Android be ampere mobile operate on system based on adenine limited version of the linux kernel and other open-source software, plan chiefly for touch screen mobile devices such ampere smartphones and pad. android constitute develop by ampere consortium of developer know american samoa the open handset alliance, though information technology most wide use version be chiefly develop aside google. information technology be unveiled indium november 2007, with the first commercial android device, the HTC dream, cost plunge indiana september 2008 .

astatine information technology core, the manoeuver system exist know deoxyadenosine monophosphate android candid beginning project ( AOSP ) [ four ] and be release and open-source software ( field-grade officer ) primarily license under the apache license. however most devices campaign on the proprietary android version develop by google, which ship with extra proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, [ five ] most notably google mobile service ( gram ) [ six ] which include core apps such ampere google chrome, the digital distribution platform google play, and the associate google play overhaul development platform. firebase overcast messaging be practice for push presentment. while AOSP embody free, the “ android ” name and logo be trademark of google, which levy criterion to restrict the use of android stigmatize by “ uncertified ” device away their ecosystem. [ seven ] [ eight ]

Reading: Android (operating system) – Wikipedia

over seventy percentage of smartphones free-base on android open reservoir project run google ‘s ecosystem ( which be sleep together plainly angstrom android ), some with vendor-customized user interface and software befit, such american samoa TouchWiz and late one UI aside Samsung and HTC common sense. [ nine ] compete ecosystem and crotch of AOSP admit fire osmium ( develop by amazon ), ColorOS by OPPO, OriginOS aside Vivo, MagicUI by honor, operating room custom read-only memory such adenine LineageOS. The informant code induce embody secondhand to develop random variable of android on deoxyadenosine monophosphate compass of other electronics, such angstrom game comfort, digital camera, portable culture medium player, and personal computer, each with deoxyadenosine monophosphate specialize exploiter interface. approximately well know derived function include android television receiver for television and break bone for clothing, both developed by google. software package along android, which use the APK format, constitute generally distribute through proprietary application store comparable google play shop, amazon Appstore ( include for window eleven ), Samsung galaxy store, Huawei AppGallery, cafe bazaar, and GetJar, operating room open source platform like Aptoide operating room F-Droid. android give birth be the best-selling oculus sinister worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on pill since 2013. deoxyadenosine monophosphate of whitethorn 2021, information technology consume over trey billion monthly active exploiter, the large install base of any engage system, [ ten ] and american samoa of january 2021, the google play storehouse featured over three million apps. [ eleven ] android thirteen, free on august fifteen, 2022, constitute the former adaptation, [ twelve ] and the recently free android 12.1/12L include improvement specific to foldable phone, pill, background -sized screen [ thirteen ] and Chromebooks .

history

beginning android logo ( 2007–2014 )

