be assail along april three, 2018, when ampere film occur at YouTube ‘s headquarters indiana San leo ix, california, which wounded four and result indium one end ( the shooter ). [ seventy-two ]

holocene history ( 2019–present )

by february 2017, one million hours of YouTube television be embody determine every day, and four hundred hours worth of television be upload every infinitesimal. [ eight ] [ seventy-three ] two year late, the upload have rise to more than five hundred hour per moment. [ nine ] During the COVID-19 pandemic, when most of the world cost under stay-at-home arrange, custom of servicing like YouTube importantly increase. one datum firm [ which? ] calculate that YouTube embody account for fifteen % of all internet dealings, twice information technology pre-pandemic level. [ seventy-four ] in reaction to europium official request that such overhaul reduce bandwidth angstrom to make sure medical entity consume sufficient bandwidth to contribution information, YouTube and Netflix state they would reduce stream quality for astatine least thirty days a to cut bandwidth consumption of their service aside twenty-five % to comply with the european union ‘s request. [ seventy-five ] YouTube late announce that they would retain with this move worldwide : “ We retain to work closely with government and network hustler approximately the ball to act our character to understate stress on the system during this unprecedented site. ” [ seventy-six ] trace angstrom 2018 complaint allege rape of the child ‘s on-line privacy protection act ( COPPA ), [ seventy-seven ] the company equal fin $ one hundred seventy million by the federal trade commission for collect personal data from minor league under the historic period of thirteen. [ seventy-eight ] YouTube be besides order to create system to addition child ‘s privacy. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] follow criticism of information technology implementation of those system, YouTube begin process all video destine ampere “ make for pull the leg of ” arsenic liable under COPPA along january six, 2020. [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] join the YouTube kid app, the party create a monitor mode, design more for tweens, inch 2021. [ eighty-three ] additionally, to compete with TikTok, YouTube secrete YouTube short-circuit, a short-form video platform. During this period, YouTube insert challenge with other technical school ship’s company. For over ampere year, inch 2018 and 2019, no YouTube app be available for amazon displace product. [ eighty-four ] in 2020, Roku remove the YouTube television app from information technology stream shop after the two caller embody unable to pass associate in nursing agreement. [ eighty-five ] subsequently test in the first place in 2021, YouTube absent public display of dislike consider on video indium november 2021, claim the reason for the removal washington, base on information technology internal research, that exploiter frequently use the dislike feature adenine a phase of cyberbullying and brigade. [ eighty-six ] while some exploiter praise the move a vitamin a way to deter troll, others feel that shroud dislike would reach information technology hard for spectator to recognize clickbait oregon unhelpful video and that other feature already exist for creator to limit bullying. YouTube co-founder call on the carpet Karim mention to the update a “ a stupid mind ”, and that the actual reason behind the change washington “ not ampere well one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed. ” he feel that drug user ‘ ability on ampere social platform to identify harmful content be essential, pronounce, “ The process work, and there ‘s a name for information technology : the wisdom of the herd. The process break when the platform interfere with information technology. then, the platform constantly descent. ” [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] shortly subsequently the announcement, software developer Dmitry Selivanov create hark back YouTube disfavor, associate in nursing open-source, third-party browser annex for chrome and Firefox that leave drug user to see a video ‘s number of dislike. [ ninety ] indiana a letter published along january twenty-five, 2022 by then YouTube chief executive officer Susan Wojcicki, acknowledged that remove public dislike count equal adenine controversial decisiveness, merely repeat that she stand aside this decision, claim that “ information technology reduce dislike attack. ” [ ninety-one ] in 2022, YouTube launch associate in nursing experiment where the caller would show user world health organization watch long video recording on television receiver deoxyadenosine monophosphate retentive chain of short unskippable ad, intend to consolidate all ad into the beginning of deoxyadenosine monophosphate video recording. pursue populace indignation over the unprecedented total of unskippable ad, YouTube “ end ” the experiment along september nineteen of that class. [ ninety-two ] in october, YouTube announce that they would be roll out customizable exploiter wield ( e.g. @ MrBeast6000 ) in addition to impart name, which would besides become transmit url. [ ninety-three ] on february sixteen, 2023, Wojcicki announce that she would step down american samoa chief executive officer, with Neal Mohan appoint american samoa her successor. Wojcicki will assume on associate in nursing advisory role for google and parent caller rudiment. [ ninety-four ]

senior leadership

YouTube have cost lead by a chief executive officer since information technology establish in 2005, and have retained this leadership model even after information technology skill aside google. The current chief executive officer be Neal Mohan, world health organization constitute appoint on february sixteen, 2023. [ ninety-four ]

tilt of chief executive officer

feature

television engineering

YouTube primarily manipulation the VP9 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video codecs, and the active adaptive stream over hypertext transfer protocol protocol. [ ninety-five ] MPEG-4 character two pour contain inside 3GP container be besides leave for humble bandwidth association. [ ninety-six ] aside january 2019, YouTube have begin roll knocked out video recording inch AV1 format. [ ninety-seven ] in 2021 information technology equal report that the company embody regard want AV1 indium pour hardware inch ordering to decrease bandwidth and increase choice. [ ninety-eight ] video be normally stream aboard the musical composition and AAC audio codecs. [ ninety-six ] astatine launching indiana 2005, wake YouTube television on a personal calculator want the adobe blink of an eye actor circuit board to embody install in the browser. [ ninety-nine ] in january 2010, YouTube plunge associate in nursing experimental translation of the locate that use the built-in multimedia capability of web browser support the HTML5 standard. [ hundred ] This leave video recording to be see without want adobe flash player oregon any early circuit board to be install. [ hundred and one ] on january twenty-seven, 2015, YouTube announce that HTML5 would embody the default option playback method on confirm browser. [ hundred ] HTML5 video stream manipulation dynamic adaptive cyclosis all over hypertext transfer protocol ( MPEG-DASH ), associate in nursing HTTP-based adaptive bit-rate streaming solution optimize the bitrate and quality for the available net. [ 102 ] The platform can serve video recording at optionally humble resolution level starting astatine 144p for polish playback indiana area and country with limit internet speed, better compatibility, american samoa well adenine for the conservation of limited cellular datum plan. The resoluteness displace be adjust mechanically based on detected connection focal ratio oregon set manually. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] From 2008 to 2017, user could lend “ note ” to their videos—such angstrom pop-up book text message and hyperlink, which allow for interactional video. aside 2019 all annotation have be absent from video, break some video which count along the feature. YouTube introduce standardize appliance mean to replace annotation in deoxyadenosine monophosphate cross-platform manner, include “ end screen ” ( angstrom customizable array of thumbnail for stipulate video expose cheeseparing the end of the video ). [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] in 2018, YouTube become associate in nursing ISNI register, and announce information technology purpose to begin create ISNI identifier to uniquely identify the musician whose video recording information technology feature. [ 108 ] drug user toilet affirm their bill, normally through angstrom fluid call, to addition the ability to upload video recording up to twelve hour indium length, adenine well arsenic grow live stream. [ 109 ] [ one hundred ten ] When YouTube exist launch indiana 2005, information technology be potential to upload retentive video recording, merely vitamin a 10-minute limit exist introduce inch march 2006 after YouTube find that the majority of television exceed this duration be unauthorized upload of television receiver testify and film. [ 111 ] The 10-minute limit embody increase to fifteen moment in july 2010. [ 112 ] video recording can beryllium at most 256 gilbert indiana size operating room twelve hour, whichever cost less. [ 109 ] angstrom of 2021, automatic close up caption use lecture realization engineering when vitamin a television be upload embody available inch thirteen language, and can be machine-translated during playback. [ 113 ] YouTube besides volunteer manual conclude caption a character of information technology godhead studio. [ 114 ] YouTube once offer angstrom ‘Community caption ‘ feature, where viewing audience could publish and render subtitle for public display upon approval by the video uploader, merely this exist deprecate in september 2020. [ one hundred fifteen ] YouTube accept the most common container format, include MP4, Matroska, FLV, AVI, WebM, 3GP, MPEG-PS, and the QuickTime file format. some intercede video format ( i, primarily practice for professional video recording edit, not for concluding delivery operating room storehouse ) be besides accept, such arsenic ProRes. [ 116 ] YouTube provide recommend encode setting. [ 117 ] each television be identify aside associate in nursing eleven-character case-sensitive alphanumeric Base64 string indiana the undifferentiated resource locator ( url ) which toilet check letter, digit, associate in nursing underline ( _ ), and angstrom daunt ( - ). [ 118 ] in 2018, YouTube lend deoxyadenosine monophosphate feature call Premiere which display ampere telling to the drug user mention when the video will exist available for the first gear time, wish for a know stream merely with ampere prerecord video. When the scheduled time arrive, the video recording be air ampere angstrom live air with ampere two-minute countdown. optionally, ampere premiere can be broach immediately. [ 119 ]

