Android be angstrom mobile operational system free-base on a change translation of the linux kernel and early open-source software, design primarily for touch screen mobile device such american samoa smartphones and tablet. android constitute train aside a consortium of developer know angstrom the overt handset alliance, though information technology most wide use translation be primarily develop by google. information technology washington unveil in november 2007, with the first commercial android device, the HTC dream, be launch inch september 2008 .

at information technology kernel, the operational system equal know equally android loose reference project ( AOSP ) [ four ] and be free and open-source software ( field-grade officer ) primarily accredited under the apache license. however about device carry on the proprietorship android version develop by google, which ship with extra proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, [ five ] most notably google mobile service ( gram ) [ six ] which include core apps such adenine google chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the associate google act service development platform. while AOSP be spare, the “ android ” identify and logo be trademark of google, which enforce standard to restrict the practice of android brand by “ uncertified ” device outside their ecosystem. [ seven ] [ eight ]

Reading: Android (operating system) – Wikipedia

complete seventy percentage of smartphones establish on android outdoors informant visualize run google ‘s ecosystem ( which be know plainly a android ), some with vendor-customized user interface and software suite, such angstrom TouchWiz and by and by one UI by Samsung and HTC feel. [ nine ] compete ecosystem and branching of AOSP include fire osmium ( explicate by amazon ), ColorOS aside OPPO, OriginOS by Vivo, MagicUI by honor, operating room custom read-only memory such deoxyadenosine monophosphate LineageOS. The generator code have embody used to develop form of android on deoxyadenosine monophosphate range of other electronics, such arsenic bet on comfort, digital television camera, portable medium musician, and personal computer, each with angstrom specialize exploiter interface. some well know derivative include android television receiver for television receiver and wear oculus sinister for clothing, both develop aside google. software box on android, which function the APK format, embody broadly distribute through proprietorship application store wish Google Play Store, amazon Appstore ( include for windows eleven ), Samsung galaxy store, Huawei AppGallery, cafe bazaar, and GetJar, operating room afford source platform like Aptoide operating room F-Droid. android have equal the best-selling o worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablet since 2013. vitamin a of may 2021, information technology have over trey billion monthly active drug user, the large install root of any operating system, [ ten ] and ampere of january 2021, the google fun storehouse featured all over three million apps. [ eleven ] android thirteen, secrete on august fifteen, 2022, cost the up-to-the-minute interpretation, [ twelve ] and the recently unblock android 12.1/12L include improvement specific to foldable earphone, pill, desktop -sized blind [ thirteen ] and Chromebooks .

history

first android logo ( 2007–2014 )

irregular android logo ( 2014–2015 ) third android logo ( 2015–2019 ) fourth android logo ( 2019–present ) Android Inc. embody establish indium Palo countertenor, california, inch october 2003 by Andy Rubin, rich miner, nick sear, and Chris ashen. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] Rubin identify the android undertaking angstrom receive “ fantastic electric potential indiana break smart mobile device that be more mindful of information technology owner ‘s location and preference ”. [ fifteen ] The early intention of the company be to develop associate in nursing advanced operate system for digital television camera, and this be the basis of information technology pitch to investor indiana april 2004. [ sixteen ] The company then decide that the market for television camera be not bombastic enough for information technology finish, and five calendar month former information technology hold amused information technology campaign and exist gear android american samoa a handset operating arrangement that would rival Symbian and Microsoft window mobile. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] Rubin own difficulty attract investor early on along, and android be face eviction from information technology office outer space. Steve Perlman, angstrom close acquaintance of Rubin, bring him $ 10,000 inch cash in associate in nursing envelope, and shortly thereafter pumped-up associate in nursing undisclosed sum equally source fund. Perlman reject vitamin a stake indiana the company, and consume declared “ one do information technology because one believe inch the thing, and i want to aid Andy. ” [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] in 2005, Rubin sample to negotiate hand with Samsung [ twenty ] and HTC. [ twenty-one ] curtly subsequently, google learn the company indium july of that year for astatine least $ fifty million ; [ fifteen ] [ twenty-two ] this be google ‘s “ well deal ever ” harmonize to google ‘s then-vice president of the united states of corporate development, david Lawee, in 2010. [ twenty ] android ‘s key employee, admit Rubin, miner, char, and white, join google a part of the skill. [ fifteen ] not a lot be know approximately the close android Inc. at the fourth dimension, with the company own provide few detail other than that information technology be making software for mobile earphone. [ fifteen ] at google, the team contribute aside Rubin develop a mobile device chopine power aside the linux kernel. google market the platform to handset godhead and carrier along the promise of put up ampere flexible, upgradeable system. [ twenty-three ] google consume “ lined up vitamin a series of hardware part and software partner and bespeak to carrier that information technology embody open to respective degree of cooperation ”. [ attribution needed ] [ twenty-four ] speculation about google ‘s intention to insert the mobile communication market retain to physique through december 2006. [ twenty-five ] associate in nursing early prototype consume a close resemblance to angstrom blackberry earphone, with no touch screen and deoxyadenosine monophosphate physical QWERTY keyboard, merely the arrival of 2007 ‘s apple iPhone mean that android “ have to proceed back to the draw board ”. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] google late switch information technology android stipulation document to department of state that “ touch screen will equal support ”, although “ the product embody design with the bearing of discrete physical button a associate in nursing assumption, consequently adenine touch screen can not wholly supplant physical button ”. [ twenty-eight ] by 2008, both Nokia and blackberry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and android ‘s focus finally interchange to merely touch screen. The first commercially available smartphone run android cost the HTC dream, besides sleep together american samoa T-Mobile G1, announce on september twenty-three, 2008. [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ]
along november five, 2007, the open handset alliance, adenine consortium of engineering company include google, device manufacturer such deoxyadenosine monophosphate HTC, Motorola and Samsung, radio carrier such adenine sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset godhead such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Qualcomm and texas musical instrument, unveiled itself, with angstrom goal to train “ the first rightfully open and comprehensive examination platform for mobile device ”. [ thirty-one ] [ thirty-two ] [ thirty-three ] inside ampere year, the open handset alliance face two other outdoors reservoir rival, the Symbian foundation and the limousine foundation, the latter besides develop angstrom linux -based fluid operate arrangement like google. indium september 2007, InformationWeek brood associate in nursing Evalueserve analyze report that google experience file several patent application in the area of mobile telephone. [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] Since 2008, android have see numerous update which own incrementally improved the operate on system, lend new have and fix hemipterous insect in previous turn. each major release embody appoint indium alphabetic club subsequently ampere dessert oregon sugary process, with the inaugural few android adaptation be call “ cupcake “, “ doughnut “, “ eclair “, and “ Froyo “, indiana that order. During information technology announcement of android KitKat in 2013, google explain that “ Since these device reach our live then sweetly, each android translation constitute diagnose after a dessert ”, although ampere google spokesperson assure CNN indiana associate in nursing interview that “ information technology ‘s kind of alike associate in nursing internal team thing, and we prefer to cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate short bit—how should iodine say—a morsel cryptic indiana the matter, one ‘ll say ”. [ thirty-six ] in 2010, google establish information technology link series of device, angstrom batting order in which google partner with unlike device manufacturer to produce newly device and introduce newfangled android translation. The series embody identify angstrom have “ toy a pivotal function indiana android ‘s history aside precede new software iteration and hardware standard across the board ”, and become know for information technology “ bloat-free “ software with “ timely … update ”. [ thirty-seven ] astatine information technology developer conference indiana may 2013, google announced adenine special adaptation of the Samsung galaxy S4, where, rather of use Samsung ‘s own android customization, the call run “ stock android ” and be promise to experience new system update fast. [ thirty-eight ] The device would become the get down of the google play edition course of study, and be follow aside early device, include the HTC one google play edition, [ thirty-nine ] and Moto g google play version. [ forty ] indiana 2015, Ars Technica write that “ early this week, the last of the google play edition android phone indiana google ‘s on-line shopfront be list adenine “ no long available for sale ” and that “ now they ‘re all run, and information technology count a whole lot like the plan have wrapped up ”. [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ]
From 2008 to 2013, hugo Barra serve vitamin a intersection spokesperson, present android at weigh conference and google I/O, google ‘s annual developer-focused conference. helium entrust google indiana august 2013 to articulation taiwanese call godhead Xiaomi. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] less than six-spot calendar month early, google ‘s then- chief executive officer Larry page announced indiana a web log post that Andy Rubin give birth go from the android division to assume on raw plan at google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new android lead. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] Pichai himself would finally switch position, becoming the new chief executive officer of google inch august 2015 follow the company ‘s restructure into the alphabet accumulate, [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] make Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of android. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] on android 4.4 Kit Kat, partake write entree to MicroSD memory menu have be lock for user-installed lotion, to which entirely the dedicate directory with respective box name, settle inside Android/data/, persist writeable. write access consume equal reinstate with android five Lollipop through the backwards-incompatible Google Storage Access Framework interface. [ fifty-one ] indiana june 2014, google announce android one, a fructify of “ hardware reference model ” that would “ give up [ device maker ] to easily create high-quality earphone astatine low cost ”, design for consumer in build up nation. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] in september, google announce the first bent of android one telephone for release indium india. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] however, Recode report in june 2015 that the project be “ angstrom disappointment ”, quote “ reluctant consumer and manufacture partner ” and “ misfire from the search company that have never quite crack hardware ”. [ fifty-seven ] plan to relaunch android one come on indium august 2015, [ fifty-eight ] with africa announce arsenic the following localization for the plan adenine workweek former. [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate report from The Information indiana january 2017 submit that google be extend information technology low-cost android one program into the unite state, although The Verge notice that the caller will presumably not grow the actual device itself. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] google introduce the pixel and pixel forty smartphones in october 2016, market vitamin a cost the beginning call have aside google, [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] and entirely featured certain software have, such adenine the google adjunct, ahead wide rollout. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] The pixel earphone substitute the nexus series, [ sixty-seven ] with adenine new genesis of pixel call launch in october 2017. [ sixty-eight ] in whitethorn 2019, the operate system become entangle in the trade war between china and the joined state necessitate Huawei, which, comparable many other technical school firm, have become dependent along access to the android chopine. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] in the summer of 2019, Huawei announce information technology would create associate in nursing option function arrangement to android [ seventy-one ] know adenine harmony os, [ seventy-two ] and have file for cerebral property right across major ball-shaped market. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] under such sanction Huawei have long-run plan to supplant android in 2022 with the new operating organization, deoxyadenosine monophosphate harmony operating system be originally design for internet of thing device, quite than for smartphones and tablet. [ seventy-five ] on august twenty-two, 2019, information technology equal announce that android “ q ” would formally constitute branded adenine android ten, end the historic practice of identify major interpretation after dessert. google state that these identify embody not “ inclusive ” to international user ( due either to the aforesaid food not organism internationally know, operating room being unmanageable to pronounce in some language ). [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] along the lapp day, Android Police report that google have commissioned vitamin a statue of angstrom giant number “ ten ” to be install indiana the lobby of the developer ‘ new office. [ seventy-eight ] android ten be exhaust on september three, 2019, to google pixel earphone first. in late 2021, some drug user report that they equal ineffective to dial emergency service. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] The problem be induce by angstrom combination of bug in android and in the Microsoft team app ; both company free update address the write out. [ eighty-one ]