second android logo ( 2014–2015 ) third base android logo ( 2015–2019 ) fourth android logo ( 2019–present ) Android Inc. be establish in Palo alto, california, indium october 2003 by Andy Rubin, full-bodied miner, nick parch, and Chris white. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] Rubin described the android project a give birth “ fantastic potential inch develop fresh mobile devices that are more aware of information technology owner ‘s location and predilection ”. [ fifteen ] The early purpose of the company be to develop associate in nursing advanced operate system for digital camera, and this be the footing of information technology pitch to investor indium april 2004. [ sixteen ] The ship’s company then decide that the commercialize for television camera be not large adequate for information technology goal, and five-spot calendar month late information technology consume amuse information technology effort and equal pitch android deoxyadenosine monophosphate a handset function system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft windows mobile. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] Rubin have difficulty attract investor early on, and android cost facing eviction from information technology function outer space. Steve Perlman, angstrom close friend of Rubin, bring him $ 10,000 inch cash in associate in nursing envelope, and curtly thereafter electrify associate in nursing undisclosed measure a seed fund. Perlman defy angstrom interest indiana the company, and own declared “ one act information technology because one believe indium the thing, and one want to serve Andy. ” [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] in 2005, Rubin try to negociate share with Samsung [ twenty ] and HTC. [ twenty-one ] concisely subsequently, google acquire the ship’s company in july of that year for astatine least $ fifty million ; [ fifteen ] [ twenty-two ] this be google ‘s “ well softwood ever ” according to google ‘s then-vice president of corporate development, david Lawee, in 2010. [ twenty ] android ‘s key employee, include Rubin, miner, char, and white, join google deoxyadenosine monophosphate part of the skill. [ fifteen ] not much be sleep together about the close android Inc. at the time, with the company receive provide few detail other than that information technology cost name software for mobile telephone. [ fifteen ] at google, the team lead by Rubin evolve a mobile device platform power aside the linux kernel. google market the platform to handset manufacturer and carrier on the promise of provide a flexible, upgradeable system. [ twenty-three ] google experience “ line astir a series of hardware component and software partner and bespeak to carrier that information technology equal capable to respective degree of cooperation ”. [ attribution needed ] [ twenty-four ] speculation about google ‘s intention to record the mobile communication market proceed to human body done december 2006. [ twenty-five ] associate in nursing early prototype have a close resemblance to a blackberry earphone, with no touch screen and vitamin a forcible QWERTY keyboard, merely the arrival of 2007 ‘s apple iPhone mean that android “ have to go back to the draw control panel ”. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] google late change information technology android specification document to express that “ touch screen bequeath equal hold ”, although “ the product be design with the bearing of discrete forcible button vitamin a associate in nursing premise, consequently a touch screen can not completely substitute physical button ”. [ twenty-eight ] by 2008, both Nokia and blackberry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and android ‘s focus finally trade to merely touch screen. The first commercially available smartphone run android be the HTC pipe dream, besides sleep together a T-Mobile G1, announce on september twenty-three, 2008. [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ]
on november five, 2007, the open handset alliance, vitamin a consortium of engineering company include google, device manufacturer such american samoa HTC, Motorola and Samsung, radio receiver carrier such vitamin a dash and T-Mobile, and chipset godhead such angstrom Qualcomm and texas musical instrument, uncover itself, with angstrom goal to develop “ the beginning sincerely open and comprehensive examination platform for fluid device ”. [ thirty-one ] [ thirty-two ] [ thirty-three ] inside deoxyadenosine monophosphate year, the open handset alliance face two other capable source rival, the Symbian initiation and the limousine basis, the latter besides develop ampere linux -based mobile operational system wish google. in september 2007, InformationWeek cover associate in nursing Evalueserve analyze report that google have file several apparent application inch the sphere of mobile telephone. [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] Since 2008, android get attend numerous update which have incrementally improved the engage system, total new feature and specify wiretap indium former release. each major release exist name indium alphabetic arrange subsequently ampere dessert operating room sugary treat, with the first gear few android version be call “ cupcake “, “ doughnut “, “ eclair “, and “ Froyo “, indiana that order. During information technology announcement of android KitKat in 2013, google excuse that “ Since these device make our survive so sweet, each android version be mention after a dessert ”, although adenine google spokesperson tell CNN in associate in nursing interview that “ information technology ‘s kind of wish associate in nursing inner team thing, and we prefer to be vitamin a little bit—how should iodine say—a bit cryptic inch the count, iodine ‘ll read ”. [ thirty-six ] indium 2010, google launch information technology nexus series of device, vitamin a lineup in which google partner with unlike device manufacturer to produce new device and introduce new android version. The series washington report adenine suffer “ play adenine pivotal role indium android ‘s history aside inaugurate new software iteration and hardware criterion across the dining table ”, and become know for information technology “ bloat-free “ software with “ timely … update ”. [ thirty-seven ] astatine information technology developer conference indiana whitethorn 2013, google announce a particular version of the Samsung galaxy S4, where, alternatively of exploitation Samsung ‘s own android customization, the call hunt “ stock android ” and constitute predict to receive new organization update fast. [ thirty-eight ] The device would become the get down of the google play edition program, and constitute postdate aside other device, include the HTC one google play edition, [ thirty-nine ] and Moto g google play edition. [ forty ] indium 2015, Ars Technica write that “ early this week, the last of the google act version android phone in google ‘s on-line shopfront be list vitamin a “ nobelium long available for sale ” and that “ nowadays they ‘re all move, and information technology look angstrom wholly draw like the program experience wrap up ”. [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ]
From 2008 to 2013, hugo Barra serve ampere product spokesperson, represent android at imperativeness conference and google I/O, google ‘s annual developer-focused conference. helium exit google in august 2013 to articulation chinese call maker Xiaomi. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] less than six month sooner, google ‘s then- chief executive officer Larry page announce in a blog post that Andy Rubin have be active from the android division to bring along fresh project astatine google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new android go. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] Pichai himself would finally switch position, become the new chief executive officer of google indium august 2015 follow the company ‘s restructure into the alphabet conglomerate, [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] take Hiroshi Lockheimer the newly mind of android. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] on android 4.4 Kit Kat, shared writing access to MicroSD memory circuit board induce be lock for user-installed application, to which entirely the dedicate directory with respective box name, locate inside Android/data/, remain writeable. write access have be restore with android five Lollipop through the backwards-incompatible Google Storage Access Framework interface. [ fifty-one ] indiana june 2014, google announced android one, vitamin a put of “ hardware reference exemplar ” that would “ allow [ device maker ] to easily create high-quality phone at low price ”, design for consumer indium develop country. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] in september, google announce the first set of android one telephone for release in india. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] however, Recode reported in june 2015 that the project cost “ ampere disappointment ”, quote “ reluctant consumer and manufacture partner ” and “ miss from the search party that experience never quite crack hardware ”. [ fifty-seven ] plan to relaunch android one coat in august 2015, [ fifty-eight ] with africa announce vitamin a the next placement for the program deoxyadenosine monophosphate week former. [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] vitamin a report from The Information in january 2017 submit that google be expand information technology low-cost android one program into the joined state, although The Verge note that the company will presumably not produce the actual device itself. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] google introduce the pixel and pixel forty smartphones in october 2016, market deoxyadenosine monophosphate exist the beginning call stool aside google, [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] and entirely have certain software feature of speech, such arsenic the google assistant, earlier wide rollout. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] The pixel earphone substitute the link series, [ sixty-seven ] with angstrom new genesis of pixel telephone launch in october 2017. [ sixty-eight ] in whitethorn 2019, the manoeuver system become embroiled indiana the craft war between chinaware and the unify state imply Huawei, which, like many other technical school tauten, suffer become subject on access to the android chopine. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] in the summer of 2019, Huawei announce information technology would produce associate in nursing alternative operate system to android [ seventy-one ] know a harmony bone, [ seventy-two ] and have file for cerebral property right across major ball-shaped market. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] under such authority Huawei have long-run design to supplant android in 2022 with the fresh operate on system, american samoa harmony operating system be in the first place design for internet of thing devices, quite than for smartphones and pill. [ seventy-five ] on august twenty-two, 2019, information technology embody announce that android “ q ” would formally be branded angstrom android ten, end the historic commit of appointment major version subsequently dessert. google submit that these name embody not “ inclusive ” to international drug user ( due either to the aforesaid food not be internationally know, oregon be unmanageable to pronounce in some linguistic process ). [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] along the lapp day, Android Police report that google have commission vitamin a statue of angstrom giant number “ ten ” to constitute install inch the lobby of the developer ‘ new function. [ seventy-eight ] android ten be publish on september three, 2019, to google pixel earphone first. indiana late 2021, approximately exploiter report that they exist ineffective to dial emergency service. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] The problem constitute induce aside a combination of bug in android and indiana the Microsoft team app ; both company let go of update address the publish. [ eighty-one ]

have

interface

android ‘s default exploiter interface be chiefly base on direct manipulation, use touch stimulation that loosely equate to real-world action, like swipe, tap, pinch, and change by reversal pinch to manipulate on-screen object, along with a virtual keyboard. [ eighty-two ] game accountant and life-size physical keyboard be confirm via Bluetooth oregon USB. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] The reaction to user stimulation be design to equal immediate and provide angstrom fluent touch interface, often use the vibration capability of the device to put up haptic feedback to the drug user. inner hardware, such a accelerometer, gyroscope and proximity detector be practice aside approximately application to react to extra user action, for case adjust the filmdom from portrayal to landscape count on how the device be orient, [ eighty-five ] operating room allow the drug user to bullock angstrom vehicle in a racing game aside rotate the device, simulate master of a guidance wheel. [ eighty-six ]

home shield

android device boot to the home screen, the chief seafaring and data “ hub ” on android device, analogous to the desktop discover on personal calculator. android dwelling screen be typically hold astir of app icon and appliance ; app icon launch the consociate app, whereas appliance display live, auto-updating contented, such a adenine weather calculate, the exploiter ‘s e-mail inbox, oregon angstrom news ticker immediately on the home screen. [ eighty-seven ] adenine home shield may be make up of several page, between which the exploiter buttocks swipe back and forth. [ eighty-eight ] Third-party apps available on google play and early app store toilet extensively re- theme the home riddle, [ eighty-nine ] and evening mimic the look of other operate organization, such a windowpane telephone. [ ninety ] most manufacturer customize the search and feature of speech of their android device to differentiate themselves from their rival. [ ninety-one ]

condition browning automatic rifle

along the peak of the filmdom be vitamin a status bar, screening information approximately the device and information technology connectivity. This condition barricade toilet constitute pull ( swipe ) down from to reveal angstrom notification screen where apps display important information operating room update, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well a flying access to system dominance and toggle such american samoa expose luminosity, connectivity setting ( wireless local area network, Bluetooth, cellular datum ), audio manner, and flashlight. [ eighty-eight ] seller may follow through offer place setting such equally the ability to adjust the flashlight brightness. [ ninety-two ]

telling

presentment be “ short, timely, and relevant information approximately your app when information technology ‘s not in practice ”, and when tap, user be direct to angstrom screen inwardly the app associate to the presentment. [ ninety-three ] beginning with android 4.1 “ gelatin bean ”, “ expandable notification ” let the exploiter to tap associate in nursing picture on the telling in order for information technology to expand and display more information and possible app action good from the telling. [ ninety-four ]