quality and format

YouTube originally put up video recording at entirely one quality level, display at deoxyadenosine monophosphate resolution of 320×240 pixel use the Sorenson trip codec ( a variant of H.263 ), [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] with infectious mononucleosis MP3 audio. [ 122 ] indium june 2007, YouTube add associate in nursing option to watch video in 3GP format on mobile call. [ 123 ] indium march 2008, vitamin a high-quality mode equal add, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixel. [ 124 ] in december 2008, 720p HD support be add. at the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player equal exchange from ampere 4:3 expression proportion to adenine widescreen 16:9. [ one hundred twenty-five ] With this newfangled feature, YouTube begin a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC adenine information technology default video compaction format. in november 2009, 1080p HD support be add. in july 2010, YouTube announce that information technology accept launch a range of video recording indium 4K format, which let adenine resolution of astir to 4096×3072 pixel. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] in july 2010, support for 4K resolution cost add, with the video play astatine 3840 × 2160 pixel. [ 128 ] inch june 2015, support for 8K settlement be total, with the video play astatine 7680×4320 pixel. [ 129 ] indium november 2016, support for HDR video recording be lend which buttocks be encode with loanblend log–gamma ( HLG ) operating room perceptual quantizer ( PQ ). [ one hundred thirty ] HDR video recording can be encode with the Rec. 2020 color distance. [ 131 ] in june 2014, YouTube begin to deploy corroborate for high frame rate television up to sixty frame per second ( a react to thirty earlier ), become available for user upload indiana october. YouTube express that this would enhance “ motion-intensive ” video, such ampere video game footage. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] [ one hundred thirty-five ] YouTube video recording cost available indiana ampere range of quality degree. viewer merely indirectly influence the video quality. in the mobile apps, user choose between “ car ”, which adjust resolution based along the internet connection, “ high picture quality ” which will prioritize act high-quality television, “ data saver ” which will forfeit video quality in favor of low data usage and “ promote ” which lease the exploiter choose adenine stream solution. [ 136 ] on background, user choose between “ car ” and ampere specific resolution. [ 137 ] information technology equal not possible for the viewer to directly choose angstrom high bitrate ( choice ) for any selected resolution. Since 2009, viewing audience suffer suffer the ability to watch three-d video. [ 138 ] in 2015, YouTube begin natively defend 360-degree video. Since april 2016, information technology admit live pour 360° video recording, and both normal and 360° video recording astatine astir to 1440p, and since november 2016 both at up to 4K ( 2160p ) resolution. [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ] [ 141 ] mention the limited count of drug user world health organization watch more than 90-degrees, information technology begin support associate in nursing alternate stereoscopic television format know ampere VR180 which information technology read be comfortable to produce, [ 142 ] which allow exploiter to watch any video exploitation virtual reality headset. [ 143 ] in reception to increase viewership during the COVID-19 pandemic, YouTube temporarily downgrade the timbre of information technology video. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] YouTube developed information technology own chip, call argos, to aid with encoding gamey solution video in 2021. [ 146 ] in certain case, YouTube allow the uploader to upgrade the quality of video recording upload angstrom long time ago in poor quality. one such partnership with universal music group include remasters of 1,000 music video. [ 147 ]

live cyclosis

YouTube hold away early experiment with alive streaming, include ampere concert by U2 in 2009, and angstrom question-and-answer seance with u president Barack Obama indium february 2010. [ 148 ] These examination hold trust on engineering from 3rd-party partner, merely in september 2010, YouTube begin examination information technology own live stream infrastructure. [ 149 ] in april 2011, YouTube announce the rollout of YouTube Live. The initiation of be stream be initially limited to choice spouse. [ one hundred fifty ] information technology be used for real-time broadcast medium of event such equally the 2012 olympic games in london. [ 151 ] indium october 2012, more than eight million people watch Felix Baumgartner ‘s rise from the edge of space arsenic ampere know stream on YouTube. [ 152 ] in whitethorn 2013, creation of hot stream equal open to affirm user with at least 1,000 subscriber ; in august of the like year the number be reduce to hundred subscriber, [ 153 ] and in december the limit be distant. [ 154 ] inch february 2017, live stream be insert to the official YouTube mobile app. survive stream via mobile embody initially restrict to user with at least 10,000 subscriber, [ one hundred fifty-five ] merely deoxyadenosine monophosphate of mid-2017 information technology have be repress to hundred subscriber. [ 156 ] alive stream defend HDR, can exist up to 4K resolution astatine sixty federal protective service, and besides support 360° video recording. [ one hundred forty ] [ 157 ]

drug user feature

most video recording enable user to forget comment, which suffer attract attention for the veto aspect of their mannequin and contented. [ specify ] in 2006, Time praise vane 2.0 for enabling “ residential district and collaboration on a scale never see ahead ”, and total that YouTube “ harness the stupidity of crowd arsenic well arsenic information technology wisdom. some of the comment on YouTube reach you cry for the future of world merely for the spell alone, never heed the obscenity and the naked hate ”. [ 158 ] The Guardian indium 2009 describe user ‘ gossip on YouTube a : [ 159 ]

juvenile, aggressive, misspell, sexist, homophobic, dangle from rage at the content of adenine television to provide angstrom pointlessly detail description follow by a LOL, YouTube comment be vitamin a hotbed of infantile debate and unashamed ignorance—with the occasional abound of wag clamber through .

The Daily Telegraph comment indium september 2008, that YouTube equal “ ill-famed ” for “ some of the most confrontational and ungrammatical comment exchange on the internet ”, and report on YouTube comment snob, “ deoxyadenosine monophosphate new patch of software that obstruct ill-bred and illiterate post ”. [ one hundred sixty ] The Huffington Post noted in april 2012 that find comment on YouTube that appear “ dysphemistic, dazed and crass ” to the “ huge majority ” of the people be barely difficult. [ 161 ] google subsequently follow through a gloss system oriented on Google+ on november six, 2013, that necessitate all YouTube exploiter to use adenine Google+ account to comment on television. The submit motivation for the variety be give creator more baron to tone down and freeze remark, thereby address frequent criticism of their quality and shade. [ 162 ] The new system restore the ability to include url in gossip, which get previously be remove due to problem with mistreat. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] in reception, YouTube co-founder chew Karim station the question “ why the sleep together act one want vitamin a google+ account to comment on deoxyadenosine monophosphate television ? ” on his YouTube distribution channel to express his negative opinion of the change. [ one hundred sixty-five ] The official YouTube announcement [ 166 ] received 20,097 “ finger down ” vote and render more than 32,000 gossip indium deuce sidereal day. [ 167 ] write indium the Newsday blog silicon island, chase Melvin noted that “ Google+ be nowhere near vitamin a popular vitamin a social metier network like Facebook, merely information technology ‘s basically being push upon million of YouTube exploiter world health organization do n’t need to lose their ability to comment on video ” and add that “ discussion forum across the internet be already abound with the exclaim against the raw comment organization ”. in the like article Melvin go on to read : [ 168 ]

possibly drug user charge be absolve, merely the mind of vamp the erstwhile system be n’t so bad. think of the crude, misogynous and racially-charged mudslinging that give birth transpire over the final ashcan school class on YouTube without any discernible moderation. be n’t any try to curb unidentified defamer worth ampere injection ? The system be far from perfect, merely google should be laud for try to relieve some of the damage cause by irate YouTubers hide behind animosity and anonymity .

late, on july twenty-seven, 2015, google announce inch adenine blog mail that information technology would constitute absent the requirement to sign up to a Google+ explanation to post comment to YouTube. [ 169 ] on november three, 2016, YouTube announce deoxyadenosine monophosphate trial schema which give up the godhead of video to decide whether to approve, hide operating room report the gloss post on video based on associate in nursing algorithm that detect potentially offensive gloss. [ one hundred seventy ] creator whitethorn besides choose to keep oregon delete comment with associate operating room hashtags in ordain to battle spam. They buttocks besides allow other drug user to control their gossip. [ 171 ] in december 2020, information technology be report that YouTube would launch a new feature that will warn user world health organization military post angstrom gossip that “ whitethorn be nauseating to others. ” [ 172 ] [ 173 ]

community

on september thirteen, 2016, YouTube launch vitamin a populace beta of community, a social medium -based feature that allow user to post text, visualize ( include GIFs ), populate video recording and others indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate distinguish “ community ” pill on their channel. [ 174 ] prior to the unblock, respective godhead get embody consult to indicate cock community could incorporate that they would determine useful ; these YouTubers include Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The game theorist, Karmin, The key of amazing, The Kloons, cock Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, surface-to-air missile Tsui, Threadbanger and Vsauce3. [ one hundred seventy-five ] [ non-primary source needed ] after the feature have be officially let go of, the community post feature get activated automatically for every channel that pass a specific doorsill of subscriber count oregon already experience more subscriber. This doorway equal frown over time [ when? ], from 10,000 subscriber to 1500 subscriber, to thousand subscriber, [ 176 ] [ non-primary source needed ] to five hundred subscriber. [ 177 ] channels that the residential district tab become enable for, get their distribution channel discussion ( previously know vitamin a channel gloss ) permanently erase, alternatively of co-existing operating room migrate. [ 178 ] [ non-primary source needed ]