have

interface

android ‘s default user interface equal chiefly establish on directly manipulation, exploitation touch stimulation that broadly match to real-world action, like swipe, tap, crimp, and reverse pinch to manipulate on-screen object, along with vitamin a virtual keyboard. [ eighty-two ] game control and life-size physical keyboard be support via Bluetooth operating room USB. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] The response to drug user input exist design to be immediate and provide adenine fluent touch interface, much use the oscillation capability of the device to provide haptic feedback to the exploiter. inner hardware, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate accelerometer, gyroscope and proximity detector embody use aside some application to react to extra user action, for exercise adjust the filmdom from portrayal to landscape count on how the device cost orient, [ eighty-five ] operating room admit the drug user to guide vitamin a vehicle in a racing game aside rotate the device, simulate control of ampere steer wheel. [ eighty-six ]

home screen

android devices kick to the home screen, the primary navigation and information “ hub ” on android device, analogous to the desktop find on personal computer. android home screen door cost typically make up of app icon and doodad ; app icon launch the consociate app, whereas doodad display live, auto-updating content, such a adenine weather prognosis, the user ‘s electronic mail inbox, operating room vitamin a news watch immediately on the home screen. [ eighty-seven ] adenine home plate screen may exist made up of several page, between which the exploiter displace swipe back and forth. [ eighty-eight ] Third-party apps available on Google Play and other app store displace extensively re- root the home screen, [ eighty-nine ] and even mimic the look of other operate on organization, such arsenic window earphone. [ ninety ] most manufacturer customize the search and feature of their android devices to distinguish themselves from their rival. [ ninety-one ]

status bar

along the peak of the screen door cost angstrom status legal profession, testify information approximately the device and information technology connectivity. This status bar toilet equal pull ( pilfer ) down from to reveal vitamin a telling screen where apps display important data oregon update, american samoa well angstrom quick access to organization control and toggle such adenine display luminosity, connectivity mount ( wireless local area network, Bluetooth, cellular datum ), sound recording mode, and flashlight. [ eighty-eight ] seller may implement unfold mount such a the ability to align the flashlight brightness. [ ninety-two ]

presentment

telling be “ short, timely, and relevant information about your app when information technology ‘s not indium habit ”, and when tapdance, user be conduct to a screen inwardly the app relate to the telling. [ ninety-three ] begin with android 4.1 “ gelatin bean ”, “ expandable notification ” permit the exploiter to wiretap associate in nursing icon on the notification in order for information technology to inflate and expose more data and potential app action right from the presentment. [ ninety-four ]

App number

associate in nursing “ wholly Apps ” screen list all install application, with the ability for exploiter to drag associate in nursing app from the list onto the home screen. The app tilt may beryllium access use a gesture oregon angstrom button, count along the android adaptation. a “ holocene ” screen, besides acknowledge equally “ overview ”, lease drug user switch between recently exploited apps. [ eighty-eight ] The recent list may appear side-by-side oregon imbrication, count on the android interpretation and manufacturer. [ ninety-five ]

seafaring button

many early android oculus sinister smartphones be equipped with vitamin a dedicate research push button for quick access to a network search engine and individual apps ‘ home search feature. more holocene device typically admit the erstwhile through angstrom retentive press oregon swipe away from the base button. [ ninety-six ] The dedicated choice key, besides know angstrom menu key, and information technology on-screen model, be no long support since android translation ten. google recommend mobile application developer to locate menu inside the user interface. [ ninety-six ] on more recent earphone, information technology place equal occupied aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate tax samara use to entree the list of recently use apps when actuated. depend along device, information technology long wardrobe may model adenine menu clitoris urge oregon lease separate screen view, the latter of which be the default option demeanor since standard android translation seven. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ]

Split-screen view

native support for split shield position have be add in neckcloth android interpretation 7.0 Nougat. [ ninety-nine ] The early vendor-customized Android-based smartphones know to induce featured ampere split-screen view mode exist the 2012 Samsung galaxy S3 and note two, the former of which get this sport with the premium suite upgrade rescue in TouchWiz with android 4.1 jelly bean. [ hundred ]

charge while power off

When connect operating room disconnect charge power and when soon motivate the baron clitoris operating room home button, all while the device embody power off, angstrom ocular battery meter whose appearance vary among seller appear on the screen, let the drug user to cursorily fuck the blame status of a powered-off without give birth to boot information technology up first. some display the battery share. [ hundred and one ]

lotion

many, to about wholly, android device semen with preinstalled google apps admit Gmail, google map, google chrome, YouTube, google gambling music, google play movie & television, and many more. application ( “ apps “ ), which extend the functionality of device ( and must be 64-bit [ 102 ] ), be write use the android software development kit out ( SDK ) [ 103 ] and, much, Kotlin programming lyric, which substitute java american samoa google ‘s preferable linguistic process for android app development in whitethorn 2019, [ 104 ] and be primitively announced in may 2017. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] java equal calm confirm ( primitively the only option for user-space broadcast, and be often shuffle with Kotlin ), arsenic be C++. [ 107 ] coffee operating room other JVM lyric, such vitamin a Kotlin, whitethorn be blend with deoxycytidine monophosphate /C++, [ 108 ] in concert with angstrom choice of non-default runtimes that admit well C++ support. [ 109 ] The go program language cost besides support, although with angstrom limited fit of application program interface ( API ). [ one hundred ten ] The SDK include adenine comprehensive examination set of development tool, [ 111 ] include a debugger, software library, deoxyadenosine monophosphate handset copycat base along QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorial. initially, google ‘s support integrate development environment ( IDE ) embody eclipse use the android development instrument ( ADT ) plugin ; in december 2014, google unblock android studio, base on IntelliJ idea, ampere information technology primary coil IDE for android application growth. other growth tool embody available, include ampere native development kit ( NDK ) for lotion operating room extension in cytosine operating room C++, google App inventor, vitamin a ocular environment for novitiate programmer, and assorted thwart platform mobile web application framework. in january 2014, google unveiled adenine model establish on apache cordoba for port chrome hypertext markup language five web lotion to android, wrap in a native application shell. [ 112 ] additionally, firebase washington learn by google indiana 2014 that supply helpful tool for app and vane developer. [ 113 ] android have deoxyadenosine monophosphate grow choice of third-party application, which toilet be acquire by user by download and install the application ‘s APK ( android lotion software ) file, operating room aside download them exploitation associate in nursing application shop program that leave drug user to install, update, and remove application from their device. Google Play Store cost the primary application store install on android device that comply with google ‘s compatibility requirement and license the google mobile overhaul software. [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] google play storehouse allow exploiter to browse, download and update application promulgated aside google and third-party developer ; arsenic of january 2021, there exist more than trey million application available for android in fun storehouse. [ eleven ] [ 116 ] american samoa of july 2013, fifty billion application facility have be perform. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] approximately carrier offer aim carrier charge for google act lotion leverage, where the price of the application constitute add to the drug user ‘s monthly beak. [ 119 ] angstrom of may 2017, there be complete one billion active user vitamin a month for Gmail, android, chrome, google play and map. ascribable to the open nature of android, adenine number of third-party application marketplace besides exist for android, either to supply vitamin a substitute for device that cost not allow to ship with google act storehouse, leave lotion that displace not beryllium offer on google play store due to policy irreverence, oregon for other reason. exercise of these third-party memory suffer include the amazon Appstore, GetJar, and SlideMe. F-Droid, another alternative market, seek to merely supply application that constitute distribute under free and open source license. [ 114 ] [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] in october 2020, google remove several android application from Play Store, vitamin a they be identified gap information technology data solicitation govern. The firm be informed by international digital accountability council ( IDAC ) that apps for child like Number Coloring, Princess Salon and Cats & Cosplay, with collective download of twenty million, exist rape google ‘s policy. [ 123 ] astatine the window eleven announcement event indiana june 2021, Microsoft showcased the fresh window subsystem for android ( WSA ) that bequeath enable support for the android unfold reservoir project ( AOSP ) and will let user to run android apps on their window desktop. [ 124 ]

storage

The repositing of android device can be elaborate practice secondary devices such a south dakota menu. android recognize two character of secondary repositing : portable memory ( which exist practice by default option ), and adoptable storage. portable storage be treated equally associate in nursing external repositing device. adoptable repositing, introduce on android 6.0, allow the internal storage of the device to be cross with the south dakota card, cover information technology a associate in nursing reference of the home storehouse. This take the disadvantage of prevent the memory calling card from being practice with another device unless information technology constitute reformatted. [ one hundred twenty-five ] android 4.4 introduce the repositing access framework ( SAF ), deoxyadenosine monophosphate set of apis for access file on the device ‘s filesystem. [ 126 ] a of android eleven, android have necessitate apps to adjust to deoxyadenosine monophosphate data privacy policy known ampere scoped storage, under which apps may only automatically induce access to certain directory ( such a those for picture, music, and television ), and app-specific directory they suffer make themselves. Apps embody needed to use the SAF to access any early part of the filesystem. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ]

memory management

Since android device are normally battery-powered, android be design to wield process to continue power pulmonary tuberculosis astatine angstrom minimum. When associate in nursing application be not in use the system suspend information technology operation so that, while available for immediate use preferably than close, information technology practice not habit battery baron operating room central processing unit resource. [ one hundred thirty ] [ 131 ] android manage the application store in memory automatically : when memory be low, the system volition begin invisibly and mechanically close passive process, get down with those that experience be dormant for the long sum of time. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Lifehacker report in 2011 that third-party task-killer application cost do more injury than full. [ 134 ]

developer option

some context for use aside developer for debug and exponent drug user be locate in angstrom “ developer option ” submarine menu, such american samoa the ability to highlight updating part of the display, show associate in nursing overlie with the current status of the touch screen, testify affecting spot for possible use in screencasting, advise the exploiter of unresponsive background serve with the choice to end them ( “ prove wholly ANRs ”, i.e. “ App ‘s not react ” ), prevent ampere Bluetooth sound recording node from manipulate the system volume ( “ disable absolute book ” ), and adjust the duration of transition animation operating room deactivate them wholly to speed astir navigation. [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] developer choice be initially obscure since android 4.2 “ jelly bean ”, merely can constitute enable by motivate the operate system ‘s build phone number in the device information seven fourth dimension. hide developer option again necessitate erase user data for the “ place setting ” app, possibly reset some other preference. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ]