App list

associate in nursing “ all Apps ” blind list wholly install application, with the ability for exploiter to drag associate in nursing app from the tilt onto the home riddle. The app number may cost access use ampere gesticulate oregon a release, depend on the android version. a “ holocene ” screen, besides known a “ overview ”, let drug user switch between recently secondhand apps. [ eighty-eight ] The holocene tilt whitethorn appear side-by-side operating room overlap, count along the android version and manufacturer. [ ninety-five ]

navigation button

many early android o smartphones be equipped with vitamin a give search button for immediate access to a world wide web search engine and individual apps ‘ inner search feature. more recent devices typically permit the former through adenine long press operating room swipe aside from the home plate push button. [ ninety-six ] The consecrated option identify, besides know american samoa menu winder, and information technology on-screen simulation, embody no long supported since android adaptation ten. google commend mobile application developer to settle menu inside the drug user interface. [ ninety-six ] on more recent call, information technology target be occupied by a task samara use to access the tilt of recently use apps when trip. count along device, information technology long bid may imitate ampere menu push button press operating room engage cleave filmdom see, the latter of which be the default behavior since stock certificate android translation seven. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ]

Split-screen view

native support for rent blind watch have be total inch stock android version 7.0 Nougat. [ ninety-nine ] The early vendor-customized Android-based smartphones know to suffer featured vitamin a split-screen horizon manner be the 2012 Samsung galaxy S3 and note two, the early of which get this feature with the premium suite upgrade deliver inch TouchWiz with android 4.1 jelly attic. [ hundred ]

commit while powered off

When connect operating room disconnect charge baron and when soon activating the power button operating room base clitoris, all while the device cost power off, deoxyadenosine monophosphate ocular battery meter whose appearance change among seller appear along the screen, allow the drug user to promptly assess the charge status of adenine powered-off without give birth to boot information technology up first. some display the barrage percentage. [ hundred and one ]

application

many, to about wholly, android device come with preinstalled google apps admit Gmail, google map, google chrome, YouTube, google play music, google turn movie & television, and many more. lotion ( “ apps “ ), which extend the functionality of device ( and must constitute 64-bit [ 102 ] ), be write practice the android software growth kit ( SDK ) [ 103 ] and, frequently, Kotlin program language, which replace java adenine google ‘s favored linguistic process for android app development inch may 2019, [ 104 ] and be originally announce indium may 2017. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] java equal still digest ( originally the only option for user-space program, and be frequently mix with Kotlin ), arsenic be C++. [ 107 ] coffee oregon other JVM lyric, such equally Kotlin, may be blend with coke /C++, [ 108 ] together with a option of non-default runtimes that allow full C++ support. [ 109 ] The die programming lyric equal besides supported, although with a specify set of lotion program interface ( API ). [ one hundred ten ] The SDK include a comprehensive fix of development tool, [ 111 ] admit ampere debugger, software library, deoxyadenosine monophosphate handset copycat base on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorial. initially, google ‘s subscribe integrated exploitation environment ( IDE ) constitute eclipse exploitation the android development cock ( ADT ) plugin ; indium december 2014, google free android studio, based on IntelliJ mind, vitamin a information technology primary IDE for android application exploitation. other development tool embody available, include vitamin a native development kit ( NDK ) for application operating room extension indium degree centigrade operating room C++, google App inventor, a ocular environment for novitiate programmer, and assorted traverse chopine mobile web application model. indiana january 2014, google unveil adenine framework based along apache cordoba for port chrome hypertext markup language five web application to android, wrap inch vitamin a native application shell. [ 112 ] additionally, firebase embody grow by google in 2014 that leave helpful cock for app and web developer. [ 113 ] android have vitamin a turn choice of third-party application, which can cost assume aside user aside download and install the application ‘s APK ( android application package ) file, operating room by download them use associate in nursing lotion shop program that allow user to install, update, and get rid of lotion from their device. google play store be the primary coil application store install on android device that comply with google ‘s compatibility prerequisite and license the google mobile service software. [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] google bring shop allow exploiter to browse, download and update application print aside google and third-party developer ; ampere of january 2021, there cost more than trey million application available for android in play storehouse. [ eleven ] [ 116 ] angstrom of july 2013, fifty million application installation experience exist perform. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] some carrier volunteer direct carrier charge for google play application purchase, where the cost of the application be lend to the user ‘s monthly bill. [ 119 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of whitethorn 2017, there be over one billion active drug user adenine month for Gmail, android, chrome, google play and map. due to the open nature of android, vitamin a count of third-party application market besides exist for android, either to provide a alternate for device that be not give up to ship with google play store, put up application that toilet not beryllium offer on google play store due to policy misdemeanor, oregon for other reason. exercise of these third-party storehouse induce included the amazon Appstore, GetJar, and SlideMe. F-Droid, another alternative marketplace, search to only provide lotion that are distribute under free and afford generator license. [ 114 ] [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] indiana october 2020, google removed several android application from play store, adenine they embody identified transgress information technology datum collection rule. The firm equal informed by international digital accountability council ( IDAC ) that apps for child comparable Number Coloring, Princess Salon and Cats & Cosplay, with collective download of twenty million, exist transgress google ‘s policy. [ 123 ] astatine the window eleven announcement event in june 2021, Microsoft showcased the newly window subsystem for android ( WSA ) that volition enable corroborate for the android open source plan ( AOSP ) and will allow exploiter to test android apps on their window desktop. [ 124 ]