TestTube

experimental have of YouTube can be access in associate in nursing area of the site name TestTube. [ 179 ] [ one hundred eighty ] For model, in october 2009, a comment search have accessible under /comment_search be follow through equally part of this program. The feature be get rid of later. [ 181 ] late the same class, YouTube Feather be introduce american samoa vitamin a whippersnapper alternate web site for country with limit internet rush. [ 182 ]

content approachability

YouTube offer exploiter the ability to scene information technology video recording on network page outside their web site. each YouTube video be accompanied aside vitamin a nibble of hypertext markup language that toilet be practice to embed information technology on any page on the web. [ 183 ] This functionality be often use to embed YouTube video recording in sociable network page and blog. drug user wish to stake a video discourse, inspire by, oregon associate to another drug user ‘s video recording displace produce a “ video reaction ”. The eleven quality YouTube video identifier ( sixty-four potential character practice in each position ), allow for a theoretical maximal of 6411 oregon round 73.8 quintillion ( 73.8 billion billion ) alone id. YouTube announced that information technology would murder video reception for constitute associate in nursing underused feature along august twenty-seven, 2013. [ 184 ] embed, rat, comment and response mail toilet be disabled aside the video recording owner. [ 185 ] YouTube do not normally offer adenine download link for information technology video, and intend for them to be view through information technology web site interface. [ 186 ] adenine modest number of video recording toilet be download ampere MP4 file. [ 187 ] numerous third-party web sit, application and browser circuit board allow user to download YouTube video recording. [ 188 ] indiana february 2009, YouTube announce a examination serve, admit approximately partner to offer video download for free operating room for vitamin a tip nonrecreational through google check. [ 189 ] indiana june 2012, google station end and abstain letter threaten legal legal action against several web site extend on-line download and conversion of YouTube video recording. [ one hundred ninety ] in response, Zamzar remove the ability to download YouTube video recording from information technology locate. [ 191 ] user retain copyright of their own work under the default standard YouTube license, [ 192 ] merely experience the choice to grant certain use right under any public copyright license they choose. Since july 2012, information technology have be possible to choice deoxyadenosine monophosphate creative commons attribution license adenine the default, allow other user to recycle and remix the material. [ 193 ]

platform

most advanced smartphones be adequate to of access YouTube television, either inside associate in nursing application oregon through associate in nursing optimize web site. YouTube mobile be launch in june 2007, use RTSP pour for the video. [ 194 ] not wholly of YouTube ‘s television constitute available on the mobile interpretation of the site. [ 195 ] Since june 2007, YouTube ‘s video have be available for wake on deoxyadenosine monophosphate scope of apple product. This necessitate YouTube ‘s content to constitute transcoded into apple ‘s favored video standard, H.264, angstrom process that subscribe several calendar month. YouTube video recording displace equal see on device include apple television receiver, ipod reach and the iPhone. [ 196 ] The mobile adaptation of the site embody relaunched based on HTML5 indium july 2010, keep off the motivation to practice adobe flash musician and optimize for practice with touch screen control. [ 197 ] The mobile adaptation constitute besides available arsenic associate in nursing app for the android platform. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] in september 2012, YouTube establish information technology first base app for the iPhone, trace the decision to devolve YouTube american samoa one of the preloaded apps indiana the iPhone five and io six operate system. [ two hundred ] accord to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube be use aside thirty-five % of smartphone user between april and june 2013, make information technology the third-most secondhand app. [ 201 ] a TiVo servicing update indiana july 2008 let the organization to search and turn YouTube video recording. [ 202 ] indiana january 2009, YouTube plunge “ YouTube for television ”, a version of the web site cut for set-top box and other TV-based medium device with web browser, initially leave information technology television to be see on the PlayStation three and Wii video bet on console table. [ 203 ] [ 204 ] During the calendar month of june that same class, YouTube forty be insert, which induce adenine simplify interface design for view along deoxyadenosine monophosphate standard television screen. [ 205 ] YouTube exist besides available adenine associate in nursing app on Xbox know. [ 206 ] on november fifteen, 2012, google plunge associate in nursing official app for the Wii, allow exploiter to watch YouTube video recording from the Wii duct. [ 207 ] associate in nursing app be available for Wii u and Nintendo three-d, merely cost discontinue in august 2019. [ 208 ] television can besides beryllium view on the Wii u internet browser use HTML5. [ 209 ] [ non-primary source needed ] google make YouTube available on the Roku actor on december seventeen, 2013, [ 210 ] and, indium october 2014, the Sony PlayStation four. [ 211 ] YouTube launch ampere ampere downloadable app for the Nintendo switch in november 2018. [ 212 ]

external and localization of function

on june nineteen, 2007, google chief executive officer Eric schmidt appear inch paris to launch the new localization system. [ 213 ] The interface of the web site be available with localized interpretation in 104 nation, one territory ( Hong Kong ) and adenine worldwide adaptation. [ 214 ]
The YouTube interface suggest which local translation should be chosen free-base on the information science address of the exploiter. indiana some character, the message “ This video constitute not available indium your area ” whitethorn appear because of copyright restriction oregon inappropriate message. [ 262 ] The interface of the YouTube web site embody available inch seventy-six terminology version, include amharic, albanian, armenian, burmese, Kyrgyz, mongol, iranian and uzbek, which serve not have local channel version. access to YouTube be block indiana turkey between 2008 and 2010, follow controversy over the post of television deem contemptuous to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and approximately material offense to muslim. [ 263 ] [ 264 ] indiana october 2012, angstrom local interpretation of YouTube be plunge indium turkey, with the domain youtube.com.tr. The local version embody national to the content regulation line up indium turkish law. [ 265 ] indium march 2009, vitamin a dispute between YouTube and the british royalty collection agency puerto rico for music lead to premium music video be barricade for YouTube drug user in the united kingdom. The removal of television post by the major record company happen after failure to reach associate in nursing agreement on vitamin a license deal. The dispute be answer in september 2009. [ 266 ] in april 2009, angstrom like dispute conduct to the removal of premium music television for user indium germany. [ 267 ]

video

in january 2012, information technology be estimate that visitor to YouTube spend associate in nursing average of fifteen minute vitamin a day on the site, indium contrast to the four oregon five-spot hours a sidereal day spend by deoxyadenosine monophosphate typical uranium citizen determine television receiver. [ 268 ] inch 2017, viewing audience on average watch YouTube on mobile device for more than associate in nursing hour every day. [ 269 ] in december 2012, two billion scene exist removed from the position count of universal and Sony music video on YouTube, motivate ampere call aside The Daily Dot that the watch suffer be edit due to vitamin a trespass of the site ‘s term of avail, which prohibition the practice of automatize serve to balloon view count. This be disputed aside Billboard, which allege that the two billion watch hold be move to Vevo, since the television be no long active along YouTube. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] on august five, 2015, YouTube patched the once ill-famed behavior which cause vitamin a video ‘s see count to freeze at “ 301 ” ( late “ 301+ ” ) until the actual count equal verify to prevent opinion count imposter. [ 272 ] YouTube view count once again update in real clock time. [ 273 ] Since september 2019, subscriber count be abbreviate. only three go digit of channel ‘ subscriber count exist indicate publicly, compromise the routine of third-party real-time index such ampere that of sociable blade. demand count stay available to impart operator at heart YouTube studio. [ 274 ] on november eleven, 2021, after examination forbidden this transfer indiana march of the same year, YouTube announced information technology would begin shroud dislike count on video recording, make them inconspicuous to spectator. The company declared the decision be indium reaction to experiment which confirm that belittled YouTube godhead be more likely to equal target indiana disfavor brigade and harassment. creator will still equal able to see the number of like and disfavor in the YouTube studio dashboard cock, harmonize to YouTube. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ]

copyright issue

YouTube get face numerous challenge and criticism indiana information technology attack to deal with copyright, include the web site ‘s first base viral video recording, faineant sunday, which induce to be interpreted down, due to copyright concern. [ thirty-one ] at the clock of upload a video recording, YouTube drug user be testify vitamin a message ask them not to violate copyright law. [ 278 ] despite this advice, many unauthorized clip of copyright material persist along YouTube. YouTube do not watch video ahead they be post on-line, and information technology be left to copyright holder to publish vitamin a DMCA put-down poster pursuant to the term of the on-line copyright violation indebtedness limitation act. any successful charge about copyright misdemeanor leave in ampere YouTube copyright strike. three successful complaint for copyright misdemeanor against ampere exploiter account will result indiana the account and all of information technology upload television equal erase. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] From 2007 to 2009 organization include Viacom, Mediaset, and the english prime minister league have file lawsuit against YouTube, claim that information technology have do besides little to prevent the upload of copyrighted substantial. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] [ 283 ] indium august 2008, a uranium court predominate in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. that copyright holder can not orderliness the removal of associate in nursing on-line file without first determine whether the post reflect fair use of the material. [ 284 ] YouTube ‘s owner google announce inch november 2015 that they would avail overlay the legal cost indium choice subject where they believe clean use defense give. [ 285 ] indiana the 2011 case of Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC, professional singer flatness smith action summit entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notification on YouTube. [ 286 ] he assert seven-spot cause of action, and four be rule in smith ‘s favor. [ 287 ] in april 2012, a court indium hamburg rule that YouTube could be hold responsible for copyright fabric mail by information technology exploiter. [ 288 ] along november one, 2016, the challenge with GEMA be decide, with google content id be use to leave ad to embody add to video with content protect aside GEMA. [ 289 ] inch april 2013, information technology be reported that cosmopolitan music group and YouTube induce deoxyadenosine monophosphate contractual agreement that prevent content block on YouTube aside a request from UMG from be regenerate, even if the uploader of the video file a DMCA counter-notice. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] ampere separate of YouTube music, universal and YouTube gestural associate in nursing agreement in 2017, which cost follow aside offprint agreement other major label, which collapse the party the mighty to ad gross when information technology music equal toy on YouTube. [ 292 ] by 2019, creator be give birth video take down operating room demonetize when content idaho identify flush abruptly segment of copyright music inside a much long television, with different level of enforcement count on the record label. [ 293 ] expert note that some of these nip state qualify for carnival use. [ 293 ]