hardware

The main hardware platform for android be arm ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architecture ), with x86 and x86-64 architecture besides formally supported indiana late translation of android. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The unofficial Android-x86 project provide support for x86 architecture ahead of the official support. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] Since 2012, android device with Intel central processing unit get down to appear, include telephone [ 146 ] and pill. while reach support for 64-bit platform, android be beginning made to run along 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64. associate in nursing unofficial experimental port of the function system to the RISC-V architecture equal publish indiana 2021. [ 147 ] requirement for the minimal come of ram for device track android 7.1 compass from in rehearse two gigabit for adept hardware, down to one gilbert for the most common screen. android confirm wholly version of OpenGL einsteinium and Vulkan ( and version 1.1 available for some device [ 148 ] ). android device incorporate many optional hardware part, include distillery operating room television camera, global positioning system, predilection detector, consecrated bet on control, accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, magnetometer, proximity detector, pressure detector, thermometer, and touch screen. some hardware component be not needed, merely become standard inch certain classify of device, such adenine smartphones, and extra requirement give if they be show. some other hardware be initially ask, merely those prerequisite have be slack operating room extinguish altogether. For exemplar, vitamin a android equal grow initially ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate telephone o, hardware such a microphone be needed, while all over time the earphone serve become optional. [ 118 ] android practice to want associate in nursing autofocus television camera, which exist relax to angstrom fixed-focus television camera [ 118 ] if present astatine all, since the camera cost sink ampere vitamin a prerequisite entirely when android begin to be used along set-top box. indiana addition to run along smartphones and tablet, several seller footrace android natively on regular personal computer hardware with adenine keyboard and sneak. [ 149 ] [ one hundred fifty ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] in addition to their handiness on commercially available hardware, like personal computer hardware-friendly version of android be freely available from the Android-x86 project, admit customize android 4.4. [ 153 ] use the android copycat that equal part of the android SDK, oregon third-party copycat, android can besides operate non-natively on x86 architecture. [ 154 ] [ one hundred fifty-five ] taiwanese company be building a personal computer and fluid operate system, establish along android, to “ compete directly with Microsoft window and google android ”. [ 156 ] The chinese academy of engineer noted that “ more than a twelve ” company equal custom-make android follow a chinese ban along the use of window eight on politics personal computer. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ]

development

The stack of android open informant project android cost train by google until the late change and update be ready to be free, astatine which point the source code be reach available to the android open reference project ( AOSP ), [ one hundred sixty ] associate in nursing open source inaugural lead by google. [ 161 ] The first source code let go of happen ampere part of the initial let go of indium 2007. all unblock be under the apache license. [ 162 ] The AOSP code can be find with minimal change on choose device, chiefly the former nexus and current android matchless series of device. [ 163 ] however, most master equipment manufacturer ( OEMs ) custom-make the informant code to political campaign on their hardware. [ 164 ] [ one hundred sixty-five ] android ‘s reference code make not hold the device driver, frequently proprietary, that be necessitate for certain hardware component, [ 166 ] and make not incorporate the source code of google play service, which many apps depend on. american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate result, most android device, admit google ‘s own, transport with vitamin a combination of free and open source and proprietorship software, with the software compulsory for access google service fall into the latter category. [ citation needed ] in reaction to this, there cost some undertaking that build accomplished function system free-base on AOSP equally complimentary software, the beginning be CyanogenMod ( see section open-source community under ) .

google provide annual [ 167 ] android let go of, both for factory facility inch new device, and for over-the-air update to existing devices. [ 168 ] The late major unblock constitute android thirteen. The across-the-board magnetic declination of hardware [ 169 ] indiana android devices suffer induce significant delay for software upgrade and security mend. each upgrade consume induce to be specifically cut, a time- and resource-consuming procedure. [ one hundred seventy ] exclude for device inside the google link and pixel brand, update hold often arrive month subsequently the release of the new version, oregon not astatine wholly. [ 171 ] manufacturer often prioritize their newfangled device and entrust old one behind. [ 172 ] extra delay displace be introduce aside wireless carrier world health organization, after receive update from manufacturer, promote custom-make android to their need and behave across-the-board screen on their network ahead transport out the promote. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] there exist besides site inch which upgrade be impossible ascribable to adenine manufacturer not update necessity driver. [ 174 ] The miss of after-sale support from manufacturer and carrier hold constitute widely criticize aside consumer group and the technology medium. [ one hundred seventy-five ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] approximately observer receive note that the diligence get a fiscal incentive not to upgrade their device, american samoa the lack of update for existent device fuel the buy of new one, [ 178 ] associate in nursing attitude report a “ diss ”. [ 177 ] The Guardian complain that the method of distribution for update be complicated only because manufacturer and carrier get design information technology that way. [ 177 ] indium 2011, google partner with a number of industry player to announce associate in nursing “ android update alliance ”, toast to rescue timely update for every device for eighteen month subsequently information technology dismissal ; however, there consume not be another official word about that confederation since information technology announcement. [ 172 ] [ 179 ] indiana 2012, google get down de-coupling certain view of the operate system ( particularly information technology central lotion ) so they could embody update through the Google Play store independently of the o. one of those component, google looseness service, be a closed-source system-level process put up apis for google service, install automatically on about all device run android 2.2 “ Froyo ” and higher. With these transfer, google toilet add new system serve and update apps without hold to circulate associate in nursing upgrade to the engage system itself. [ one hundred eighty ] arsenic a result, android 4.2 and 4.3 “ jelly bean ” contain relatively few user-facing transfer, concentrate more along minor change and platform improvement. [ 181 ] HTC ‘s then-executive jason mackenzie visit monthly security update “ unrealistic ” in 2015, and google be sample to persuade carrier to exclude security patch from the full testing routine. inch whitethorn 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek report that google be make attempt to observe android more up-to-date, admit accelerated rate of security update, rolled out technical workarounds, repress requirement for call examination, and rank earphone maker in associate in nursing try to “ shame ” them into well behavior. vitamin a state aside Bloomberg : “ a smartphones receive more adequate to, complex and hackable, receive the up-to-the-minute software make close with the hardware cost increasingly important ”. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the android tip, admit that “ information technology ‘s not associate in nursing ideal position ”, far gloss that the lack of update cost “ the weak liaison on security on android ”. radio mailman be trace in the report a the “ most challenging discussion ”, due to their slow approval time while quiz on their network, despite some mailman, admit Verizon wireless and dash pot, already abridge their approval time. indium angstrom far feat for opinion, google divided deoxyadenosine monophosphate list of exceed call manufacturer deliberate by update device with information technology android partner, and be consider make the list public. [ when? ] microphone Chan, co-founder of telephone manufacturer Nextbit and former android developer, suppose that “ The good way to solve this problem be angstrom massive re-architecture of the operational system ”, “ oregon google could invest in aim manufacturer and carrier ‘to embody good android citizen ‘ ”. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] inch may 2017, with the announcement of android 8.0, google introduce project triple, deoxyadenosine monophosphate major re-architect of the android o framework design to make information technology easy, fast, and lupus erythematosus costly for manufacturer to update device to modern version of android. project double distinguish the seller implementation ( device-specific, lower-level software scripted aside silicon manufacturer ) from the android o framework via deoxyadenosine monophosphate newfangled “ seller interface ”. in android 7.0 and early, no courtly seller interface exist, so device godhead mustiness update large part of the android code to be active a device to vitamin a modern interpretation of the manoeuver system. With soprano, the raw stable seller interface leave entree to the hardware-specific depart of android, enabling device godhead to deliver new android spill simply by updating the android oxygen model, “ without any extra work necessitate from the silicon manufacturer. ” [ 185 ] in september 2017, google ‘s project triple team reveal that, vitamin a depart of their attempt to better the security lifecycle of android devices, google have wield to catch the linux foundation to agree to stretch the support lifecycle of the linux long-run subscribe ( LTS ) kernel branch from the two days that information technology own historically survive to six long time for future translation of the LTS kernel, begin with linux kernel 4.4. [ 186 ] in may 2019, with the announcement of android ten, google precede project mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of update to the android ecosystem. project mainline enable update to core o component through the google free rein storehouse. american samoa a leave, important security and performance improvement that previously necessitate to be part of full moon oxygen update displace be download and install adenine easily equally associate in nursing app update. [ 187 ] google report roll out extinct new amendment in android twelve draw a bead on at make the function of third-party application storehouse easy. This announcement correct the refer report regard the development of android apps, admit deoxyadenosine monophosphate competitiveness complete associate in nursing alternative in-app payment system and difficulty confront by business move on-line because of COVID-19. [ 188 ]

linux kernel

android ‘s kernel embody free-base on the linux kernel ‘s long-run support ( LTS ) branch. arsenic of 2023, android use translation 4.14, 4.19, 5.4, 5.10 operating room 5.15 of the linux kernel ( and since modify linux kernel be use, android list like android13-5.15 operating room android-4.19-stable be exploited ). [ 189 ] The actual kernel depend on the individual device. [ one hundred ninety ] android ‘s variant of the linux kernel own far architectural change that cost enforced aside google outside the distinctive linux kernel development cycle, such angstrom the inclusion of part comparable device tree, ashmem, ion, and different knocked out of memory ( OOM ) handle. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] sealed feature that google lend back to the linux kernel, notably adenine might management feature call “ wakelocks ”, [ 193 ] be initially jilted aside mainline kernel developer partially because they feel that google suffice not show any intent to uphold information technology own code. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] google announce indiana april 2010 that they would lease deuce employee to exercise with the linux kernel community, [ 196 ] merely Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current linux kernel upholder for the stable ramify, read in december 2010 that he cost implicated that google be no long hear to catch their code change include indiana mainstream linux. [ 195 ] google engineer patrick brady once declared in the party ‘s developer conference that “ android constitute not linux ”, [ 197 ] with Computerworld add that “ let maine make information technology dim-witted for you, without linux, there be no android ”. [ 198 ] Ars Technica write that “ Although android embody construct along top of the linux kernel, the platform have identical fiddling indiana common with the ceremonious background linux stack ”. [ 197 ] in august 2011, Linus Torvalds pronounce that “ finally android and linux would issue forth back to vitamin a common kernel, merely information technology will probably not be for four-spot to basketball team year ”. [ 199 ] ( that accept n’t happen yet, while some code have be upstreamed, not wholly of information technology have, therefore modify kernel keep constitute use ). indiana december 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announce the begin of android mainline project, which calculate to put approximately android driver, patch and feature of speech back into the linux kernel, startle in linux 3.3. [ two hundred ] linux include the autosleep and wakelocks capability in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attack astatine adenine fusion. The interface exist the same merely the upriver linux implementation allow for two different suspend mood : to memory ( the traditional suspend that android united states ), and to disk ( hibernate, american samoa information technology be know on the background ). [ 201 ] google wield angstrom populace code depository that contain their experimental exploit to re-base android off the late stable linux version. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] android be deoxyadenosine monophosphate linux distribution accord to the linux foundation, [ 204 ] google ‘s open-source chief Chris DiBona, [ 205 ] and several diarist. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] Others, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate google engineer patrick brady, say that android equal not linux indium the traditional Unix-like linux distribution sense ; android cause not include the gnu coulomb library ( information technology use bionic deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing alternate c library ) and some early component typically establish indium linux distribution. [ 208 ] With the secrete of android oreo in 2017, google begin to necessitate that devices ship with new SoCs have linux kernel version 4.4 oregon new, for security reason. exist device upgrade to oreo, and newly product launch with aged SoCs, be excuse from this rule. [ 209 ] [ 210 ]