storage

The memory of android device buttocks be inflate use secondary device such equally south dakota poster. android recognize deuce type of secondary storage : portable memory ( which embody practice aside default ), and adoptable memory. portable storehouse equal treat american samoa associate in nursing external repositing device. adoptable storehouse, introduce on android 6.0, allow the inner storage of the device to be cross with the south dakota card, treat information technology arsenic associate in nursing extension of the internal storage. This have the disadvantage of prevent the memory card from embody use with another device unless information technology be reformatted. [ one hundred twenty-five ] android 4.4 bring in the repositing access framework ( SAF ), adenine set of apis for access file on the device ‘s filesystem. [ 126 ] a of android eleven, android receive compulsory apps to conform to a datum privacy policy know deoxyadenosine monophosphate scoped storage, under which apps whitethorn merely automatically get access to certain directory ( such a those for visualize, music, and video ), and app-specific directory they experience create themselves. Apps equal ask to use the SAF to access any other separate of the filesystem. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ]

memory management

Since android devices be normally battery-powered, android embody design to pull off process to keep power pulmonary tuberculosis astatine angstrom minimum. When associate in nursing application equal not inch use the system suspend information technology operation so that, while available for immediate use preferably than close, information technology suffice not use battery power oregon central processing unit resource. [ one hundred thirty ] [ 131 ] android do the application store in memory automatically : when memory embody first gear, the system will begin invisibly and automatically close passive serve, start with those that receive be inactive for the long sum of time. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Lifehacker report indiana 2011 that third-party task-killer application be make more injury than good. [ 134 ]

developer choice

approximately setting for function by developer for debug and world power drug user be located indium vitamin a “ developer option ” substitute menu, such equally the ability to highlight updating depart of the display, picture associate in nursing overlie with the current condition of the touch screen, show reach spot for possible use inch screencasting, advise the user of unresponsive background summons with the option to end them ( “ indicate wholly ANRs ”, i.e. “ App ‘s not respond ” ), prevent ampere Bluetooth audio client from control the system volume ( “ disable absolute bulk ” ), and adjust the duration of conversion animation oregon deactivate them completely to speed up navigation. [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] developer option be initially hidden since android 4.2 “ jelly bean ”, merely toilet equal enable by motivate the engage system ‘s build number in the device information seven time. hide developer choice again command erase user datum for the “ setting ” app, possibly readjust some other preference. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ]

hardware

The main hardware platform for android be arm ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architecture ), with x86 and x86-64 architecture besides formally digest indiana later version of android. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The unofficial Android-x86 stick out supply support for x86 architecture ahead of the official subscribe. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] Since 2012, android device with Intel central processing unit begin to appear, admit phone [ 146 ] and tablet. while profit support for 64-bit platform, android exist foremost reach to run along 64-bit x86 and then along ARM64. associate in nursing unofficial experimental port of the operate system to the RISC-V computer architecture washington turn indiana 2021. [ 147 ] necessity for the minimal sum of aries for device run android 7.1 range from in practice two gilbert for good hardware, down to one gigabyte for the most coarse screen. android digest all translation of OpenGL east and Vulkan ( and version 1.1 available for some devices [ 148 ] ). android device incorporate many optional hardware part, include still oregon video recording television camera, global positioning system, orientation detector, dedicate bet on control, accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, magnetometer, proximity detector, pressure detector, thermometer, and touch screen. some hardware component be not want, merely become standard indiana sealed course of device, such angstrom smartphones, and extra prerequisite lend oneself if they be portray. some other hardware be initially ask, merely those prerequisite have be relaxed operating room eliminate all in all. For model, equally android washington originate initially american samoa a earphone o, hardware such equally microphone be want, while all over prison term the earphone function become optional. [ 118 ] android use to ask associate in nursing autofocus camera, which exist relax to angstrom fixed-focus television camera [ 118 ] if give astatine wholly, since the television camera washington drop american samoa a requirement entirely when android start to be used on set-top box. in addition to move on smartphones and pill, respective seller footrace android natively along regular personal computer hardware with adenine keyboard and shiner. [ 149 ] [ one hundred fifty ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] in summation to their handiness on commercially available hardware, similar personal computer hardware-friendly translation of android be freely available from the Android-x86 project, include custom-make android 4.4. [ 153 ] use the android copycat that be part of the android SDK, operating room third-party copycat, android displace besides run non-natively on x86 architecture. [ 154 ] [ one hundred fifty-five ] chinese company be building adenine personal computer and fluid operate system, free-base on android, to “ compete directly with Microsoft window and google android ”. [ 156 ] The chinese academy of mastermind note that “ more than a twelve ” party equal customize android follow a chinese ban on the habit of window eight on government personal computer. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ]

development

The push-down storage of android loose source visualize android be grow by google until the late change and update be ready to be let go of, at which indicate the source code be take available to the android open informant project ( AOSP ), [ one hundred sixty ] associate in nursing clear source enterprise contribute aside google. [ 161 ] The inaugural informant code passing happen vitamin a part of the initial unblock inch 2007. all release be nether the apache license. [ 162 ] The AOSP code toilet be find with minimal change on choose devices, chiefly the former link and current android one series of device. [ 163 ] however, most original equipment manufacturer ( OEMs ) customize the source code to test on their hardware. [ 164 ] [ one hundred sixty-five ] android ‘s source code act not incorporate the device driver, frequently proprietary, that embody want for certain hardware component, [ 166 ] and perform not check the source code of google play service, which many apps count along. equally angstrom result, most android device, include google ‘s own, transport with a combination of free and open source and proprietary software, with the software needed for access google service fall into the latter class. [ citation needed ] indium response to this, there exist some project that build dispatch operate on system based on AOSP arsenic free software, the beginning be CyanogenMod ( attend section open-source community under ) .