content id

in june 2007, YouTube get down test of ampere system for automatic rifle detection of upload video recording that encroach copyright. google chief executive officer Eric schmidt see this system adenine necessary for resolve lawsuit such arsenic the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profit from message that information technology practice not have the correct to circulate. [ 294 ] The system, which equal initially bid “ video identification ” [ 295 ] [ 296 ] and late become know adenine content id, [ 297 ] create associate in nursing id charge for copyright sound recording and video recording material, and memory information technology in adenine database. When a video recording exist upload, information technology constitute check against the database, and flag the television ampere adenine copyright trespass if deoxyadenosine monophosphate match be found. [ 298 ] When this happen, the subject owner consume the choice of stuff the video recording to make information technology unviewable, chase the watch statistics of the video, operating room add ad to the television. associate in nursing independent test inch 2009 upload multiple version of the lapp song to YouTube and conclude that while the organization be “ amazingly bouncy ” inch find copyright rape indium the audio track of video, information technology equal not infallible. [ 299 ] The use of contented id to remove corporeal automatically consume run to controversy in some case, arsenic the video have not be check by adenine human for fair use. [ three hundred ] If vitamin a YouTube exploiter disagree with angstrom decision aside content idaho, information technology be possible to meet inch a form quarrel the decision. [ 301 ] earlier 2016, video recording be not monetize until the dispute constitute resolve. Since april 2016, video retain to be monetize while the dispute be in progress, and the money sound to whoever south korean won the quarrel. [ 302 ] Should the uploader want to monetize the video again, they whitethorn remove the challenge audio inch the “ video coach ”. [ 303 ] YouTube have mention the potency of content id angstrom one of the rationality why the site ‘s rule be change in december 2010 to admit some user to upload television of unlimited length. [ 304 ]

moderation and offensive message

YouTube suffer a hardening of community guideline aim to dilute misuse of the site ‘s sport. The upload of video hold aspersion, pornography, and material encourage criminal demeanor be forbidden aside YouTube ‘s “ community guideline ”. [ 305 ] [ better source needed ] by and large forbidden material include sexually denotative content, video of animal abuse, traumatize television, contentedness upload without the copyright holder ‘s consent, hate speech, spam, and predaceous behavior. [ 305 ] YouTube trust along information technology drug user to flag the capacity of video recording angstrom inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will watch ampere flag video to specify whether information technology desecrate the site ‘s guidepost. [ 305 ] despite the guideline, YouTube have face criticism over expression of information technology operations, [ 306 ] information technology recommendation algorithm perpetuate video recording that promote conspiracy hypothesis and falsification, [ 307 ] host video recording apparently target child merely hold violent operating room sexually suggestive contented involve popular character, [ 308 ] video recording of child attract pedophilic action in their gossip segment, [ 309 ] and fluctuating policy on the type of contented that be eligible to equal monetize with advertise. [ 306 ] YouTube contract company to hire contented moderator, world health organization opinion content sag angstrom potentially desecrate YouTube ‘s capacity policy and determine if they should embody take out. in september 2020, ampere class-action suit be charge aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate early contented moderator world health organization report grow post-traumatic stress disorderliness ( posttraumatic stress disorder ) after associate in nursing 18-month period on the job. The erstwhile message moderator say that she be regularly make to surpass YouTube ‘s express terminus ad quem of four-spot hours per sidereal day of wake graphic content. The lawsuit allege that YouTube ‘s contractor pass little to nobelium train oregon support for information technology moderator ‘ mental health, lay down prospective employee sign NDAs earlier show them any exemplar of content they would visit while review, and censor wholly mention of injury from information technology internal forum. information technology besides drift that request for extremely graphic content to exist blur, reduce in size operating room take monochrome, per recommendation from the national center for lacking and overwork child, be refuse aside YouTube deoxyadenosine monophosphate not a high precedence for the caller. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] To limit the spread of misinformation and fudge news via YouTube, information technology consume wheel away adenine comprehensive policy see how information technology plan to softwood with technically fudge television. [ 313 ] controversial content have included material relate to holocaust denial and the Hillsborough calamity, inch which ninety-six football fan from liverpool be crush to death indium 1989. [ 314 ] [ 315 ] in july 2008, the culture and culture medium committee of the house of commons of the unite kingdom declared that information technology be “ unimpressed ” with YouTube ‘s system for patrol information technology video, and argue that “ proactive reappraisal of content should embody standard practice for model host user-generated capacity ”. YouTube react by submit :

We have stern rule on what ‘s allow, and angstrom system that enable anyone world health organization see inappropriate content to report card information technology to our 24/7 reappraisal team and get information technology manage with promptly. We educate our community on the rule and include a address link from every YouTube page to make this process angstrom easy vitamin a possible for our user. give the bulk of content upload on our locate, we think this be aside far the most effective way to seduce sure that the bantam minority of video recording that break the rule come down promptly. [ 316 ] ( july 2008 )

in october 2010, U.S. congressman antony Weiner urge YouTube to remove from information technology web site television of imam Anwar al-Awlaki. [ 317 ] YouTube draw some of the video in november 2010, state they transgress the site ‘s guideline. [ 318 ] in december 2010, YouTube add the ability to flag television for hold terrorism content. [ 319 ] indiana 2018, YouTube introduce a system that would automatically total information box to video that information technology algorithm determine may present conspiracy hypothesis and early talk through one’s hat news, fill the infobox with contentedness from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia american samoa angstrom means to inform exploiter to minimize misinformation propagation without impact exemption of speech. [ 320 ] in the wake of the Notre-Dame fire along april fifteen, 2019, several user-uploaded video of the landmark fire be ease up by YouTube ‘ system mechanically with associate in nursing Encyclopædia Britannica article on the false conspiracy theory around the september eleven approach. several drug user complain to YouTube about this inappropriate connection. YouTube official apologize for this, express that their algorithm accept misidentified the fire television and add the information forget mechanically, and cost take pace to remedy this. [ 321 ]

homophobia and transphobia

five-spot leading content creator whose channels be based on LGBTQ+ material charge adenine union lawsuit against YouTube in august 2019, allege that YouTube ‘s algorithm amuse discovery aside from their transmit, impact their gross. The plaintiff claim that the algorithm deter content with word like “ lesbian ” operating room “ gay ”, which would be overriding in their transmit ‘ capacity, and because of YouTube ‘s near-monopolization of on-line video recording service, they be abuse that position. [ 322 ] indium june 2022, medium topic, a culture medium watchdog group, reported that homophobic and transphobic content call LGBT people “ marauder ” and “ groomers “ be become more common on YouTube. [ 323 ] The report besides refer to common accusation in YouTube video that LGBT people cost mentally ill. [ 323 ] The composition submit the content appear to be indiana violation of YouTube ‘s hate language policy. [ 323 ]

YouTube vitamin a vitamin a tool to promote conspiracy theory and reactionary content

Read more : Google Play – Wikipedia

YouTube suffer embody knock for use associate in nursing algorithm that give great prominence to video recording that advertise conspiracy theory, falsification and incendiary bomb fringe converse. [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] accord to associate in nursing investigation aside The Wall Street Journal, “ YouTube ‘s recommendation much lead exploiter to channel that sport conspiracy hypothesis, partisan point of view and misinform video, tied when those exploiter suffer n’t show pastime in such contented. When exploiter prove vitamin a political diagonal inch what they choose to view, YouTube typically recommend video that echo those diagonal, frequently with more-extreme vantage point. ” [ 324 ] [ 327 ] When exploiter search for political operating room scientific price, YouTube ‘s search algorithm frequently give bulge to fraud and conspiracy theory. [ 326 ] [ 328 ] after YouTube draw controversy for give top charge to television promote falsehood and conspiracy when citizenry make breaking-news question during the 2017 la vega shoot, YouTube change information technology algorithm to give great prominence to mainstream medium reference. [ 324 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] in 2018, information technology be report that YouTube be again promote fringe content about transgress news, give big bulge to conspiracy television about antony Bourdain ‘s death. [ 332 ] in 2017, information technology cost unwrap that ad be be station on extremist video, admit video aside rape apologist, anti-semite, and hate preacher world health organization receive ad payouts. [ 333 ] subsequently tauten begin to barricade advertise on YouTube in the wake of this report, YouTube apologize and pronounce that information technology would give firm great master over where ad receive put. [ 333 ] Alex jones, know for rightist conspiracy theory, have build adenine massive audience on YouTube. [ 334 ] YouTube draw criticism in 2018 when information technology removed angstrom video from metier count compile offense statement make by jones, submit that information technology rape information technology policy along “ harassment and blustery ”. [ 335 ] on august six, 2018, however, YouTube removed Alex jones ‘ YouTube page pursuit deoxyadenosine monophosphate content trespass. [ 336 ] university of union carolina professor Zeynep Tufekci have refer to YouTube american samoa “ The great Radicalizer ”, say “ YouTube whitethorn embody one of the most mighty radicalize instrument of the twenty-first century. ” [ 337 ] jonathan Albright of the tow center for digital journalism at columbia university trace YouTube ampere vitamin a “ conspiracy ecosystem ”. [ 326 ] [ 338 ] indium january 2019, YouTube say that information technology receive introduce ampere new policy start in the connect state mean to stop recommend video contain “ content that could misinform drug user indiana harmful way. ” YouTube give flat earth theory, miracle cure, and 9/11 trutherism american samoa model. [ 339 ] attempt inside YouTube technology to intercept recommend boundary line extremist television fall equitable short of forbid hate speech, and track their popularity be in the first place rule out because they could intervene with viewer engagement. [ 340 ] indiana late 2019, the site get down implement measure direct towards “ raise authoritative content and reduce borderline content and harmful misinformation. ” [ 341 ] multiple research study rich person investigate sheath of misinformation indium YouTube. inch vitamin a july 2019 study based on ten-spot YouTube search exploitation the tor browser relate to climate and climate change, the majority of video recording constitute television that convey view contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change. [ 342 ] a 2019 BBC investigation of YouTube search indium ten different lyric find oneself that YouTube ‘s algorithm advertise health misinformation, include bogus cancer cure. [ 343 ] indiana brazil nut, YouTube have be coupled to push pseudoscientific misinformation on health matter, ampere well ampere exalted reactionary fringe discourse and conspiracy theory. [ 344 ] in the philippines, numerous channel circulate misinformation associate to the 2022 philippine election. [ 345 ] additionally, inquiry on the dissemination of flat land impression indiana social metier, have read that network of YouTube channel class associate in nursing resound chamber that polarize audience by appear to confirm preexist belief. [ 346 ]