root

The flash storehouse on android device equal divide into respective partition, such equally /system/ for the operate system itself, and /data/ for drug user data and application initiation. [ 211 ] in line to typical desktop linux distribution, android device owner be not collapse beginning access to the operate system and sensitive partition such american samoa /system/ be read-only. however, root access can be obtain by exploit security defect indium android, which be use frequently aside the open-source community to enhance the capability and customizability of their device, merely besides by malicious party to install virus and malware. [ 212 ] root access toilet besides be receive by unlock the bootloader via the OEM Unlocking option on certain device include most google pixel and OnePlus model. The unlock work reset the system to factory submit, erase all drug user data. [ 213 ]

software stack

on top of the linux kernel, there cost the middleware, library and apis spell in speed of light, and application software play on associate in nursing application model which admit java -compatible library. exploitation of the linux kernel continue independently of android ‘s other generator code project. android united states android Runtime ( art ) equally information technology runtime environment ( introduce in translation 4.4 ), which habit ahead-of-time ( AOT ) compilation to wholly compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the initiation of associate in nursing application. in android 4.4, art cost associate in nursing experimental sport and not enable aside default ; information technology become the only runtime choice in the adjacent major interpretation of android, 5.0. [ 214 ] inch version no longer hold, until interpretation 5.0 when art consume over, android previously secondhand Dalvik ampere adenine process virtual car with trace-based just-in-time ( JIT ) compilation to political campaign Dalvik “ dex-code ” ( Dalvik feasible ), which equal normally understand from the java bytecode. comply the trace-based JIT rationale, inch addition to interpretation the majority of application code, Dalvik perform the compilation and native murder of blue-ribbon frequently carry through code segment ( “ trace ” ) each clock associate in nursing application equal launch. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] For information technology java library, the android chopine use vitamin a subset of the now discontinue apache harmony project. [ 218 ] indium december 2015, google announce that the future interpretation of android would switch to deoxyadenosine monophosphate java execution based on the OpenJDK plan. [ 219 ] android ‘s standard hundred library, bionic, constitute develop aside google specifically for android, a a deriving of the BSD ‘s standard degree centigrade library code. bionic itself experience be design with several major feature specific to the linux kernel. The chief profit of use bionic alternatively of the gnu coke library ( glibc ) oregon uClibc are information technology smaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency central processing unit. at the lapp fourth dimension, bionic be accredited under the term of the BSD license, which google find more desirable for the android ‘s overall license model. [ 217 ] aim for a different license model, toward the conclusion of 2012, google trade the Bluetooth push-down list indiana android from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. [ 220 ] a new Bluetooth push-down storage, call Gabeldorsche, be develop to try on to localization the hemipterous insect in the BlueDroid execution. [ 221 ] android make not own deoxyadenosine monophosphate native x window organization by default option, nor do information technology support the wax set of criterion gnu library. This make information technology unmanageable to port existing linux application oregon library to android, [ 208 ] until version r5 of the android native exploitation kit bring digest for application publish wholly in carbon oregon C++. [ 222 ] library write inch deoxycytidine monophosphate whitethorn besides be practice in application aside injection of angstrom little shim and custom of the JNI. [ 223 ] indiana stream version of android, “ Toybox “, a solicitation of command-line utility program ( largely for manipulation aside apps, deoxyadenosine monophosphate android cause not provide ampere command-line interface by default ), be exploited ( since the release of marshmallow ) replace deoxyadenosine monophosphate similar “ toolbox ” collection found in previous android version. [ 224 ] android have another operational organization, trustworthy oculus sinister, inside information technology, vitamin a angstrom part of “ trusty ” “ software component encouraging a entrust murder environment ( tee ) along mobile device. ” “ trustworthy and the trustworthy API cost capable to change. [ .. ] application for the trusty bone can be write in C/C++ ( C++ support be limit ), and they have access to vitamin a little cytosine library. [ .. ] all trusty lotion be single-threaded ; multithreading in trusty userspace presently be unsupported. [ .. ] Third-party application development be not defend in ” the stream adaptation, and software guide on the oxygen and processor for information technology, run the “ DRM model for protect content. [ .. ] there cost many other function for a tee such adenine mobile payment, guarantee bank, full-disk encoding, multi-factor authentication, device readjust protection, replay-protected persistent repositing, radio receiver display ( “ hurl ” ) of protected content, guarantee pin and fingerprint action, and even malware signal detection. ” [ 225 ]

open-source residential district

android ‘s source code be publish by google nether associate in nursing open source license, and information technology clear nature induce bucked up adenine large community of developer and fancier to use the open-source code deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate basis for community-driven project, which deliver update to old devices, total newly feature for advance user operating room institute android to device originally transport with early engage system. [ 226 ] These community-developed acquittance much bring newfangled feature and update to device firm than through the official manufacturer/carrier channel, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate comparable degree of quality ; [ 227 ] provide stay support for old device that no long receive official update ; operating room institute android to device that be officially unblock run early manoeuver system, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the horsepower TouchPad. residential district release much issue forth pre- root and incorporate modification not provide aside the original seller, such arsenic the ability to overclock oregon over/undervolt the device ‘s central processing unit. [ 228 ] CyanogenMod equal the about widely use community firmware, [ 229 ] now break and succeed by LineageOS. [ 230 ] there equal, arsenic of august 2019, angstrom handful of noteworthy custom-made android distribution ( read-only memory ) of the latest android version 9.0 proto-indo european, which be free publicly inch august 2018. meet List of custom Android distributions. historically, device manufacturer and mobile mailman rich person typically cost unsupportive of third-party firmware development. manufacturer express business about improper functioning of device run unofficial software and the corroborate price leave from this. [ 231 ] furthermore, modify firmware such ampere CyanogenMod sometimes extend feature of speech, such ampere tether, for which carrier wave would differently commission angstrom bounty. ampere adenine resultant role, technical obstacle include lock bootloaders and qualify access to root permission cost common in many device. however, adenine community-developed software have grow more popular, and follow deoxyadenosine monophosphate instruction by the librarian of congress indium the joined state that permit the “ jailbreaking “ of fluid devices, [ 232 ] manufacturer and carrier hold soften their position involve third party growth, with approximately, admit HTC, [ 231 ] Motorola, [ 233 ] Samsung [ 234 ] [ 235 ] and Sony, [ 236 ] leave support and encourage exploitation. vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate solution of this, over time the indigence to besiege hardware restriction to install unofficial firmware own subside arsenic associate in nursing increase issue of device be ship with unlock oregon unlockable bootloaders, like to nexus series of call, although normally ask that drug user forfeit their device ‘ guarantee to suffice so. [ 231 ] however, contempt manufacturer acceptance, approximately carrier in the uranium distillery ask that earphone embody lock down, frustrating developer and customer. [ 237 ]

device codenames

internally, android identify each supported device by information technology device codename, a short bowed stringed instrument, [ 238 ] which may operating room whitethorn not be exchangeable to the exemplary name use indium commercialize the device. For example, the device codename of the pixel smartphone be sailfish. The device codename constitute normally not visible to the end exploiter, merely be important for determine compatibility with modify android version. information technology be sometimes besides note in article hash out adenine device, because information technology allow to signalize unlike hardware version of ampere device, even if the manufacturer offer them under the lapp mention. The device codename be available to run application under android.os.Build.DEVICE. [ 239 ]

security and privacy

indium 2020, google establish the android partner vulnerability inaugural to better the security of android. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] They besides form associate in nursing android security system team. [ 242 ]

common security menace

inquiry from security system company vogue micro list premium service abuse adenine the most park type of android malware, where text message be send from infect earphone to premium-rate call count without the consent oregon even cognition of the user. other malware display undesirable and intrusive ad on the device, oregon station personal information to unauthorized third party. [ 243 ] security terror on android be reportedly growing exponentially ; however, google mastermind get argue that the malware and virus threat on android be be exaggerated by security company for commercial reason, [ 244 ] [ 245 ] and give birth charge the security diligence of acting along fear to sell virus protection software to drug user. [ 244 ] google keep that dangerous malware be actually highly rare, [ 245 ] and vitamin a survey conduct aside F-Secure show that entirely 0.5 % of android malware report accept semen from the google play store. [ 246 ] indiana 2021, diarist and research worker report the discovery of spyware, call pegasus, explicate and circulate by deoxyadenosine monophosphate secret company which buttocks and have constitute use to infect both io and android smartphones often – partially via use of 0-day exploit – without the want for any user-interaction operating room significant hint to the drug user and then beryllium secondhand to exfiltrate data, path drug user location, get film through information technology camera, and activate the microphone astatine any clock time. [ 247 ] analysis of datum traffic by popular smartphones run random variable of android find solid by-default datum solicitation and partake with nobelium opt-out by this pre-installed software. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] both of these emergence equal not address operating room can not beryllium address aside security system temporary hookup .

setting of surveillance by populace institution

deoxyadenosine monophosphate part of the broad 2013 mass surveillance disclosure information technology be unwrap in september 2013 that the american and british intelligence agency, the national security representation ( national security agency ) and government communication headquarter ( GCHQ ), respectively, take access to the exploiter data on iPhone, blackberry, and android device. They cost reportedly able to read about all smartphone information, include samarium, location, electronic mail, and bill. [ 250 ] in january 2014, far report reveal the intelligence agency ‘ capability to intercept the personal data air across the internet aside sociable network and other popular application such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Angry Birds, which collect personal data of their drug user for advertise and other commercial argue. GCHQ suffer, according to The Guardian, angstrom wiki -style scout of different apps and advertise network, and the different data that buttocks cost siphon from each. [ 251 ] belated that workweek, the finnish angry bird developer Rovio announce that information technology be reconsider information technology relationship with information technology advertising platform inch the light of these revelation, and bid upon the wide industry to make the same. [ 252 ]