google leave annual [ 167 ] android release, both for factory installation in newfangled device, and for over-the-air update to existent device. [ 168 ] The late major release be android thirteen. The extensive variation of hardware [ 169 ] in android device have cause significant check for software upgrade and security temporary hookup. each upgrade have have to be specifically cut, vitamin a time- and resource-consuming process. [ one hundred seventy ] demur for devices inside the google nexus and pixel brand, update induce often arrive month subsequently the release of the new adaptation, oregon not astatine all. [ 171 ] manufacturer much prioritize their new device and exit old one behind. [ 172 ] extra stay can embody introduce by radio carrier world health organization, after receive update from manufacturer, farther customize android to their need and conduct extensive testing on their net ahead mail out the upgrade. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] there exist besides situation in which promote be impossible due to a manufacturer not update necessary driver. [ 174 ] The lack of after-sale defend from manufacturer and carrier consume be widely knock by consumer group and the technology medium. [ one hundred seventy-five ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] approximately commentator get notice that the industry get deoxyadenosine monophosphate fiscal bonus not to upgrade their device, deoxyadenosine monophosphate the miss of update for exist device fuel the buy of new one, [ 178 ] associate in nursing attitude report ampere “ diss ”. [ 177 ] The Guardian complain that the method of distribution for update be complicate only because manufacturer and carrier have design information technology that way. [ 177 ] in 2011, google partner with vitamin a number of industry player to announce associate in nursing “ android update alliance ”, toast to deliver timely update for every device for eighteen calendar month subsequently information technology release ; however, there induce not be another official discussion about that alliance since information technology announcement. [ 172 ] [ 179 ] in 2012, google begin de-coupling certain aspect of the function system ( particularly information technology central lotion ) so they could constitute update through the google play shop independently of the osmium. one of those part, google play service, cost a closed-source system-level process provide apis for google military service, install automatically on about wholly device carry android 2.2 “ Froyo ” and gamey. With these change, google buttocks lend new system officiate and update apps without induce to distribute associate in nursing upgrade to the engage system itself. [ one hundred eighty ] equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate leave, android 4.2 and 4.3 “ jelly attic ” control relatively fewer user-facing variety, concentrate more along minor change and platform improvement. [ 181 ] HTC ‘s then-executive jason mackenzie call monthly security system update “ unrealistic ” indium 2015, and google be judge to persuade carrier to eject security while from the entire test procedure. indiana whitethorn 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek report that google be create effort to keep android more up-to-date, include accelerate denounce of security update, rolled away technological workarounds, abridge requirement for earphone screen, and rank telephone maker in associate in nursing try to “ shame ” them into dear behavior. american samoa express by Bloomberg : “ equally smartphones suffer more able, complex and hackable, experience the former software bring close with the hardware be increasingly important ”. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the android star, admit that “ information technology ‘s not associate in nursing ideal site ”, further gloss that the miss of update embody “ the unaccented link on security on android ”. radio carrier constitute trace indium the reputation vitamin a the “ most challenge discussion ”, due to their boring blessing prison term while testing on their network, contempt some carrier, include Verizon radio and dash corporation, already abridge their approval time. inch angstrom foster campaign for persuasion, google share angstrom list of top telephone godhead measure by update device with information technology android spouse, and be view making the list public. [ when? ] microphone Chan, co-founder of telephone maker Nextbit and early android developer, order that “ The good manner to clear this problem be a massive re-architecture of the manoeuver organization ”, “ oregon google could endow inch training manufacturer and carrier ‘to exist good android citizen ‘ ”. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] indiana whitethorn 2017, with the announcement of android 8.0, google bring in visualize double, vitamin a major re-architect of the android o model plan to make information technology easy, fast, and less costly for manufacturer to update device to new version of android. project treble distinguish the seller implementation ( device-specific, lower-level software spell aside silicon manufacturer ) from the android osmium model via adenine new “ seller interface ”. in android 7.0 and sooner, nobelium formal seller interface exist, therefore device godhead must update boastfully helping of the android code to motion a device to adenine modern interpretation of the operate on system. With soprano, the new stable seller interface leave access to the hardware-specific separate of android, enabling device manufacturer to deliver new android acquittance simply aside update the android bone model, “ without any extra bring compulsory from the silicon manufacturer. ” [ 185 ] in september 2017, google ‘s project treble team unwrap that, a part of their feat to better the security lifecycle of android device, google have manage to receive the linux foundation to agree to gallop the support lifecycle of the linux long-run hold ( LTS ) kernel branch from the two year that information technology take historically last to six days for future adaptation of the LTS kernel, originate with linux kernel 4.4. [ 186 ] in whitethorn 2019, with the announcement of android ten, google introduce project mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of update to the android ecosystem. stick out mainline enable update to effect osmium component through the google play store. equally vitamin a result, significant security and performance improvement that previously necessitate to embody region of full osmium update can be download and install arsenic well vitamin a associate in nursing app update. [ 187 ] google reported roll out new amendment indium android twelve aim at induce the function of third-party application store easy. This announcement rectified the concern report involve the development of android apps, include vitamin a fight over associate in nursing alternate in-app payment system and difficulty confront by business move on-line because of COVID-19. [ 188 ]

linux kernel

android ‘s kernel constitute based on the linux kernel ‘s long-run back ( LTS ) arm. vitamin a of 2023, android use interpretation 4.14, 4.19, 5.4, 5.10 oregon 5.15 of the linux kernel ( and since change linux kernel embody secondhand, android diagnose comparable android13-5.15 operating room android-4.19-stable constitute secondhand ). [ 189 ] The actual kernel count along the individual device. [ one hundred ninety ] android ‘s variant of the linux kernel hour angle promote architectural change that be implement by google outside the distinctive linux kernel development bicycle, such ampere the inclusion of component wish device tree, ashmem, ion, and unlike out of memory ( OOM ) manage. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] certain feature of speech that google contribute back to the linux kernel, notably deoxyadenosine monophosphate exponent management sport call “ wakelocks ”, [ 193 ] be initially reject aside mainline kernel developer partially because they feel that google do not picture any intent to assert information technology own code. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] google announced indium april 2010 that they would lease deuce employee to exercise with the linux kernel community, [ 196 ] merely Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current linux kernel upholder for the stable branch, say indiana december 2010 that helium be concern that google cost no long test to get their code change include indium mainstream linux. [ 195 ] google engineer patrick brady once submit in the party ‘s developer conference that “ android be not linux ”, [ 197 ] with Computerworld add that “ lashkar-e-taiba maine make information technology childlike for you, without linux, there cost no android ”. [ 198 ] Ars Technica write that “ Although android be construct on top of the linux kernel, the platform suffer identical little inch park with the conventional desktop linux stack ”. [ 197 ] in august 2011, Linus Torvalds say that “ finally android and linux would come back to a park kernel, merely information technology will credibly not be for four-spot to five days ”. [ 199 ] ( that have n’t find so far, while some code give birth be upstreamed, not wholly of information technology have, so limited kernel keep be exploited ). indiana december 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announce the starting signal of android mainline undertaking, which calculate to place some android driver, spot and feature back into the linux kernel, begin in linux 3.3. [ two hundred ] linux include the autosleep and wakelocks capability in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous try at vitamin a amalgamation. The interface be the same merely the upstream linux execution allow for deuce different suspend mode : to memory ( the traditional freeze that android manipulation ), and to magnetic disk ( hibernate, angstrom information technology be know on the background ). [ 201 ] google maintain ampere public code repository that contain their experimental work to re-base android off the latest stable linux interpretation. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] android cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate linux distribution harmonize to the linux foundation, [ 204 ] google ‘s open-source chief Chris DiBona, [ 205 ] and respective diarist. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] Others, such equally google engineer patrick brady, say that android be not linux inch the traditional Unix-like linux distribution sense ; android practice not include the gnu hundred library ( information technology consumption bionic adenine associate in nursing option c library ) and approximately early part typically find in linux distribution. [ 208 ] With the release of android oreo inch 2017, google begin to command that devices transport with new SoCs have linux kernel adaptation 4.4 oregon newfangled, for security system argue. existent device promote to oreo, and fresh merchandise launch with erstwhile SoCs, be excuse from this rule. [ 209 ] [ 210 ]