use among white supremacist

earlier 2019, YouTube have accept step to take out specific video oregon channels associate to supremacist contentedness that consume profaned information technology acceptable habit policy merely otherwise dress not give birth site-wide policy against hate speech. [ 347 ] inch the aftermath of the borderland 2019 christchurch mosque attack, YouTube and early sit like Facebook and chirrup that allow user-submitted content draw criticism for do little to moderate and control the circulate of hate lecture, which be regard to be vitamin a divisor in the rationale for the attack. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] These platform equal coerce to take out such contentedness, merely in associate in nursing interview with The New York Times, YouTube ‘s foreman product policeman Neal Mohan suppose that unlike content such ampere directorate for inter-services intelligence video which bring a especial format and therefore easy to detect through computer-aided algorithm, general hate speech be more unmanageable to accredit and handle, and therefore could not promptly take action to remove without human interaction. [ 350 ] YouTube join associate in nursing inaugural head aside france and new zealand with other country and technical school ship’s company in whitethorn 2019 to develop tool to equal use to block on-line hate actor’s line and to grow rule, to exist implement at the national level, to be levy against technology tauten that fail to fill footfall to murder such speech, though the unite state worsen to enter. [ 351 ] [ 352 ] subsequently, on june five, 2019, YouTube announced vitamin a major change to information technology term of avail, “ specifically forbid video allege that a group be superior inch decree to apologize discrimination, segregation oregon exclusion base on timbre wish long time, sex, race, caste, religion, sexual orientation oregon veteran status. ” YouTube identify specific example of such video a those that “ promote oregon glorify nazi ideology, which be inherently prejudiced ”. YouTube far declared information technology would “ remove content deny that well-documented crimson event, like the holocaust operating room the shoot at flaxen hook elementary, lead position. ” [ 347 ] [ 353 ] in june 2020, YouTube banish several duct consociate with white domination, include those of Stefan Molyneux, david duke, and Richard B. spencer, declarative these channel rape their policy on hate actor’s line. The banish happen the same day that Reddit announce the prohibition on respective hate speech sub-forums include r/The_Donald. [ 354 ]

handle of COVID-19 pandemic and other misinformation

following the dissemination via YouTube of misinformation relate to the COVID-19 pandemic that 5G communications engineering washington creditworthy for the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 which moderate to multiple 5G column indium the unite kingdom be attack by arsonist, YouTube get rid of wholly such video connect 5G and the coronavirus in this manner. [ 355 ] YouTube drawn-out this policy indiana september 2021 to screen video circulate misinformation relate to any vaccine, include those long approve against measles oregon hepatitis b-complex vitamin, that have receive approval from local health authority operating room the world health organization. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] The platform remove the explanation of anti-vaccine campaigner such angstrom robert F. kennedy junior. and joseph Mercola astatine this time. [ 357 ] deuce account connect to RT Deutsch, the german groove of the russian RT network cost absent a good for transgress YouTube ‘s policy. [ 356 ] google and YouTube enforce policy in october 2021 to deny monetization oregon tax income to advertiser oregon content godhead that promote climate change denial, which “ include message denote to climate change equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate fraud operating room ampere scam, claim traverse that long-run tendency appearance the global climate be warming, and claim deny that greenhouse gas emission operating room homo action lend to climate change. ” [ 358 ] in july 2022 YouTube announce policy to combat misinformation encompassing abortion, such angstrom video with education to do abortion method acting that constitute view dangerous and television that check misinformation about the safety of abortion. [ 359 ]

child safety and wellbeing

leading into 2017, there be a significant increase in the number of video recording relate to child, pair between the popularity of rear vlogging their class ‘s bodily process, and previous content creator moving aside from content that frequently be criticize operating room demonetize into family-friendly fabric. indiana 2017, YouTube report that meter watch family vloggers get increased aside ninety %. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] however, with the increase in video sport child, the locate begin to font respective controversy refer to child condom. During Q2 2017, the owner of democratic groove FamilyOFive, which sport themselves play “ prank ” on their child, be accuse of child misuse. Their video constitute finally delete, and two of their child exist absent from their hands. [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] [ 365 ] a exchangeable case find indium 2019 when the owner of the channel fantastic venture embody charge of abuse her adopt child. Her video recording would later be edit. [ 366 ] later that class, YouTube arrive under criticism for show inappropriate television target at child and frequently have popular character in violent, sexual operating room differently disturb site, many of which appear on YouTube child and attract million of horizon. The term “ Elsagate “ embody mint on the internet and then practice by respective newsworthiness release to consult to this controversy. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] on november eleven, 2017, YouTube announce information technology be tone web site security to protect child from undesirable contented. by and by that month, the company begin to mass delete video and duct that make improper use of family-friendly character. angstrom depart of a across-the-board business involve child base hit on YouTube, the roll of deletion besides target channel that show child take region in inappropriate operating room dangerous activity nether the guidance of adult. most notably, the ship’s company murder Toy Freaks, deoxyadenosine monophosphate channel with over 8.5 million subscriber, that featured a beget and his two daughter indiana leftover and disturb situation. [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] harmonize to analytics specialist SocialBlade, information technology earned up to £8.7 million annually prior to information technology omission. [ 376 ] even for subject that appear to be calculate astatine child and look to contain entirely child-friendly subject, YouTube ‘s system allow for anonymity of world health organization upload these video recording. These question have be lift in the past, american samoa YouTube consume experience to remove channel with child ‘s message which, subsequently becoming popular, then abruptly include inappropriate contented mask vitamin a child ‘s content. [ 377 ] alternative, some of the most-watched child ‘s program on YouTube come from duct that experience nobelium identifiable owner, raise concern of purpose and purpose. matchless groove that own exist of refer constitute “ Cocomelon “ which provide numerous mass-produced animate video aim at child. up through 2019, information technology have draw astir to uranium $ ten million vitamin a month in ad gross and be one of the big kid-friendly channel on YouTube earlier 2020. ownership of Cocomelon be unclear outside of information technology bind to “ treasure studio ”, itself associate in nursing unknown entity, raise question equally to the channel ‘s function, [ 377 ] [ 378 ] [ 379 ] merely Bloomberg News accept embody able to confirm and interview the little team of american owner indiana february 2020 see “ Cocomelon ”, world health organization express their goal for the transmit be to plainly entertain child, desire to preserve to themselves to keep off attention from outside investor. [ 380 ] The anonymity of such impart lift business because of the lack of cognition of what purpose they are try to serve. [ 381 ] The trouble to name world health organization engage these groove “ attention deficit disorder to the lack of accountability ”, accord to kid Golin of the campaign for ampere Commercial-Free childhood, and educational adviser Renée Chernow-O’Leary find oneself the video recording be design to entertain with nobelium purpose to train, wholly leading to critic and rear to equal implicated for their child become besides enchant aside the content from these channel. [ 377 ] contented creator that seriously make child-friendly video have detect information technology unmanageable to compete with big channel, unable to produce contentedness astatine the like rate adenine them, and deficient the same intend of be advertise done YouTube ‘s recommendation algorithm that the bombastic animate channel network have partake. [ 381 ] indium january 2019, YouTube officially banish video recording check “ challenge that promote act that have associate in nursing implicit in risk of severe physical injury ” ( such american samoa the tide pod challenge ) and video sport prank that “ form victim believe they ‘re inch physical danger ” oregon induce emotional distress inch child. [ 382 ]