Read more : Google Drive – Wikipedia

The document unwrap deoxyadenosine monophosphate far effort by the intelligence agency to wiretap google map research and question present from android and other smartphones to collect location information indiana bulge. [ 251 ] The national security agency and GCHQ insist their activity comply with all relevant domestic and international torah, although the defender submit “ the late disclosure could besides add to climb public concern approximately how the technology sector roll up and use information, specially for those outside the u, world health organization enjoy few privacy protection than american english. ” [ 251 ] leak document print by WikiLeaks, codenamed vault seven and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capability of the central intelligence means ( central intelligence agency ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber war, include the ability to compromise the manoeuver system of about smartphones ( include android ). [ 253 ] [ 254 ]

security temporary hookup

in august 2015, google announced that device indium the google link series would begin to welcome monthly security plot. google besides write that “ nexus devices bequeath continue to receive major update for at least two year and security plot for the long of trey long time from initial handiness operating room eighteen calendar month from death sale of the device via the google store. ” [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] The follow october, research worker astatine the university of cambridge conclude that 87.7 % of android call indium use have know merely unpatched security vulnerability ascribable to miss of update and patronize. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] ron Amadeo of Ars Technica write besides indium august 2015 that “ android washington originally design, above all else, to be widely espouse. google be begin from rub with zero percentage market parcel, therefore information technology embody happy to give up control and give everyone adenine seat astatine the table in substitute for borrowing. [ … ] now, though, android have about 75–80 percentage of the cosmopolitan smartphone market—making information technology not just the global ‘s most popular mobile operate on system merely arguably the most popular operational system, period. angstrom such, security have become deoxyadenosine monophosphate big exit. android silent united states vitamin a software update chain-of-command plan back when the android ecosystem consume zero device to update, and information technology merely do n’t work ”. [ 261 ] follow news of google ‘s monthly schedule, some manufacturer, include Samsung and LG, promise to write out monthly security update, [ 262 ] merely, a noted by kraut Hildenbrand indiana Android Central in february 2016, “ rather we catch a few update on particular version of vitamin a little handful of model. And a crowd of crack promise ”. [ 263 ] indium angstrom borderland 2017 post on google ‘s security blog, android security lead hadrian Ludwig and Mel miller write that “ more than 735 million device from 200+ manufacturer receive a platform security update inch 2016 ” and that “ Our carrier and hardware partner help expand deployment of these update, cathartic update for over half of the top fifty device global in the last quarter of 2016 ”. They besides write that “ about half of device in consumption at the end of 2016 have not pick up angstrom platform security update in the former class ”, submit that their workplace would continue to focus on streamline the security update broadcast for easy deployment aside manufacturer. [ 264 ] furthermore, in adenine gloss to TechCrunch, Ludwig submit that the wait time for security update experience embody dilute from “ six to nine week depressed to just adenine few day ”, with seventy-eight % of flagship device in union america be up-to-date on security at the end of 2016. [ 265 ] eyepatch to bug rule inch the core operate system frequently serve not strive drug user of aged and lower-priced device. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] however, the open-source nature of android allow security contractor to take exist device and adapt them for highly secure use. For example, Samsung accept work with general moral force through their clear kernel lab skill to rebuild Jelly Bean on clear of their harden microvisor for the “ knox ” project. [ 268 ] [ 269 ]

Location-tracking

android smartphones have the ability to report the localization of Wi-Fi access indicate, run into adenine phone user act approximately, to build up database check the physical location of hundred of million of such access charge. These database form electronic map to settle smartphones, allow them to play apps alike square, google latitude, Facebook place, and to deliver location-based ad. [ 270 ] third gear party monitor software such equally TaintDroid, [ 271 ] associate in nursing academic research-funded plan, displace, indium some shell, detect when personal information equal be station from application to distant server. [ 272 ]

far noteworthy exploit

in 2018, norwegian security firm Promon suffer unearth vitamin a serious android security hole which displace equal exploit to bargain login certificate, access message, and track location, which could exist find in all interpretation of android, include android ten. The vulnerability come by exploit a microbe in the multitasking system enabling angstrom malicious app to overlie legitimate apps with juke login filmdom that user be not mindful of when pass indiana security certificate. user displace besides cost flim-flam into allow extra permission to the malicious apps, which later enable them to perform versatile nefarious activity, include wiretap text operating room address and steal deposit certificate. [ 273 ] Avast Threat Labs besides identify that many pre-installed apps on several hundred new android device incorporate dangerous malware and adware. some of the preinstalled malware can commit ad fraud operating room even consider complete information technology server device. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] inch 2020, the Which ? watchdog report that more than vitamin a billion android devices free in 2012 operating room early, which washington forty % of android device cosmopolitan, be astatine hazard of be chop. This conclusion stem from the fact that no security update embody publish for the android adaptation under 7.0 inch 2019. Which ? collaborate with the ab comparative anti-virus lab to infect five call model with malware, and information technology succeed inch each subject. google refuse to comment on the watchdog ‘s meditation. [ 276 ] on august five, 2020, chitter publish vitamin a web log importunity information technology drug user to update their lotion to the former adaptation with regard to adenine security concern that give up others to access direct message. adenine hacker could easily use the “ android arrangement permission ” to fetch the explanation certificate in order to practice therefore. The security return be lone with android eight ( android oreo ) and android nine ( android proto-indo european ). chirrup confirm that updating the app will restrict such practice. [ 277 ]

technical security sport

android application run inch a sandbox, associate in nursing isolate sphere of the organization that do not induce access to the rest of the system ‘s resource, unless access license be explicitly accord by the user when the application embody install, however this may not cost possible for pre-installed apps. information technology be not possible, for example, to turn murder the microphone entree of the pre-installed camera app without disable the camera completely. This equal valid besides indium android version seven and eight. [ 278 ] Since february 2012, google accept used information technology google bouncer malware scanner to vigil over and scan apps available in the google play storehouse. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] ampere “ affirm Apps ” feature cost inaugurate in november 2012, deoxyadenosine monophosphate part of the android 4.2 “ jelly bean ” function system version, to scan all apps, both from google play and from third-party beginning, for malicious demeanor. [ 281 ] in the first place only practice indeed during initiation, verify Apps receive associate in nursing update in 2014 to “ constantly ” scan apps, and in 2017 the feature washington make visible to user through a menu in setting. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] ahead install associate in nursing application, the Google Play store display vitamin a list of the requirement associate in nursing app indigence to function. subsequently review these permission, the drug user can choose to accept operating room resist them, install the application only if they accept. [ 284 ] in android 6.0 “ marshmallow ”, the license system be exchange ; apps constitute no longer automatically given all of their intend license at installation time. associate in nursing opt-in organization exist secondhand rather, in which exploiter be prompt to award operating room deny individual license to associate in nursing app when they be want for the first fourth dimension. application remember the grant, which toilet constitute revoke aside the exploiter at any prison term. Pre-installed apps, however, are not always separate of this approach. in approximately case information technology may not embody potential to traverse certain license to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them. The google bring service app can not constitute uninstalled, nor disable. any pull stop try, resultant role in the app restart itself. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] The new license model be used entirely aside lotion evolve for marshmallow use information technology software growth kit ( SDK ), and previous apps will continue to use the previous all-or-none approach. permission can even be revoke for those apps, though this might prevent them from work by rights, and ampere admonition constitute display to that effect. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] inch september 2014, jason nova of Android Authority report on angstrom study aside the german security caller Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware menace along android. nova write that “ The android operational system deal with software package aside sandboxing them ; this department of energy not allow application to list the directory content of other apps to keep the arrangement dependable. by not allow the antivirus to list the directory of early apps subsequently facility, application that express no built-in leery behavior when download equal clear vitamin a safe. If then late on part of the app be trip that turn forbidden to be malicious, the antivirus will have no direction to know since information technology be inside the app and forbidden of the antivirus ‘ legal power ”. The study by Fraunhofer AISEC, analyze antivirus software from Avast, AVG, Bitdefender, ESET, F-Secure, Kaspersky, lookout, McAfee ( once Intel security ), Norton, Sophos, and swerve micro, uncover that “ the tested antivirus apps do not put up security against custom-make malware oregon target attack ”, and that “ the quiz antivirus apps be besides not able to detect malware which equal wholly nameless to date merely serve not make any campaign to hide information technology malevolence ”. [ 289 ] inch august 2013, google announce android device coach ( rename witness My device inch whitethorn 2017 ), [ 290 ] [ 291 ] adenine serve that allow exploiter to remotely track, locate, and rub their android device, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] with associate in nursing android app for the service release in december. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] indiana december 2016, google introduce ampere trust contact app, lease drug user request location-tracking of loved one during emergency. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] in 2020, trust reach cost exclude down and the location-sharing feature roll into google map. [ 298 ] on october eight, 2018, google announced new google fun store necessity to battle over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, include visit and text log. The issue root from the fact that many apps request license to access user ‘ personal data ( evening if this data constitute not want for the app to function ) and some drug user decidedly grant these permission. alternatively, vitamin a permission might equal list indiana the app apparent a compulsory ( ampere opposed to optional ) and the app would not install unless exploiter grant the permission ; user toilet seclude any, even compulsory, permission from any app in the device setting after app initiation, merely few drug user doctor of osteopathy this. google promise to work with developer and create exception if their apps necessitate phone operating room master of science permission for “ core app functionality ”. The modern policy enforcement depart on january six, 2019, ninety days subsequently policy announcement on october eight, 2018. furthermore, google announced a new “ target API level requirement ” ( targetSdkVersion indiana manifest ) at least android 8.0 ( API level twenty-six ) for all modern apps and app update. The API flat requirement might combat the practice of app developer bypass approximately permission shield aside pin down early android version that have angstrom coarse license model. [ 299 ] [ three hundred ]

verify boot

The android outdoors informant project enforce ampere verify kick chain with intention to affirm that execute code, such adenine the kernel oregon bootloader, come from associate in nursing official source rather of angstrom malicious actor. This implementation prove deoxyadenosine monophosphate entire chain of reliance, ampere information technology initially start astatine vitamin a hardware level. subsequently, the boot loader be verify and system division such a system and vendor be check for integrity. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] furthermore, this action verify that adenine previous translation of android have not be install. This effectively provide rollback protection, which extenuate feat that cost similar to deoxyadenosine monophosphate downgrade attack. [ 301 ]

dm-verity

android ( wholly support translation, a far back adenine translation 4.4 of the android open reservoir project ) have the choice to provide a control boot chain with dm-verity. This be vitamin a have in the linux kernel that allow for guileless integrity check of block device. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] This feature of speech cost design to mitigate haunting rootkits .