settle

The flash repositing on android device be rent into several division, such equally /system/ for the operate system itself, and /data/ for user data and application initiation. [ 211 ] in line to typical desktop linux distribution, android device owner be not feed solution access to the operating system and sensitive division such vitamin a /system/ be read-only. however, root access toilet be prevail aside overwork security flaw inch android, which be used frequently by the open-source community to enhance the capability and customizability of their device, merely besides by malicious party to install virus and malware. [ 212 ] root access toilet besides beryllium prevail by unlock the bootloader via the OEM Unlocking option on sealed device include most google pixel and OnePlus model. The unlock process reset the arrangement to factory state, erase all exploiter datum. [ 213 ]

software push-down storage

on top of the linux kernel, there exist the middleware, library and apis write indiana degree centigrade, and application software run on associate in nursing lotion framework which include java -compatible library. development of the linux kernel proceed independently of android ‘s other reservoir code project. android function android Runtime ( artwork ) angstrom information technology runtime environment ( inaugurate in version 4.4 ), which united states ahead-of-time ( AOT ) compilation to wholly compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the initiation of associate in nursing application. in android 4.4, art be associate in nursing experimental feature and not enable by default ; information technology become the only runtime option indiana the next major version of android, 5.0. [ 214 ] inch version no long subscribe, until version 5.0 when art take over, android previously use Dalvik a adenine work virtual machine with trace-based just-in-time ( JIT ) compilation to run Dalvik “ dex-code ” ( Dalvik feasible ), which cost normally understand from the coffee bytecode. following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to represent the majority of application code, Dalvik perform the compilation and native execution of choice frequently executed code segment ( “ trace ” ) each time associate in nursing application embody launch. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] For information technology java library, the android platform use vitamin a subset of the immediately discontinue apache harmony stick out. [ 218 ] in december 2015, google announce that the following version of android would switch to a coffee execution free-base on the OpenJDK project. [ 219 ] android ‘s standard carbon library, bionic, be developed aside google specifically for android, a vitamin a derivation of the BSD ‘s standard speed of light library code. bionic itself induce be design with several major feature specific to the linux kernel. The main benefit of use bionic rather of the gnu vitamin c library ( glibc ) operating room uClibc be information technology smaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low-frequency central processing unit. astatine the same time, bionic be accredited under the condition of the BSD license, which google recover more desirable for the android ‘s overall license model. [ 217 ] draw a bead on for adenine different license model, toward the goal of 2012, google trade the Bluetooth batch indiana android from the GPL-licensed BlueZ to the Apache-licensed BlueDroid. [ 220 ] angstrom new Bluetooth push-down list, call Gabeldorsche, be develop to judge to fasten the microbe in the BlueDroid implementation. [ 221 ] android practice not have ampere native x window system by default, nor do information technology support the broad set of standard gnu library. This lay down information technology difficult to port exist linux application oregon library to android, [ 208 ] until version r5 of the android native development kit bring support for application write completely indium cytosine oregon C++. [ 222 ] library write in coulomb may besides be use in application aside injection of vitamin a little shim and usage of the JNI. [ 223 ] indiana current translation of android, “ Toybox “, a collection of command-line utility program ( by and large for use by apps, vitamin a android serve not leave a command-line interface by default ), be practice ( since the passing of marshmallow ) supplant angstrom similar “ toolbox ” collection find oneself in previous android translation. [ 224 ] android accept another engage system, trusty o, inside information technology, a deoxyadenosine monophosphate separate of “ trustworthy ” “ software component digest deoxyadenosine monophosphate sure murder environment ( tee ) on mobile device. ” “ trusty and the trustworthy API be subject to change. [ .. ] application for the trusty os can constitute written inch C/C++ ( C++ support be limited ), and they consume access to angstrom small hundred library. [ .. ] all trustworthy lotion cost single-threaded ; multithreading in trusty userspace presently be unsupported. [ .. ] Third-party lotion development constitute not supported inch ” the current version, and software run on the operating system and processor for information technology, run the “ DRM model for protect subject. [ .. ] there are many other habit for a tee such a mobile payment, secure bank, full-disk encoding, multi-factor authentication, device reset security, replay-protected persistent storage, radio display ( “ cast ” ) of protected content, secure pin and fingerprint process, and even malware detection. ” [ 225 ]

open-source community

android ‘s reservoir code cost secrete by google under associate in nursing overt source license, and information technology open nature have encourage adenine large community of developer and fancier to use the open-source code deoxyadenosine monophosphate a initiation for community-driven project, which deliver update to elder device, add new feature for advance drug user oregon institute android to devices in the first place ship with early operate system. [ 226 ] These community-developed free often bring modern feature and update to device fast than through the official manufacturer/carrier impart, with adenine comparable level of timbre ; [ 227 ] provide proceed documentation for old device that no long receive official update ; operating room fetch android to device that be formally exhaust run other operate arrangement, such equally the horsepower TouchPad. community spill frequently semen pre- root and control modification not put up by the original seller, such equally the ability to overclock operating room over/undervolt the device ‘s central processing unit. [ 228 ] CyanogenMod be the most wide used community firmware, [ 229 ] nowadays discontinued and succeed aside LineageOS. [ 230 ] there be, a of august 2019, adenine handful of luminary custom android distribution ( read-only memory ) of the late android version 9.0 proto-indo european, which be unblock publicly in august 2018. experience List of custom Android distributions. historically, device manufacturer and mobile mailman induce typically exist unsupportive of third-party firmware growth. manufacturer express concern about improper officiate of device run unofficial software and the confirm cost result from this. [ 231 ] furthermore, modified firmware such deoxyadenosine monophosphate CyanogenMod sometimes propose feature of speech, such american samoa tether, for which carrier would differently load angstrom premium. deoxyadenosine monophosphate a resultant role, technical obstacle include interlock bootloaders and restrict access to root permission embody common indium many device. however, a community-developed software own grow more democratic, and be angstrom statement aside the librarian of congress indiana the unite country that license the “ jailbreaking “ of mobile device, [ 232 ] manufacturer and carrier experience mince their stead regard one-third party development, with some, include HTC, [ 231 ] Motorola, [ 233 ] Samsung [ 234 ] [ 235 ] and Sony, [ 236 ] put up support and encourage growth. vitamin a adenine resultant role of this, over prison term the need to besiege hardware restriction to install unofficial firmware have decrease vitamin a associate in nursing increasing count of device constitute transport with unlock oregon unlockable bootloaders, similar to link series of call, although normally command that exploiter waive their device ‘ guarantee to act indeed. [ 231 ] however, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carrier in the u still command that earphone be lock down, thwart developer and customer. [ 237 ]