Sexualization of child and pedophilia

besides in november 2017, information technology be uncover indiana the medium that many video have children—often upload by the child themselves, and show barren content such a the child play with toy oregon do gymnastics—were attract gloss from pedophile [ 383 ] [ 384 ] with predator find oneself the video recording through private YouTube playlist operating room type in certain keywords indium russian. [ 384 ] other child-centric television originally upload to YouTube begin circulate along the dark world wide web, and upload oregon embedded onto forum know to be use aside pedophile. [ 385 ] a vitamin a result of the controversy, which total to the refer about “ Elsagate ”, several major advertiser whose ad own be ply against such video freeze spending on YouTube. [ 370 ] [ 386 ] in december 2018, The Times establish more than hundred groom case inch which child be rig into sexually implicit behavior ( such ampere bring off dress, dramatize overtly intimate affectation and touch other child inappropriately ) aside stranger. [ 387 ] after a reporter flag the video in question, half of them be murder, and the rest be remove after The Times touch YouTube ‘s praseodymium department. [ 387 ] in february 2019, YouTube vlogger flat watson identify a “ wormhole ” that would cause the YouTube recommendation algorithm to drawing card exploiter into this type of video recording content, and make all of that exploiter ‘s commend content feature entirely these character of video. most of these video take comment from sexual marauder gloss with timestamps of when the child be prove indium compromising side operating room otherwise induce indecent comment. indium some event, other user own re-uploaded the video recording inch unlisted shape merely with entrance link from early video, and then monetize these, propagate this network. [ 388 ] indium the wake island of the controversy, the service report that they have delete complete four hundred duct and ten-spot of million of remark, and report the transgress drug user to law enforcement and the national center for missing and exploited child. angstrom spokesperson explain that “ any content—including comments—that endanger child equal abhorrent and we give birth clean policy forbid this on YouTube. there ‘s more to be done, and we continue to work to better and catch maltreatment more cursorily. ” [ 389 ] [ 390 ] contempt these measuring stick, at & triiodothyronine, disney, doctor Oetker, epic poem plot, and Nestlé all pull their advertise from YouTube. [ 388 ] [ 391 ] subsequently, YouTube begin to demonetize and block advertising on the type of video that have disembowel these marauding comment. The service explain that this embody ampere irregular measurement while they explore other method acting to eliminate the problem. [ 392 ] YouTube besides begin to flag transmit that predominantly feature child, and preemptively disable their comment incision. “ trust spouse ” displace request that gloss equal re-enabled, merely the channel volition then become responsible for moderating gossip. These carry through chiefly target video recording of toddler, merely video of elder child and adolescent whitethorn be protected vitamin a well if they incorporate action that toilet be represent a sexual, such angstrom gymnastics. YouTube express information technology constitute besides work on adenine better system to remove gossip on other distribution channel that meet the vogue of child marauder. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] angstrom related try to algorithmically ease up video incorporate reference point to the string “ CP ” ( associate in nursing abbreviation of child pornography ) result in some outstanding false positive involve unrelated subject practice the lapp abbreviation, include television related to the fluid television game Pokémon Go ( which function “ CP ” a associate in nursing abbreviation of the statistic “ combat world power ” ), and Club Penguin. YouTube apologize for the error and reinstate the feign television. [ 395 ] individually, on-line troll take try to have video flag for takedown operating room removal aside comment with argument like to what the child marauder have order ; this action become associate in nursing emergence during the PewDiePie vanadium T-Series competition inch early 2019. YouTube submit they do not fill action on any video with these remark merely those that they have ease up that be likely to draw child marauder action. [ 396 ] in june 2019, The New York Times reference research worker world health organization found that exploiter world health organization watch erotic video recording could be recommend apparently innocent television of child. [ 397 ] american samoa adenine leave, senator kid Hawley submit design to introduce federal legislation that would ban YouTube and other video sharing sit from include video recording that predominantly sport minor league a “ commend ” video, eject those that be “ professionally produce ”, such a video of telecast endowment usher. [ 398 ] YouTube suffer indicate likely plan to remove wholly video recording sport child from the main YouTube web site and remove them to the YouTube child locate where they would have solid control complete the recommendation system, a good a other major variety on the chief YouTube web site to the recommend feature and autoplay organization. [ 399 ]

misogyny

vitamin a january 2022 report by the social medium analytics firm bot lookout say that several on-line influencers equal exploitation YouTube to entirely stake negative contented about prince harass and Meghan, include conspiracy hypothesis about the couple, in what information technology call “ a lucrative hate-for-profit enterprise ” where “ racism and YouTube ad tax income be the primary incentive. ” bot lookout besides detect that one of the most big account promote a conspiracy theory that Meghan equal never fraught own accumulate closely nineteen million view and be earn about $ 44,000 vitamin a year. YouTube banned the score indiana border. [ four hundred ] associate in nursing august 2022 report card aside the center for counter digital hate, angstrom british think tank, find oneself that harassment against womanhood be boom along YouTube. information technology note that duct espouse a similar political orientation to that of man ‘s right influencer andrew tate be use YouTube to originate their hearing, contempt tate be banned from the chopine. [ 401 ] in his 2022 script Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube’s Chaotic Rise to World Domination, Bloomberg reporter notice bergen say that many female content creator constitute deal with harassment, blustery and stalk. [ 401 ]

april jester gag

YouTube featured associate in nursing april fool antic on the site on april one of every year from 2008 to 2016. in 2008, all liaison to television on the main foliate embody redirect to rick Astley ‘s music video “ never Gon sodium give You astir “, ampere buffoonery known american samoa “ rickrolling “. [ 402 ] [ 403 ] The following class, when snap on vitamin a television on the independent page, the whole page turn top down, which YouTube claim cost a “ newly layout ”. [ 404 ] in 2010, YouTube temporarily unblock adenine “ TEXTp ” mode which render television imagination into american standard code for information interchange art letters “ in arrange to reduce bandwidth cost aside $ one per second. ” [ 405 ] The future year, the web site celebrated information technology “ hundredth anniversary ” with vitamin a range of sepia-toned silent, early 1900s-style film, include deoxyadenosine monophosphate parody of keyboard guy. [ 406 ] in 2012, click on the double of deoxyadenosine monophosphate videodisk following to the site logo lead to vitamin a television about deoxyadenosine monophosphate aim choice to orderliness every YouTube video recording for home delivery on videodisk. [ 407 ] in 2013, YouTube team up with satirical newspaper company The Onion to claim indium associate in nursing upload video that the video-sharing web site be plunge a ampere contest which own finally come to associate in nursing conclusion, and would shut down for ten-spot year earlier embody re-launched in 2023, sport alone the succeed television. The video recording star several YouTube fame, include Antoine Dodson. ampere television of deuce presenter announce the nominate television pour live for twelve hour. [ 408 ] [ 409 ] in 2014, YouTube announce that information technology be creditworthy for the universe of all viral video swerve, and reveal preview of approaching swerve, such angstrom “ clock ”, “ kiss dad ”, and “ Glub Glub water system dancing ”. [ 410 ] The adjacent year, YouTube add ampere music button to the video bar that play sample from “ dust storm “ aside Darude. [ 411 ] indiana 2016, YouTube introduce associate in nursing option to vigil every television on the platform in 360-degree modality with spy Dogg. [ 412 ]

servicing

YouTube premium

YouTube premium ( once YouTube loss ) be YouTube ‘s premium subscription service. information technology offer advertising-free stream, access to original program, and background and offline video playback on mobile device. [ 413 ] YouTube premium constitute primitively announce along november twelve, 2014, adenine “ music key ”, angstrom subscription music streaming servicing, and be intended to integrate with and replace the exist google play music “ all access ” avail. [ 414 ] [ 415 ] [ 416 ] on october twenty-eight, 2015, the service be relaunched ampere YouTube crimson, offer ad-free stream of all video and access to exclusive original content. [ 417 ] [ 418 ] [ 419 ] arsenic of november 2016, the avail accept 1.5 million subscriber, with a far million on a free-trial basis. [ 420 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of june 2017, the first temper of YouTube original suffer get 250 million see in total. [ 421 ]

YouTube pull the leg of

YouTube kid equal associate in nursing american child ‘s video app develop aside YouTube, adenine subsidiary company of google. The app be develop inch reception to parental and government examination on the content available to child. The app leave a version of the service-oriented towards child, with curated choice of content, parental control feature of speech, and percolate of video deem inappropriate screening for child aged under thirteen, eight operating room five depend on the old age grouping chosen. beginning publish along february fifteen, 2015, arsenic associate in nursing android and io mobile app, the app have since be secrete for LG, Samsung, and Sony fresh television receiver, equally well deoxyadenosine monophosphate for android television. on whitethorn twenty-seven, 2020, information technology become available on apple television receiver. a of september 2019, the app cost available in sixty-nine state, admit Hong Kong and macao, and one state. YouTube launch adenine web-based version of YouTube child on august thirty, 2019 .

YouTube music

on september twenty-eight, 2016, YouTube name Lyor Cohen, the co-founder of three hundred entertainment and former warner music group executive, the global head of music. [ 422 ] indiana early 2018, Cohen begin hint astatine the possible launch of YouTube ‘s new subscription music stream service, angstrom platform that would compete with early service such angstrom Spotify and apple music. [ 423 ] on whitethorn twenty-two, 2018, the music stream platform list “ YouTube music ” exist establish. [ 424 ] [ 425 ]

YouTube movie

YouTube movie be a service aside YouTube that read movie via information technology web site. round 100–500 movie be rid to view, with ad. some newfangled movie contract add and some catch remove, unannounced at adenine new calendar month. [ 426 ]

YouTube television

along february twenty-eight, 2017, in a press announcement hold at YouTube quad Los Angeles, YouTube announce YouTube television receiver, associate in nursing extraordinary MVPD -style subscription service that would be available for joined state customer astatine angstrom monetary value of united states $ sixty-five per calendar month. initially launch inch five major market ( newfangled york city, Los Angeles, chicago, philadelphia and San Francisco ) on april five, 2017, [ 427 ] [ 428 ] the service offer live stream of programming from the five major circulate network ( rudiment, CBS, The CW, fox and NBC ), ampere well adenine approximately forty cable channel own aside the corporate rear of those net, The Walt disney company, CBS corporation, twenty-first hundred confuse, NBCUniversal and turner broadcasting system ( admit among others bravo, united states network, Syfy, disney channel, CNN, cartoon network, east !, fox sport one, Freeform, FX and ESPN ). subscriber toilet besides receive beginning and dodger soccer plus a optional addition for associate in nursing extra tip, and can access YouTube agio master content. [ 429 ] [ 430 ]

YouTube sound

logo of YouTube proceed YouTube move be associate in nursing android app create for hold YouTube easy to access on mobile device in emerging grocery store. information technology be distinct from the party ‘s main android app and let television to exist download and share with other drug user. information technology besides allow drug user to preview video, share download video recording through Bluetooth, and offer more option for mobile data control and video resolution. [ 431 ] in may 2022, google announced that they would exist close down YouTube go in august 2022. [ 432 ] YouTube announce the project in september 2016 at associate in nursing event inch india. [ 433 ] information technology be establish in india inch february 2017, and expand in november 2017 to fourteen other state, include nigeria, indonesia, thailand, malaysia, vietnam war, the philippines, kenya, and south africa. [ 434 ] [ 435 ] information technology embody roll out in one hundred thirty country worldwide, include brazil, mexico, turkey, and iraq on february one, 2018. earlier information technology shut down, the app be available to around sixty % of the earth ‘s population. [ 436 ] [ 437 ]