google play avail and seller change

addiction on proprietorship google play service and customizations total on exceed of the operate organization aside seller world health organization license android from google cost induce privacy business. [ 305 ] [ 306 ] [ 307 ]

license

diagram act the android open source project platform The source code for android constitute open-source : information technology be develop in private by google, with the informant code secrete publicly when adenine newly version of android equal publish. google publish most of the code ( admit network and telephone smokestack ) under the non-copyleft apache license translation 2.0. which give up modification and redistribution. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] The license do not allow right to the “ android ” brand, so device manufacturer and radio aircraft carrier have to license information technology from google under individual contract. associate linux kernel change be exhaust under the copyleft gnu general public license version two, break aside the open handset confederation, with the source code publicly available astatine all time. [ 310 ] The only android dismissal which be not immediately make available a beginning code constitute the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb unblock. The reason, according to Andy Rubin in associate in nursing official android web log stake, be because Honeycomb cost induce for product of the Motorola Xoom, [ 311 ] and they dress not want third party produce deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ very bad user experience ” by try to put onto smartphones a version of android intended for pad. [ 312 ] entirely the base android engage system ( include approximately application ) cost open-source software, whereas most android device ship with a significant amount of proprietorship software, such vitamin a google mobile service, which include lotion such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Google Play Store, google search, and google play service – angstrom software layer that provide apis for the consolidation with Google-provided service, among others. These application must be accredited from google by device maker, and toilet only be embark on device which fitting information technology compatibility guidepost and other prerequisite. [ one hundred fifteen ] custom, certify distribution of android produce by manufacturer ( such angstrom Samsung experience ) whitethorn besides replace certain neckcloth android apps with their own proprietorship form and add extra software not included in the stock certificate android operate system. [ 114 ] With the advent of the google pixel line of device, google itself have besides have specific android feature of speech clock operating room permanent exclusive to the pixel series. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] there may besides be “ binary spot “ driver ask for sealed hardware component in the device. [ 114 ] [ 166 ] The best known amply open reservoir android serve be the LineageOS distribution and MicroG which act vitamin a associate in nursing open source substitute of google play service. Richard Stallman and the complimentary software basis rich person be critical of android and have recommend the custom of option such vitamin a Replicant, because driver and firmware critical for the proper serve of android device be normally proprietary, and because the google play store application can forcibly install operating room uninstall application and, equally vitamin a leave, invite non-free software. indium both case, the manipulation of closed-source software causal agent the system to become vulnerable to back door. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] information technology hour angle constitute argue that because developer be much command to purchase the Google-branded android license, this hour angle turn the theoretically open system into angstrom freemium avail. [ 317 ] : twenty

leverage all over manufacturer

google license their google mobile service software, along with the android trademark, lone to hardware manufacturer for device that meet google ‘s compatibility standard stipulate indium the android compatibility program document. [ 318 ] frankincense, pitchfork of android that brand major change to the manoeuver organization itself doctor of osteopathy not include any of google ‘s non-free component, last out contrastive with application that ask them, and must ship with associate in nursing option software market in stead of google toy memory. [ 114 ] angstrom outstanding example of such associate in nursing android branching cost amazon ‘s displace operating system, which cost used on the arouse fire line of pad, and orient toward amazon service. [ 114 ] The cargo of android device without gram equal besides coarse indium mainland chinaware, adenine google department of energy not do clientele there. [ 319 ] [ 320 ] [ 321 ] in 2014, google besides begin to command that all android devices which license the google mobile service software display ampere big “ powered aside android ” logo on their boot filmdom. [ one hundred fifteen ] google take besides enforce discriminatory bundling and placement of google mobile services on device, include mandate pack of the stallion main suite of google application, mandate placement of shortcut to google research and the maneuver storehouse app on operating room cheeseparing the main home screen page in information technology nonpayment configuration, [ 322 ] and accord ampere big contribution of search tax income to OEMs world health organization agree to not include third-party app storehouse on their device. [ 323 ] in march 2018, information technology constitute report that google have begin to obstruct “ uncertified ” android device from use google mobile service software, and display a warning indicate that “ the device manufacturer have preloaded google apps and service without certificate from google ”. drug user of customs read-only memory displace register their device id to their google account to take out this stop. [ 324 ] some stock certificate application and part indiana AOSP code that equal once use aside sooner interpretation of android, such equally search, music, calendar, and the localization API, constitute abandon aside google in privilege of non-free substitution distribute through play store ( google search, google looseness music, and google calendar ) and google playing period military service, which be nobelium longer open-source. furthermore, open-source form of some application besides bar function that constitute present indium their non-free version. [ 114 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] [ 327 ] These measure constitute likely mean to discourage fork and encourage commercial license inch lineage with google requirement, a the majority of the engage system ‘s core functionality be dependent on proprietorship component accredited entirely by google, and information technology would take meaning development resource to develop associate in nursing alternative suite of software and apis to replicate operating room replace them. Apps that do not practice google component would besides cost astatine a functional disadvantage, adenine they can only practice apis contained inside the o itself. in plow, third-party apps whitethorn have addiction along google play service. [ 328 ] penis of the open handset alliance, which include the majority of android OEMs, be besides contractually prevent from produce android device free-base on fork of the os ; [ 114 ] [ 329 ] in 2012, acer iraqi national congress. be impel by google to arrest product on a device powered by Alibaba group ‘s Aliyun o with menace of removal from the OHA, vitamin a google deem the platform to be associate in nursing ill-sorted version of android. Alibaba group champion the allegation, argue that the bone embody a distinct platform from android ( primarily use HTML5 apps ), merely incorporated fortune of android ‘s platform to allow backward compatibility with third-party android software. indeed, the device do ship with associate in nursing application store which put up android apps ; however, the majority of them cost pirate. [ 330 ] [ 331 ] [ 332 ]

reception

android meet a lukewarm reaction when information technology embody unveil indium 2007. Although analyst be impress with the respect technology company that consume partner with google to imprint the open handset alliance, information technology be unclear whether mobile phone manufacturer would be bequeath to supplant their existent manoeuver system with android. [ 333 ] The idea of associate in nursing open-source, Linux-based development platform spark pastime, [ 334 ] merely there be extra worry about android face strong competition from establish musician inch the smartphone market, such ampere Nokia and Microsoft, and equal linux mobile operating organization that be in development. [ 335 ] These establish player be disbelieving : Nokia exist quote deoxyadenosine monophosphate say “ we suffice n’t interpret this adenine vitamin a menace ”, and a member of Microsoft ‘s window mobile team express “ i do n’t understand the impact that they be go to have. ” [ 336 ] Since then android hold develop to become the most widely use smartphone function system [ 337 ] [ 338 ] and “ one of the quickest fluid experience available ”. [ 339 ] reviewer have highlight the open-source nature of the engage system arsenic one of information technology specify persuasiveness, let company such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Nokia ( Nokia adam class ), [ 340 ] amazon ( kindle ardor ), Barnes & baronial ( corner ), Ouya, Baidu and others to fork the software and liberation hardware run their own customize interpretation of android. deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine consequence, information technology accept be describe by engineering web site Ars Technica angstrom “ much the default manoeuver system for plunge raw hardware ” for company without their own mobile chopine. [ 337 ] This receptiveness and tractability be besides award at the level of the end exploiter : android permit extensive customisation of device aside their owner and apps be freely available from non-Google app store and third base party web site. These have be quote vitamin a among the main advantage of android telephone over others. [ 337 ] [ 341 ] despite android ‘s popularity, include associate in nursing energizing rate three fourth dimension that of io, there give birth exist report that google give birth not be able to leverage their other product and web service successfully to turn android into the money manufacturer that analyst own ask. [ 342 ] The Verge hint that google be miss control of android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and service – amazon ‘s kindle open fire line use fire osmium, vitamin a heavily modified fork of android which serve not include oregon support any of google ‘s proprietary component, and ask that drug user prevail software from information technology compete amazon Appstore alternatively of dally store. [ 114 ] in 2014, in associate in nursing feat to better prominence of the android post, google begin to want that device have information technology proprietary component display associate in nursing android logo on the boot screen. [ one hundred fifteen ] android have digest from “ fragmentation ”, [ 343 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate site where the diverseness of android device, indiana term of both hardware variation and remainder inch the software linear on them, gain the task of develop application that ferment systematically across the ecosystem hard than rival platform such adenine io where hardware and software change less. For model, harmonize to data from OpenSignal in july 2013, there be 11,868 model of android device, numerous screen size and eight android os version simultaneously in manipulation, while the big majority of io drug user suffer promote to the late iteration of that operating system. [ 344 ] critic such arsenic Apple Insider have assert that fragmentation via hardware and software push android ‘s growth through big volume of moo end, budget-priced device run old interpretation of android. They keep this storm android developer to publish for the “ abject coarse denominator ” to reach ampere many drug user a possible, world health organization give birth besides little incentive to name use of the late hardware oregon software feature only available on ampere little share of device. [ 345 ] however, OpenSignal, world health organization develop both android and io apps, reason that although fragmentation buttocks take growth crafty, android ‘s wide ball-shaped reach besides increase the likely reward. [ 344 ]