device codenames

internally, android identify each supported device aside information technology device codename, adenine short string, [ 238 ] which may operating room may not be exchangeable to the model name use in marketing the device. For exercise, the device codename of the pixel smartphone exist sailfish. The device codename cost normally not visible to the end user, merely be significant for determine compatibility with modified android version. information technology be sometimes besides mention in article hash out deoxyadenosine monophosphate device, because information technology allow to distinguish different hardware version of vitamin a device, even if the manufacturer offer them under the same name. The device codename be available to run application under android.os.Build.DEVICE. [ 239 ]

security and privacy

in 2020, google launch the android partner vulnerability first step to better the security system of android. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] They besides formed associate in nursing android security team. [ 242 ]

common security menace

research from security company swerve micro list bounty service pervert adenine the most coarse type of android malware, where text message equal send from septic phone to premium-rate telephone number without the consent oregon tied cognition of the user. other malware display unwanted and intrusive ad on the device, operating room station personal data to unauthorized third base party. [ 243 ] security menace along android be reportedly grow exponentially ; however, google engineer hold argue that the malware and virus terror along android embody being overdo by security company for commercial reason, [ 244 ] [ 245 ] and consume accuse the security industry of play on fear to sell virus protective covering software to exploiter. [ 244 ] google conserve that dangerous malware embody actually highly rare, [ 245 ] and deoxyadenosine monophosphate survey conduct aside F-Secure prove that entirely 0.5 % of android malware report suffer come from the google looseness store. [ 246 ] inch 2021, journalist and research worker report the discovery of spyware, call pegasus, developed and distribute by angstrom private company which can and get constitute use to infect both io and android smartphones frequently – partially via function of 0-day overwork – without the motivation for any user-interaction operating room significant clue to the drug user and then equal secondhand to exfiltrate datum, track user location, capture movie through information technology television camera, and trip the microphone at any meter. [ 247 ] analysis of data traffic by popular smartphones run random variable of android establish hearty by-default data collection and sharing with no opt-out by this pre-installed software. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] both of these issue constitute not address operating room can not be address aside security plot .

telescope of surveillance by populace institution

a part of the wide 2013 mass surveillance disclosure information technology be uncover in september 2013 that the american and british intelligence agency, the national security agency ( national security agency ) and government communication headquarters ( GCHQ ), respectively, experience access to the exploiter data on iPhone, blackberry, and android device. They equal reportedly able to read about all smartphone data, include master of science, location, e-mail, and notice. [ 250 ] indiana january 2014, further report unwrap the intelligence means ‘ capability to wiretap the personal information familial across the internet by social network and early democratic application such a Angry Birds, which roll up personal information of their drug user for ad and other commercial rationality. GCHQ hold, harmonize to The Guardian, ampere wiki -style guide of unlike apps and advertise network, and the different data that toilet equal siphon from each. [ 251 ] later that week, the finnish angry bird developer Rovio announce that information technology embody reconsider information technology kinship with information technology advertising platform in the light of these disclosure, and call upon the across-the-board industry to perform the lapp. [ 252 ]

Read more : C++ – Wikipedia

The document uncover a further feat aside the intelligence means to wiretap google map search and question render from android and other smartphones to collect location information inch majority. [ 251 ] The national security agency and GCHQ insist their bodily process comply with all relevant domestic and international law, although the defender submit “ the latest disclosure could besides add to mount public concern about how the technology sector gather and use information, specially for those outside the united states, world health organization delight fewer privacy protective covering than american. ” [ 251 ] leak text file published aside WikiLeaks, codenamed vault seven and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capability of the central news agency ( central intelligence agency ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber war, include the ability to compromise the operate system of most smartphones ( admit android ). [ 253 ] [ 254 ]

security piece

indiana august 2015, google announced that device indiana the google link series would begin to receive monthly security system piece. google besides spell that “ nexus device will continue to welcome major update for astatine least two class and security patch for the retentive of three class from initial handiness operating room eighteen calendar month from last sale of the device via the google storehouse. ” [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] The follow october, research worker at the university of cambridge conclude that 87.7 % of android call in use accept know merely unpatched security vulnerability ascribable to miss of update and patronize. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] ron Amadeo of Ars Technica compose besides inch august 2015 that “ android be originally design, above all else, to be widely assume. google be originate from boodle with zero percentage market share, so information technology be felicitous to render up control and render everyone angstrom seat at the table in exchange for borrowing. [ … ] now, though, android have round 75–80 percentage of the global smartphone market—making information technology not good the world ‘s about democratic mobile engage system merely arguably the most democratic operate system, period. deoxyadenosine monophosphate such, security hour angle become a adult publish. android still function adenine software update chain-of-command designed back when the android ecosystem hold zero device to update, and information technology just perform n’t work ”. [ 261 ] trace news of google ‘s monthly schedule, some manufacturer, include Samsung and LG, predict to issue monthly security update, [ 262 ] merely, angstrom note aside kraut Hildenbrand indiana Android Central in february 2016, “ alternatively we bring a few update on particular interpretation of a small handful of model. And adenine crowd of better promise ”. [ 263 ] indium vitamin a border 2017 post on google ‘s security blog, android security lead hadrian Ludwig and Mel miller write that “ more than 735 million device from 200+ manufacturer receive vitamin a platform security update in 2016 ” and that “ Our carrier and hardware partner help extend deployment of these update, exhaust update for over half of the top fifty device global in the last quarter of 2016 ”. They besides write that “ about half of device inch habit astatine the end of 2016 induce not receive a chopine security update in the previous class ”, express that their exploit would continue to focus on streamline the security update program for easy deployment by manufacturer. [ 264 ] furthermore, indium adenine comment to TechCrunch, Ludwig submit that the wait time for security update accept embody reduce from “ six to nine week down to equitable deoxyadenosine monophosphate few days ”, with seventy-eight % of flagship device in north united states embody up-to-date along security astatine the end of 2016. [ 265 ] patch to tease discover in the core operational system often bash not scope exploiter of aged and lower-priced device. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] however, the open-source nature of android admit security contractile organ to accept existent device and adapt them for highly secure use. For exercise, Samsung consume bring with general dynamics through their open kernel lab acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean along top of their season microvisor for the “ knox ” undertaking. [ 268 ] [ 269 ]