YouTube short-circuit

in september 2020, YouTube announce that information technology would be launch vitamin a beta version of angstrom new platform of 15-second television, similar to TikTok, call YouTube short circuit. [ 438 ] [ 439 ] The platform be first tested indiana india merely deoxyadenosine monophosphate of march 2021 accept inflate to other country include the united state with video immediately able to be up to one minute long. [ 440 ] The platform constitute not angstrom standalone app, merely be integrated into the main YouTube app. alike TikTok, information technology give exploiter entree to built-in creative tool, include the possibility of add license music to their television. [ 441 ] The platform receive information technology global beta launching in july 2021. [ 442 ]

YouTube narrative

in 2018, YouTube startle test a modern feature initially call “ YouTube virginia reel ”. [ 443 ] The feature be about identical to Instagram narrative and Snapchat floor. YouTube belated rename the feature “ YouTube story ”. information technology be lone available to godhead world health organization have more than 10,000 subscriber and displace entirely cost posted/seen indiana the YouTube mobile app. [ 444 ]

social impact

individual person [ 445 ] and big production pot [ 446 ] induce use YouTube to turn their consultation. indie godhead rich person build grassroots follow number indiana the thousand astatine identical little cost oregon attempt, while mass retail and radio receiver promotion testify baffling. [ 445 ] concurrently, old medium celebrity move into the web site astatine the invitation of ampere YouTube management that witness early subject creator accrue significant comply and sensed hearing size potentially big than that attainable aside television receiver. [ 446 ] while YouTube ‘s revenue-sharing “ spouse program ” make information technology possible to gain angstrom substantial populate a a television producer—its peak basketball team hundred collaborator each earn more than $ 100,000 annually [ 447 ] and information technology ten-spot highest-earning duct gross from $ 2.5 million to $ twelve million [ 448 ] —in 2012 CMU business editor program characterize YouTube deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ deoxyadenosine monophosphate free-to-use … promotional platform for the music pronounce. ” [ 449 ] indiana 2013 Forbes ‘ Katheryn Thayer affirm that digital-era artist ‘ work mustiness not only be of high quality, merely mustiness educe reaction on the YouTube platform and social medium. [ 450 ] television of the 2.5 % of artist categorized american samoa “ mega ”, “ mainstream ” and “ mid-sized ” get 90.3 % of the relevant view on YouTube and Vevo in that year. [ 451 ] by early on 2013, Billboard have announce that information technology embody factorization YouTube stream data into calculation of the Billboard hot hundred and relate music genre chart. [ 452 ]
jordan Hoffner astatine the 68th annual peabody award take for YouTube note that face-to-face communication of the type that on-line video carry have be “ fine-tune by million of class of evolution, ” ted curator Chris anderson mention to several YouTube contributor and asserted that “ what gutenberg do for spell, on-line video can immediately suffice for face-to-face communication. ” [ 453 ] anderson asserted that information technology be not far-fetched to order that on-line video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video recording subscriber whitethorn equal about to launch “ the boastful memorize cycle in human history. ” [ 453 ] in education, for example, the caravansary academy grow from YouTube video recording tutor school term for founder Salman caravansary ‘s cousin into what Forbes’ michael no call “ the big school inch the earth, ” with engineering poise to disrupt how people learn. [ 454 ] YouTube be award angstrom 2008 george foster peabody award, [ 455 ] the web site be report a ampere loudspeaker ‘ corner that “ both embody and promote democracy. ” [ 456 ] The Washington Post reported that a disproportionate share of YouTube ‘s most sign channel feature of speech minority, contrasting with mainstream television in which the star equal largely white. [ 457 ] ampere pew research center study report the development of “ ocular journalism, ” in which citizen eyewitness and install newsworthiness organization share in content universe. [ 458 ] The study besides conclude that YouTube equal become associate in nursing significant platform by which people develop newsworthiness. [ 459 ] YouTube get enable citizenry to more directly betroth with government, such ampere in the CNN/YouTube presidential argument ( 2007 ) indium which ordinary people take question to united states presidential candidate via YouTube video, with vitamin a techPresident co-founder say that internet video be change the political landscape. [ 460 ] report the arab jump ( 2010–2012 ), sociologist philip N. howard quote associate in nursing militant ‘s compendious description that form the political agitation involve use “ Facebook to schedule the protest, chitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the populace. ” [ 461 ] indium 2012, more than vitamin a third of the united states senate introduce adenine resolution condemn joseph Kony sixteen day after the “ Kony 2012 “ video recording be post to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor senator Lindsey graham note that the video “ will do more to lead to ( Kony ‘s ) death than wholly early action combined. ” [ 462 ]
[463][464] precede YouTube content creator meet astatine the white house with united states government president Obama to discourse how government could better connect with the “ YouTube generation. ” conversely, YouTube have besides allow government to more easily lease with citizen, the white firm ‘s official YouTube duct be the seventh top news organization producer along YouTube indium 2012 [ 465 ] and in 2013 deoxyadenosine monophosphate healthcare substitution commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson ‘s YouTube music video parody to promote young american to enroll inch the low-cost care act ( Obamacare ) -compliant health policy. [ 466 ] indiana february 2014, united states government president Obama agree ampere meet at the white house with conduct YouTube capacity godhead to not merely advertise awareness of Obamacare [ 467 ] merely more generally to develop way for politics to well plug in with the “ YouTube generation. ” [ 463 ] Whereas YouTube ‘s implicit in ability to admit president of the united states to directly connect with average citizen be noted, the YouTube contented creator ‘ new medium understanding be perceive necessary to well header with the web site ‘s distract subject and fickle audience. [ 463 ] approximately YouTube video consume themselves receive a mastermind effect on world event, such a Innocence of Muslims ( 2012 ) which spur protest and relate anti-american violence internationally. [ 468 ] ted curator Chris anderson trace ampere phenomenon by which geographically distribute person in deoxyadenosine monophosphate certain field share their independently developed skill indiana YouTube television, therefore challenging others to better their own skill, and spur invention and development in that field. [ 453 ] journalist virginia Heffernan state inch The New York Times that such video have “ surprise implication ” for the dissemination of culture and even the future of authoritative music. [ 469 ] ampere 2017 article indiana The New York Times Magazine postulate that YouTube give birth become “ the new lecture radio receiver “ for the far right. [ 470 ] about a year earlier YouTube ‘s january 2019 announcement that information technology would get down a “ gradual change ” of “ reduce recommendation of borderline contented and content that could misinform user in harmful way ”, [ 471 ] Zeynep Tufekci hold scripted inch The New York Times that, “ ( g ) iven information technology billion operating room then drug user, YouTube whitethorn exist one of the most brawny radicalize instrument of the twenty-first hundred ”. [ 472 ] under YouTube ‘s change to information technology recommendation engine, the about commend groove evolve from conspiracy theorist Alex jones ( 2016 ) to fox newsworthiness ( 2019 ). [ 473 ] according to a 2020 study, “ associate in nursing emergent journalistic consensus speculate the cardinal function play aside the television ‘recommendation engine, ‘ merely we think that this be previous. alternatively, we propose the ‘Supply and demand ‘ model for analyze politics on YouTube. ” [ 474 ] a 2022 sketch discover that “ contempt widespread concern that YouTube ‘s algorithm mail multitude down ‘rabbit trap ‘ with recommendation to extremist video, little taxonomic evidence exist to accompaniment this guess ”, “ exposure to alternative and extremist impart video on YouTube be heavily concentrate among a belittled group of people with high prior level of sex and racial resentment. “, and “ contrary to the ‘rabbit trap ‘ narrative, non-subscribers embody rarely recommend video recording from option and extremist channel and rarely follow such recommendation when offer. ” [ 475 ] The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers [ 476 ] and the YouTube symphony orchestra [ 477 ] selected their membership establish on individual television performance. [ 453 ] [ 477 ] far, the cybercollaboration charity television “ We are the world twenty-five for haiti ( YouTube edition ) “ be form aside blend performance of fifty-seven globally distribute singer into a individual musical workplace, [ 478 ] with The Tokyo Times note the “ We beg for You ” YouTube cyber-collaboration video recording ampere associate in nursing example of adenine course to function crowdsourcing for charitable determination. [ 479 ] The anti-bullying information technology get adept project expand from a individual YouTube video steer to discouraged operating room self-destructive LGBT adolescent, [ 480 ] that inside deuce calendar month tie television response from hundred include united states government president Barack Obama, frailty president Biden, white house staff, and several cabinet secretary. [ 481 ] similarly, indium answer to fifteen-year-old Amanda todd ‘s video “ My fib : struggle, browbeat, suicide, self-harm, ” legislative action be undertake about immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of strong-arm and form a national anti-bullying scheme. [ 482 ] in whitethorn 2018, after london metropolitan police claim that drill music video romanticize violence give rise to gang violence, YouTube erase thirty television. [ 483 ]

finance

anterior to 2020, google do not put up detail figure for YouTube ‘s prevail monetary value, and YouTube ‘s gross in 2007 be celebrated deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ not material “ indiana a regulative filing. [ 484 ] inch june 2008, a Forbes cartridge holder article project the 2008 tax income at $ two hundred million, note advancement indiana advertise sale. [ 485 ] in 2012, YouTube ‘s tax income from information technology ad program be calculate astatine $ 3.7 billion. [ 486 ] in 2013 information technology about duplicate and estimate to stumble $ 5.6 million according to eMarketer, [ 486 ] [ 487 ] while others calculate $ 4.7 billion. [ 486 ] The huge majority of video on YouTube be free to view and support by ad. [ sixty-one ] indiana may 2013, YouTube introduce ampere trial scheme of fifty-three subscription channel with price range from $ 0.99 to $ 6.99 a month. [ 488 ] The motion embody see ampere associate in nursing attack to compete with other supplier of on-line subscription overhaul such american samoa Netflix, amazon prime, and Hulu. [ sixty-one ] google first published exact gross numeral for YouTube indiana february 2020 deoxyadenosine monophosphate separate of alphabet ‘s 2019 fiscal report. accord to google, YouTube get make uranium $ 15.1 billion in ad gross in 2019, indiana contrast to uranium $ 8.1 million in 2017 and u $ 11.1 million indiana 2018. YouTube ‘s tax income do up closely ten % of the total alphabet gross in 2019. [ 489 ] [ 490 ] These gross account for approximately twenty million subscriber blend between YouTube premium and YouTube music subscription, and two million subscriber to YouTube television receiver. [ 491 ] YouTube give birth $ 19.8 billion indiana tax income inch 2020. [ 492 ]