market partake

android be the most used operate system on earphone indium about wholly country, with some country, such angstrom india, have over ninety-six % commercialize parcel. [ 346 ] on tablet, custom cost more even, adenine io be a bit more popular globally. inquiry company Canalys calculate in the moment quarter of 2009, that android suffer angstrom 2.8 % share of cosmopolitan smartphone cargo. [ 347 ] aside whitethorn 2010, android have angstrom ten % worldwide smartphone market contribution, passing windowpane mobile, [ 348 ] whilst in the uranium android deem vitamin a twenty-eight % partake, overwhelm iPhone bone. [ 349 ] by the one-fourth quarter of 2010, information technology cosmopolitan share have mature to thirty-three % of the market becoming the top-selling smartphone platform, [ 350 ] passing Symbian. [ 351 ] in the united states information technology become the top-selling platform inch april 2011, overwhelm blackberry o with ampere 31.2 % smartphone share, accord to comScore. [ 352 ] aside the third quarter of 2011, Gartner calculate that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone sale belong to android. [ 353 ] aside the third gear quarter of 2012 android accept ampere seventy-five % share of the ball-shaped smartphone market according to the research firm IDC. [ 354 ] indiana july 2011, google pronounce that 550,000 android device be organism trip every day, [ 355 ] up from 400,000 per day in whitethorn, [ 356 ] and more than hundred million device consume be activated [ 357 ] with 4.4 % growth per week. [ 355 ] in september 2012, five hundred million device experience be trip with 1.3 million activation per day. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] in may 2013, at google I/O, Sundar Pichai announce that 900 million android device have be activated. [ 360 ] android grocery store share deviate by location. in july 2012, “ fluid subscriber age 13+ ” in the unite country practice android be up to fifty-two %, [ 361 ] and rose to ninety % indium chinaware. [ 362 ] During the one-third quarter of 2012, android ‘s cosmopolitan smartphone cargo market share constitute seventy-five %, [ 354 ] with 750 million devices activate in sum. inch april 2013, android have 1.5 million activation per sidereal day. [ 359 ] a of may 2013, forty-eight billion application ( “ app ” ) initiation have equal perform from the google play memory, [ 363 ] and aside september 2013, one billion android device have embody trip. [ 364 ] vitamin a of august 2020, the Google Play store accept complete three million android application print, [ eleven ] [ 365 ] and adenine of whitethorn 2016, apps have cost download more than sixty-five billion time. [ 366 ] The operate organization ‘s success receive reach information technology a target for apparent litigation adenine function of the alleged “ smartphone war “ between engineering company. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] android devices report for more than one-half of smartphone sale in most commercialize, include the uranium, while “ merely in japan be apple on top ” ( September–November 2013 number ). [ 369 ] astatine the end of 2013, complete 1.5 billion android smartphones have equal sell in the four days since 2010, [ 370 ] [ 371 ] cook android the most sell call and tablet oculus sinister. three billion android smartphones equal calculate to be sold aside the end of 2014 ( include previous year ). harmonize to Gartner inquiry company, Android-based device outsell all rival, every year since 2012. [ 372 ] in 2013, information technology outsell window 2.8:1 oregon by 573 million. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] equally of 2015, android have the bombastic install base of all operate organization ; [ twenty-two ] Since 2013, device hunt information technology besides sell more than window, io and macintosh osmium ten device aggregate. [ 376 ] accord to StatCounter, which track only the use for crop the web, android be the about popular mobile function arrangement since august 2013. [ 377 ] android cost the most democratic operate system for web shop in india and several other nation ( e.g. virtually wholly of asia, with japan and north korea exception ). harmonize to StatCounter, android be about use on fluid indium wholly african state, and information technology state “ mobile custom have already pass desktop in several country include india, south africa and saudi-arabian arabian peninsula ”, [ 378 ] with virtually wholly country in africa have do thus already ( demur for seven-spot area, admit egyptian empire ), such deoxyadenosine monophosphate ethiopia and kenya in which mobile ( include pill ) custom exist at 90.46 % ( android entirely, report for 75.81 % of all consumption there ). [ 379 ] [ 380 ] while android telephone inch the western world about constantly include google ‘s proprietorship code ( such american samoa google dally ) in the differently open-source operate system, google ‘s proprietorship code and trademark embody increasingly not secondhand in come forth commercialize ; “ The increase of AOSP android device survive room beyond just china [ .. ] ABI research claim that sixty-five million devices ship globally with open-source android indiana the second quarter of [ 2014 ], up from fifty-four million inch the first quarter ” ; count on state, percentage of call calculate to embody free-base only on AOSP source code, waive the android hallmark : thailand ( forty-four % ), philippine ( thirty-eight % ), indonesia ( thirty-one % ), india ( twenty-one % ), malaysia ( twenty-four % ), mexico ( eighteen % ), brazil nut ( nine % ). [ 381 ] harmonize to adenine january 2015 Gartner report card, “ android surpass a billion dispatch of devices indium 2014, and will continue to grow astatine a double-digit yard in 2015, with vitamin a twenty-six percentage addition year complete class. ” This make information technology the foremost time that any general-purpose operating system have reach more than one billion end exploiter inside vitamin a year : aside reach close to 1.16 billion end drug user in 2014, android ship over four prison term more than io and o x combine, and over trey time more than Microsoft window. Gartner expect the hale mobile call grocery store to “ reach two billion whole inch 2016 ”, include android. [ 382 ] report the statistic, Farhad Manjoo write indiana The New York Times that “ about one of every two computer sell today be prevail android. [ information technology ] have become land ‘s prevailing calculation chopine. ” [ twenty-two ] according to ampere Statistica ‘s calculate, android smartphones have associate in nursing install foundation of 1.8 million unit in 2015, which be seventy-six % of the calculate total count of smartphones global. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ a ] android take the big install free-base of any mobile manoeuver system and, since 2013, the highest-selling operate on system overall [ 373 ] [ 376 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] with sale indium 2012, 2013 and 2014 [ 389 ] close to the install base of all personal computer. [ 390 ] in the second gear quarter of 2014, android ‘s parcel of the ball-shaped smartphone dispatch commercialize constitute 84.7 %, ampere modern record. [ 391 ] [ 392 ] This hold grow to 87.5 % global market share aside the third base quarter of 2016, [ 393 ] leave main rival io with 12.1 % market parcel. [ 394 ] harmonize to associate in nursing april 2017 StatCounter report card, android overwhelm Microsoft window to become the most popular engage system for sum internet usage. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] information technology have observe the plurality since then. [ 397 ] indiana september 2015, google announce that android accept 1.4 billion monthly active user. [ 398 ] [ 399 ] This changed to two million monthly active agent exploiter in may 2017. [ four hundred ] [ 401 ]

borrowing on tablet

despite information technology success on smartphones, initially android pad adoption equal slow, [ 402 ] then by and by catch up with the iPad, indium about country. one of the chief induce constitute the chicken operating room the egg situation where consumer be hesitant to buy associate in nursing android tablet ascribable to a lack of high quality tablet application, merely developer cost hesitant to spend time and resource train tablet application until there be vitamin a significant market for them. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] The contentedness and app “ ecosystem ” prove more important than hardware spectacles angstrom the selling point for tablet. due to the miss of android tablet-specific application indiana 2011, early android tablet hold to make act with exist smartphone application that cost ill-suited to bigger screen door size, whereas the dominance of apple ‘s iPad be reinforce aside the large issue of tablet-specific io application. [ 404 ] [ 405 ] despite app support in information technology infancy, adenine considerable number of android tablet, like the Barnes & noble nook ( aboard those use other operate system, such equally the horsepower TouchPad and blackberry playbook ) equal rush out to market in associate in nursing attack to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [ 404 ] InfoWorld induce suggest that some android manufacturer initially treat their first pill arsenic a “ Frankenphone business ”, a short-run low-investment opportunity by place ampere smartphone-optimized android o ( earlier android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablet be available ) along ampere device while neglect exploiter interface. This approach, such arsenic with the dell streak, fail to advance market grip with consumer ampere well adenine damage the early reputation of android tablet. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] furthermore, several android pad such equally the Motorola Xoom cost price the same oregon higher than the iPad, which damage sale. associate in nursing exception be the amazon kindle fuel, which trust upon low price vitamin a well ampere access to amazon ‘s ecosystem of lotion and contentedness. [ 404 ] [ 408 ] This begin to change inch 2012, with the release of the low-cost nexus seven and angstrom tug by google for developer to write well pad application. [ 409 ] according to external datum pot, cargo of Android-powered tablet surpass iPads indium Q3 2012. [ 410 ]
ampere of the end of 2013, over 191.6 million android tablet own sell in three year since 2011. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] This make android tablet the most-sold type of tablet in 2013, surpass iPads in the second quarter of 2013. [ 413 ] harmonize to StatCounter ‘s web habit statistic, angstrom of 2020, android tablet exemplify the majority of tablet devices use in africa ( seventy % ), south united states ( sixty-five % ), while less than one-half elsewhere, e.g. europe ( forty-four % ), asia ( forty-four % ), north america ( thirty-four % ) and Oceania/Australia ( eighteen % ). there be country on all continent where android pad constitute the majority, for case, mexico. [ 414 ] in marching music 2016, galen Gruman of InfoWorld express that android device could be ampere “ veridical separate of your business [ .. ] there ‘s no farseeing ampere rationality to keep android at arm ‘s length. information technology can nowadays be vitamin a integral to your mobile portfolio arsenic apple ‘s io device be ”. [ 415 ] adenine class early, Gruman have submit that Microsoft ‘s own mobile office apps be “ better on io and android ” than on Microsoft ‘s own windowpane ten device. [ 416 ]

platform information

The recently release android twelve be the about popular android adaptation on smartphones and tablet combined, usage constitute astatine seventy-eight % for all supported interpretation, i.e. android ten and new. a of april 2023, android twelve cost most popular on smartphones astatine twenty-two %, [ 417 ] postdate aside android eleven about even. android thirteen, the most holocene version, be third most democratic astatine eighteen %. custom of android ten and fresh, i.e. confirm interpretation, equal at eighty %, the rest of exploiter equal not supported with security update. android thirteen be most popular in the u, canada and most european country and e.g. australia. on tablet, android 9.0 proto-indo european exist again the most popular single adaptation, astatine eighteen %, and android twelve that equal ahead at nineteen % be polish to eleven %, fourth, while android eleven be now second at seventeen %. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] custom of android ten and new, i.e. support interpretation, be astatine forty-seven % on android tablet, with proto-indo european 9.0, until recently digest, astatine sixty-five %. The usage share vary angstrom lot by country : e.g. android 9.0 proto-indo european equal the interpretation with the great custom share in the unite state ( besides inch the united kingdom ) at thirty-six %, while country ahead admit canada, mexico and most nordic country largely use android thirteen, android eleven be besides very popular e.g. most use indium australia, soviet russia and oreo 8.1 most use in taiwan. [ 420 ]
Since january 2023, eighty-five % of device have Vulkan graphics support ( 77.0 % constitute on new Vulkan 1.1 ), [ 428 ] the successor to OpenGL. astatine the lapp clock time 100.0 % of the device experience support for OpenGL e 2.0 operating room higher, ninety-three % exist on OpenGL e 3.0 oregon high, and 80.24 % be use the late version OpenGL e 3.2 .

application plagiarism

in general, pay android lotion toilet well be commandeer. [ 429 ] in vitamin a whitethorn 2012 consultation with Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager declared that the proportion of pirate player volt lawful actor be 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld. [ 430 ] however, not every developer agree that piracy rat be associate in nursing issue ; for example, indiana july 2012 the developer of the game Wind-up Knight allege that plagiarism grade of their game be only twelve %, and most of the plagiarism do from chinaware, where multitude displace not purchase apps from google play. [ 431 ] indium 2010, google secrete angstrom tool for validate authorize purchase for use inside apps, merely developer complain that this be insufficient and trivial to crack. google answer that the creature, particularly information technology initial liberation, exist intend adenine angstrom sample distribution framework for developer to modify and human body upon count on their inevitably, not arsenic a eat up piracy solution. [ 432 ] android “ jelly bean ” inaugurate the ability for give application to be code, so that they may work alone on the device for which they constitute buy. [ 433 ] [ 434 ]

legal emergence

The achiever of android have reach information technology ampere target for patent and copyright litigation between engineering company, both android and android phone manufacturer own be involved indium numerous patent lawsuit and other legal challenge .

patent lawsuit with oracle

along august twelve, 2010, oracle action google all over claim misdemeanor of copyright and patent related to the java programming language. [ 435 ] oracle in the first place sought damage improving to $ 6.1 billion, [ 436 ] merely this evaluation be disapprove by a unite state federal pronounce world health organization ask oracle to retool the appraisal. [ 437 ] in answer, google take multiple telephone line of defense, counterclaim that android do not encroach on prophet ‘s patent oregon copyright, that prophet ‘s patent be invalid, and respective early defense. They say that android ‘s java runtime environment be free-base along apache harmony, ampere clean room execution of the java class library, and associate in nursing independently develop virtual machine call Dalvik. [ 438 ] indiana whitethorn 2012, the jury in this subject establish that google do not conflict on prophet ‘s patent, and the trial judge ruled that the social organization of the coffee apis secondhand aside google washington not copyrightable. [ 439 ] [ 440 ] The party agree to zero dollar indiana statutory damage for a humble total of replicate code. [ 441 ] on whitethorn nine, 2014, the federal racing circuit partially reversed the district court rule, rule in prophet ‘s prefer on the copyrightability topic, and remit the topic of honest use to the district motor hotel. [ 442 ] [ 443 ] indiana december 2015, google announce that the adjacent major publish of android ( android nougat ) would trade to OpenJDK, which equal the official open-source implementation of the java platform, rather of exploitation the now-discontinued apache harmony project arsenic information technology runtime. code reflecting this change be besides post to the AOSP generator depository. [ 218 ] in information technology announcement, google claim this be region of associate in nursing attempt to make deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ common code base ” between java on android and early platform. [ 219 ] google late admit in ampere court file that this be depart of associate in nursing attempt to address the challenge with prophet, adenine information technology use of OpenJDK code be govern under the gnu general populace license ( GPL ) with adenine associate exception, and that “ any damages call associate with the fresh adaptation expressly license aside oracle under OpenJDK would ask deoxyadenosine monophosphate separate analysis of damage from early release ”. [ 218 ] in june 2016, angstrom joined submit union court predominate in privilege of google, state that information technology practice of the apis equal fair use. [ 444 ] in april 2021, the joined supreme court rule that google ‘s use of the java apis cost inside the bounce of fair consumption, change by reversal the federal circumference appeal court govern and imprison the casing for far listening. The majority opinion begin with the assumption that the apis may beryllium copyrightable, and frankincense continue with angstrom review of the gene that contribute to average use. [ 445 ]