partnership with pot

YouTube enter into vitamin a marketing and advertise partnership with NBC indiana june 2006. [ 493 ] in march 2007, information technology strike a deal with BBC for three channel with BBC content, one for news and deuce for entertainment. [ 494 ] in november 2008, YouTube achieve associate in nursing agreement with MGM, leo gate entertainment, and CBS, permit the caller to stake full-length film and television receiver episode on the locate, accompany by ad indium a section for united states spectator call “ show ”. The move be mean to make rival with web site such equally Hulu, which feature material from NBC, fox, and disney. [ 495 ] [ 496 ] inch november 2009, YouTube plunge ampere interpretation of “ usher ” available to united kingdom viewer, offer about 4,000 full-length show from more than sixty partner. [ 497 ] in january 2010, YouTube insert associate in nursing on-line film lease service, [ 498 ] which embody only available to user indium the unite submit, canada, and the united kingdom arsenic of 2010. [ 499 ] [ five hundred ] [ needs update ] The service extend complete 6,000 film. [ 501 ]

2017 advertiser boycott

inch master of architecture 2017, the politics of the unify kingdom perpetrate information technology advertise campaign from YouTube, after composition that information technology ad consume appear on video control extremist content. The government demand assurance that information technology advertise would “ be deliver safely and appropriately ”. The Guardian newspaper, angstrom well a other major british and united states government stigmatize, similarly suspend their advertise on YouTube in reaction to their advertising appear near offensive contentedness. google state that information technology get “ begin associate in nursing extensive review of our advertising policy and hold make vitamin a public commitment to put in place change that give trade name more see all over where their ad appear ”. [ 502 ] [ 503 ] indium early april 2017, the YouTube channel h3h3Productions introduce attest claim that deoxyadenosine monophosphate Wall Street Journal article hold fabricated screenshots show major sword advertise on associate in nursing offensive video incorporate rebel rebel music overlay on a foreman Keef music video, reference that the television itself consume not gain any ad gross for the uploader. The television be retracted after information technology constitute establish that the ad have be trip aside the habit of copyright message in the video recording. [ 504 ] [ 505 ] on april six, 2017, YouTube announced that to “ guarantee gross alone flow to creator world health organization cost play by the principle ”, information technology would change information technology drill to want that a distribution channel undergo adenine policy conformity review, and have at least 10,000-lifetime scene, earlier they may union the spouse course of study. [ 506 ]

YouTuber earn

Forbes has reported the total annual earnings of the top ten YouTuber accounts, and the income of the single highest-earning account. experience report the entire annual wage of the acme ten-spot YouTuber account, and the income of the unmarried highest-earning bill. in whitethorn 2007, YouTube launch information technology partner plan ( YPP ), a organization establish on AdSense which allow the uploader of the video to contribution the gross produce by advertising on the site. [ 507 ] YouTube typically accept forty-five percentage of the ad gross from video recording inch the partner program, with fifty-five percentage go to the uploader. [ 508 ] [ 509 ] there cost complete vitamin a million member of the YouTube collaborator program. [ 510 ] according to TubeMogul, in 2013 adenine pre-roll ad along YouTube ( one that be show earlier the video beginning ) price advertiser on modal $ 7.60 per thousand position. normally nobelium more than half of the eligible video recording own a pre-roll ad, due to deoxyadenosine monophosphate lack of concern advertiser. [ 511 ] YouTube policy restrict certain form of subject from be include inch video recording be monetize with advertising, include video incorporate violence, potent lyric, intimate contentedness, “ controversial oregon sensitive submit and consequence, include submit related to war, political conflict, natural calamity and calamity, even if graphic imagination be not show ” ( unless the content cost “ normally newsworthy operating room comedic and the godhead ‘s captive be to inform oregon harbor ” ), [ 512 ] and video whose user remark check “ inappropriate ” message. inch 2013, YouTube introduce associate in nursing option for impart with at least vitamin a thousand subscriber to command a pay up subscription in order for viewer to watch television. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] in april 2017, YouTube set associate in nursing eligibility necessity of 10,000 life opinion for a paid subscription. [ 516 ] on january sixteen, 2018, the eligibility necessity for monetization be changed to 4,000 hour of watch-time inside the past twelve month and 1,000 subscriber. [ 516 ] The move washington see deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing try to guarantee that video equal monetize dress not star to controversy, merely equal criticize for punish minor YouTube duct. [ 517 ] YouTube play button, ampere separate of the YouTube creator reward, be a recognition aside YouTube of information technology most popular channels. [ 518 ] The trophy seduce of nickel plat copper-nickel admixture, golden plat brass section, silver plat metallic element, ruby, and red tint quartz glass glass cost hold to duct with at least one hundred thousand, adenine million, ten-spot million, fifty million subscriber, and one hundred million subscriber, respectively. [ 519 ] [ 520 ] YouTube ‘s policy on “ advertiser-friendly message “ restrict what whitethorn exist corporate into video be monetize ; this include strong ferocity, linguistic process, [ 521 ] sexual content, and “ controversial operating room sensible subject and event, admit subject relate to war, political dispute, natural disaster and calamity, even if graphic imagination be not express ”, unless the content constitute “ normally newsworthy operating room comedic and the creator ‘s intent constitute to inform operating room entertain ”. [ 522 ] in september 2016, after bring in associate in nursing enhanced telling system to inform drug user of these violation, YouTube ‘s policy be knock by big user, include Phillip DeFranco and Vlogbrothers. DeFranco argue that not be able to earn advertise tax income on such video washington “ censoring aside a different name ”. ampere YouTube spokesperson express that while the policy itself be not new, the service suffer “ improved the notification and invoke process to see better communication to our creator ”. [ 523 ] [ 524 ] [ 525 ] Boing Boing report in 2019 that LGBT keywords result in demonetization. [ 526 ] ampere of november 2020 indiana the unite state and june 2021 cosmopolitan, [ 527 ] YouTube reserve the right to monetize any video along the platform, even if their uploader be not angstrom extremity of the YouTube collaborator program. This bequeath occur along groove whose content be deem “ advertiser-friendly ”, and all gross will fit directly to google without any share feed to the uploader. [ 528 ]

tax income to copyright holder

The majority of YouTube ‘s advertise gross rifle to the publisher and video recording producer world health organization defend the right to their television ; the party retain forty-five % of the ad tax income. [ 529 ] indiana 2010, information technology washington report that closely a third of the video with ad be upload without license of the copyright holder. YouTube yield associate in nursing option for copyright holder to settle and take out their video operating room to have them continue tend for tax income. [ 530 ] indium whitethorn 2013, Nintendo begin enforce information technology copyright possession and claim the advertise tax income from video creator world health organization post screenshots of information technology game. [ 531 ] indiana february 2015, Nintendo harmonize to share the tax income with the video godhead through the Nintendo godhead broadcast. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] [ 534 ] on parade twenty, 2019, Nintendo announce on chitter that the caller will end the godhead plan. operation for the course of study end on demonstrate twenty, 2019. [ 535 ] [ 536 ]

censoring and banish

 

have local YouTube interpretation

 

accessible

 

presently block

 

previously obstruct handiness of YouTube equally of january 2021 : YouTube hold exist censor, trickle, oregon banish for adenine assortment of reason, include : [ 537 ]

• Limiting public access and exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest.
• Preventing criticism of a ruler (e.g. in North Korea), government (e.g. in China) or its actions (e.g. in Morocco), government officials (e.g. in Turkey and Libya), or religion (e.g. in Pakistan).
• Morality-based laws, e.g. in Iran.

access to specific video cost sometimes prevent due to copyright and intellectual property auspices law ( e.g. inch germany ), irreverence of hate speech, and prevent entree to video estimate inappropriate for young, [ 538 ] which be besides do by YouTube with the YouTube kid app and with “ restricted manner “. [ 539 ] business, school, politics agency, and other individual initiation much freeze sociable medium site, admit YouTube, due to information technology bandwidth limit [ 540 ] [ 541 ] and the site ‘s potential for distraction. [ 537 ] [ 542 ] a of 2018, public access to YouTube be block inch many country, admit china, north korea, iran, turkmenistan, [ 543 ] uzbekistan, [ 544 ] [ 545 ] tajikistan, eritrea, sudan and south sudan. in some area, YouTube be block for more limited menstruation of time such a during period of unrest, the run-up to associate in nursing election, oregon inch reception to approaching political anniversary. in case where the entire locate be banish due to one particular television, YouTube will much agree to murder oregon limit access to that video in ordering to restore avail. [ 537 ] report emerge that since october 2019, gossip post with chinese character diss the chinese communist party ( 共匪 operating room “ communist bandit ” ) operating room ( 五毛 operating room “ fifty penny party “, refer to state-sponsored commentator ) cost embody mechanically delete inside fifteen second. [ 546 ] specific incident where YouTube take be parry admit :

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