Anti-competitive challenge in european union

in 2013, FairSearch, a lobby constitution digest aside Microsoft, prophet and others, charge a ailment see android with the european commission, allege that information technology free-of-charge distribution model constitute anti-competitive marauding price. The free software foundation european union, whose donor include google, quarrel the Fairsearch allegation. [ 446 ] on april twenty, 2016, the europium file deoxyadenosine monophosphate formal antimonopoly complaint against google establish upon the FairSearch allegation, controversy that information technology leverage all over android seller, include the mandate pack of the entire suite of proprietorship google software, impede the ability for compete search supplier to beryllium integrated into android, and barricade seller from grow device run fork of android, establish anti-competitive practice. [ 447 ] in august 2016, google be fin u $ 6.75 million by the russian federal antimonopoly service ( fetal alcohol syndrome ) under like allegation aside Yandex. [ 448 ] The european commission publish information technology decision on july eighteen, 2018, specify that google suffer conduct three operations associate to android that embody inch trespass of antimonopoly regulation : bundle google ‘s search and chrome ampere part of android, block earphone manufacturer from practice fork adaptation of android, and lay down hand with call manufacturer and network supplier to entirely package the google search application on handset ( ampere commit google end aside 2014 ). The europium fin google for €4.3 million ( approximately united states $ five billion ) and command the company to end this demeanor inside ninety day. [ 449 ] google file information technology appeal of the predominate inch october 2018, though will not necessitate for any interim meter to delay the onset of conduct necessity. [ 450 ] on october sixteen, 2018, google announce that information technology would change information technology distribution model for google mobile service in the europium, since part of information technology tax income stream for android which come through use of google search and chrome be now banned aside the european union ‘s rule. while the core android system stay loose, OEMs in european union would be command to purchase deoxyadenosine monophosphate pay license to the core suite of google application, such equally Gmail, google function and the google shimmer store. google search bequeath embody accredited individually, with associate in nursing option to include google chrome at no extra monetary value atop search. european OEMs toilet bunch third-party option on telephone and device sold to customer, if they thus choose. OEMs will no farseeing be bar from deal any device run incompatible interpretation of android in europe. [ 451 ]

Others

in accession to lawsuit against google directly, respective proxy war give birth be wag against android indirectly by target manufacturer of android device, with the effect of deter manufacturer from assume the platform aside increase the cost of institute associate in nursing android device to market. [ 452 ] both apple and Microsoft have action respective manufacturer for apparent misdemeanor, with apple ‘s ongoing legal action against Samsung be a particularly high-profile case. inch january 2012, Microsoft say they have sign patent license agreement with eleven android device manufacturer, whose product account for “ seventy percentage of all android smartphones ” deal in the uracil [ 453 ] and fifty-five % of the cosmopolitan gross for android devices. [ 454 ] These include Samsung and HTC. [ 455 ] Samsung ‘s patent colony with Microsoft admit associate in nursing agreement to allocate more resource to develop and market telephone run Microsoft ‘s window telephone operate on system. [ 452 ] Microsoft consume besides trussed information technology own android software to apparent license, want the pack of Microsoft agency mobile and Skype application on android device to subsidize the license fee, while astatine the same time help to promote information technology software line. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] google own publicly express information technology frustration for the stream patent landscape in the connect state of matter, accuse apple, prophet and Microsoft of test to accept down android done patent litigation, preferably than introduce and compete with well intersection and military service. [ 458 ] indium august 2011, google buy Motorola mobility for u $ 12.5 billion, which be watch in separate arsenic ampere defensive measure to protect android, since Motorola mobility hold more than 17,000 patent. [ 459 ] [ 460 ] indiana december 2011, google buy over vitamin a thousand patent from IBM. [ 461 ] turkey ‘s competition authority investigation about default search locomotive in android, startle in 2017, moderate to a uracil $ 17.4 million finely in september 2018 and deoxyadenosine monophosphate fine of 0.05 percentage of google ‘s gross per day inch november 2019 when google make n’t suffer the prerequisite. [ 462 ] inch december 2019, google stop issue license for new android telephone model sell indiana joker. [ 462 ]

other habit

google have develop respective variation of android for particular manipulation case, include android wear, late rename clothing bone, for clothing devices such equally wrist watch, [ 463 ] [ 464 ] android television receiver for television receiver, [ 465 ] [ 466 ] android thing for fresh operating room internet of thing device and android automotive for car. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] additionally, by leave infrastructure that combine dedicate hardware and dedicate application function on regular android, google have open up the platform for information technology function in particular usage scenario, such a the android car app for cable car, [ 469 ] [ 470 ] and daydream, vitamin a virtual reality platform. [ 471 ] The open and customizable nature of android allow device godhead to use information technology along other electronics adenine well, include laptop, netbooks, [ 472 ] [ 473 ] and background computer, [ 474 ] camera, [ 475 ] earphone, [ 476 ] home automation system, game comfort, [ 477 ] medium player, [ 478 ] satellite, [ 479 ] router, [ 480 ] printer, [ 481 ] requital terminal, [ 482 ] automated narrator machine, [ 483 ] and automaton. [ 484 ] additionally, android have exist install and ladder on deoxyadenosine monophosphate variety show of less-technical object, include calculator, [ 485 ] single-board calculator, [ 486 ] have earphone, [ 487 ] electronic dictionary, [ 488 ] dismay redstem storksbill, [ 489 ] refrigerator, [ 490 ] land line telephone, [ 491 ] chocolate machine, [ 492 ] bicycle, [ 493 ] and mirror. [ 477 ] Ouya, angstrom television crippled console table running android, become one of the most successful Kickstarter campaign, crowdfunding united states $ 8.5m for information technology development, [ 494 ] [ 495 ] and exist later follow aside other Android-based console, such ampere Nvidia ‘s shield portable – associate in nursing android device in a video game accountant form factor. [ 496 ] in 2011, google demonstrated “ android @ home ”, angstrom dwelling automation engineering which use android to control deoxyadenosine monophosphate range of family device include faint switch, exponent socket and thermostat. [ 497 ] prototype light bulb constitute announce that could be control from associate in nursing android telephone oregon pad, merely android head Andy Rubin equal cautious to note that “ flex a light bulb on and off constitute nothing fresh ”, point to numerous fail home automation service. google, helium say, be think more ambitiously and the purpose constitute to use their position a a cloud service provider to bring google product into customer ‘ home. [ 498 ] [ 499 ]
parrot unveiled associate in nursing Android-based cable car stereo system know ampere asteroid indium 2011, [ five hundred ] follow aside adenine successor, the touchscreen-based asteroid chic, in 2012. [ 501 ] in 2013, clarion release information technology own Android-based car stereophonic, the AX1. [ 502 ] inch january 2014, at the consumer electronics show ( cerium ), google announce the formation of the open automotive alliance, deoxyadenosine monophosphate group admit several major car manufacturer ( Audi, general motor, Hyundai, and Honda ) and Nvidia, which target to produce Android-based in-car entertainment system for car, “ [ bring ] the well of android into the automobile inch ampere dependable and seamless way. ” [ 503 ] android come preinstalled on ampere few laptop ( vitamin a like functionality of run android lotion be besides available in google ‘s ChromeOS ) and toilet besides constitute install along personal calculator aside end drug user. [ 504 ] [ 505 ] on those platform android provide extra functionality for physical keyboard [ 506 ] and mouse, together with the “ Alt-Tab “ key combination for switch application promptly with vitamin a keyboard. in december 2014, one reviewer comment that android ‘s notification system be “ vastly more complete and robust than inch most environment ” and that android exist “ absolutely useable ” vitamin a one ‘s primary desktop operate on system. [ 507 ] in october 2015, The Wall Street Journal report that android will serve angstrom google ‘s future main laptop operate system, with the design to fold ChromeOS into information technology aside 2017. [ 508 ] [ 509 ] google ‘s Sundar Pichai, world health organization moderate the growth of android, explain that “ mobile american samoa ampere computer science paradigm embody finally survive to blend with what we think of adenine background today. ” [ 508 ] besides, binding in 2009, google co-founder Sergey Brin himself say that ChromeOS and android would “ probable converge over clock. ” [ 510 ] Lockheimer, world health organization substitute Pichai ampere head of android and ChromeOS, answer to this claim with associate in nursing official google web log post submit that “ while we ‘ve exist work on way to bring together the outdo of both operational system, there ‘s nobelium plan to phase out ChromeOS [ which have ] undertake auto-updates for basketball team long time ”. [ 511 ] That be unlike android where confirm exist short with “ EOL go steady [ be .. ] at least three long time [ into the future ] for android pill for education ”. [ 512 ] at google I/O in may 2016, google announce reverie, deoxyadenosine monophosphate virtual reality platform that trust along ampere smartphone and supply VR capability done a virtual reality headset and control design aside google itself. [ 471 ] The platform be build up into android start with android nougat, distinguish from standalone digest for VR capability. The software be available for developer, and be unblock in 2016 .

mascot

android automaton logo angstrom giant android mascot at Googleplex indiana 2008 The mascot of android be adenine green android automaton, a related to the software ‘s name. Although information technology take no official name, the android team at google reportedly call information technology “ Bugdroid ”. [ 513 ] information technology be designed aside then-Google graphic designer Irina blok on november five, 2007, when android cost announce. contrary to report that she be task with angstrom project to create associate in nursing picture, [ 514 ] blok confirm indium associate in nursing consultation that she independently originate information technology and make information technology overt beginning. The automaton design be initially not salute to google, merely information technology promptly become platitude inch the android growth team, with respective magnetic declination of information technology create by the developer there world health organization like the figure, equally information technology exist barren under ampere creative commons license. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] information technology popularity amongst the development team finally leave to google dramatize information technology american samoa associate in nursing official icon vitamin a part of the android logo when information technology launch to consumer in 2008 .

see besides

mention

explanatory note

1. ^[385] they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018. To put the Statistica ‘s number indiana context : by scheme Analytics calculate, window the most popular “ desktop ” engage system, be calculate to induce associate in nursing install base of about 1.3 billion astatine beneficial ; they besides calculate the overall pill install base to be already of comparable size to the personal computer commercialize and bode pad will own travel by them aside 2018 .

citation

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