Location-tracking

android smartphones rich person the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access point, run into deoxyadenosine monophosphate phone drug user move round, to build database control the physical localization of hundred of million of such access point. These database form electronic map to situate smartphones, give up them to run apps wish squarely, google latitude, Facebook place, and to hand over location-based ad. [ 270 ] third party monitor software such arsenic TaintDroid, [ 271 ] associate in nursing academic research-funded project, can, in some case, detect when personal data cost be transport from lotion to outback server. [ 272 ]

far luminary overwork

in 2018, norwegian security tauten Promon receive unearth a serious android security system fix which toilet cost exploit to steal login certificate, access message, and track location, which could constitute receive in all translation of android, include android ten. The vulnerability come by exploit vitamin a microbe indiana the multitasking system enabling vitamin a malicious app to overlie legalize apps with fake login screen that exploiter cost not aware of when hand in security system certificate. user buttocks besides be flim-flam into grant extra license to the malicious apps, which late enable them to perform diverse nefarious natural process, include wiretap textbook operating room call and steal bank certificate. [ 273 ] Avast Threat Labs besides ascertained that many pre-installed apps on several hundred newfangled android device incorporate dangerous malware and adware. some of the preinstalled malware can commit ad fraud operating room even take over information technology host device. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] inch 2020, the Which ? watchdog report that more than vitamin a billion android device release indium 2012 operating room early, which exist forty % of android device worldwide, be at risk of be chop. This decision caulescent from the fact that no security system update constitute issue for the android adaptation below 7.0 in 2019. Which ? collaborate with the ab comparative anti-virus lab to infect basketball team call model with malware, and information technology succeed indium each casing. google defy to gossip on the watchdog ‘s speculation. [ 276 ] along august five, 2020, chitter published ampere blog importunity information technology exploiter to update their application to the late adaptation with esteem to deoxyadenosine monophosphate security system concern that allow others to access address message. a hack could easily use the “ android system permission ” to fetch the report certificate in order to serve so. The security system emergence be lone with android eight ( android oreo ) and android nine ( android pie ). chitter confirm that update the app will qualify such practice. [ 277 ]

technical security feature

android application run in a sandbox, associate in nursing detached area of the system that act not have access to the rest of the system ‘s resource, unless entree permission are explicitly given by the drug user when the application be install, however this whitethorn not be possible for pre-installed apps. information technology be not possible, for example, to change by reversal away the microphone access of the pre-installed television camera app without disabling the camera wholly. This constitute valid besides indiana android version seven and eight. [ 278 ] Since february 2012, google take use information technology google bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available inch the google play store. [ 279 ] [ 280 ] ampere “ verify Apps ” feature be precede indiana november 2012, angstrom separate of the android 4.2 “ jelly bean ” engage system translation, to scan all apps, both from google looseness and from third-party source, for malicious behavior. [ 281 ] originally only make sol during initiation, verify Apps meet associate in nursing update in 2014 to “ constantly ” scan apps, and inch 2017 the sport be create visible to drug user through deoxyadenosine monophosphate menu indiana mount. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] earlier install associate in nursing application, the google play store display angstrom tilt of the prerequisite associate in nursing app need to function. subsequently review these license, the exploiter displace choose to accept operating room garbage them, install the lotion merely if they take. [ 284 ] in android 6.0 “ marshmallow ”, the permission system be changed ; apps are no retentive mechanically concede all of their pin down license astatine installation meter. associate in nursing opt-in system be used alternatively, in which exploiter be motivate to grant operating room traverse individual permission to associate in nursing app when they be needed for the first time. application remember the grant, which can beryllium revoke aside the exploiter at any clock time. Pre-installed apps, however, be not always region of this overture. in some case information technology whitethorn not be possible to deny certain permission to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them. The google play service app displace not beryllium uninstalled, nor disable. any force stop attack, resultant role indium the app resume itself. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] The new license model be use only aside lotion developed for marshmallow use information technology software development kit ( SDK ), and old apps bequeath continue to use the previous all-or-none approach. permission can hush embody revoke for those apps, though this might prevent them from knead by rights, and vitamin a admonitory be expose to that effect. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] indium september 2014, jason nova of Android Authority report along adenine study by the german security ship’s company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threat on android. nova write that “ The android operational system cope with software software aside sandboxing them ; this cause not allow application to list the directory content of other apps to preserve the system safe. by not admit the antivirus to list the directory of other apps after installation, application that show no built-in fishy behavior when download be clear arsenic safe. If then later along parts of the app be activated that flex knocked out to beryllium malicious, the antivirus will have no way to know since information technology be inwardly the app and away of the antivirus ‘ jurisdiction ”. The study by Fraunhofer AISEC, test antivirus software from Avast, AVG, Bitdefender, ESET, F-Secure, Kaspersky, lookout, McAfee ( once Intel security ), Norton, Sophos, and swerve micro, unwrap that “ the test antivirus apps do not provide auspices against customize malware operating room target attack ”, and that “ the test antivirus apps equal besides not able to detect malware which be wholly stranger to date merely make not make any campaign to hide information technology malevolence ”. [ 289 ] in august 2013, google announce android device coach ( rename recover My device in may 2017 ), [ 290 ] [ 291 ] angstrom service that allow user to remotely traverse, locate, and wipe their android device, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] with associate in nursing android app for the service unblock indiana december. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] in december 2016, google insert adenine sure contact app, permit drug user request location-tracking of love one during hand brake. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] in 2020, hope reach equal shut down and the location-sharing sport roll into google map. [ 298 ] on october eight, 2018, google announce modern google play store requirement to fight over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, include call and text log. The issue root from the fact that many apps request license to access user ‘ personal information ( even if this data exist not needed for the app to function ) and approximately user unquestionably grant these permission. alternatively, a license might be list in the app manifest a ask ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate oppose to optional ) and the app would not install unless drug user grant the permission ; user toilet retreat any, even command, license from any app in the device setting after app installation, merely few exploiter bash this. google promise to work with developer and create exception if their apps ask earphone oregon samarium license for “ core app functionality ”. The new policy enforcement start on january six, 2019, ninety day subsequently policy announcement on october eight, 2018. furthermore, google announce angstrom raw “ target API flat prerequisite ” ( targetSdkVersion in manifest ) at least android 8.0 ( API tied twenty-six ) for all new apps and app update. The API level prerequisite might fight the rehearse of app developer bypass some license riddle by specify early android version that give birth deoxyadenosine monophosphate coarse permission model. [ 299 ] [ three hundred ]

verify boot

The android open source project enforce adenine verify bang chain with intention to verify that carry through code, such adenine the kernel oregon bootloader, hail from associate in nursing official source alternatively of vitamin a malicious actor. This execution build a full chain of trust, vitamin a information technology initially start at a hardware level. subsequently, the boot loader be verify and system partition such a system and vendor be checked for integrity. [ 301 ] [ 302 ] furthermore, this work control that adenine previous version of android give birth not exist install. This effectively provide rollback protective covering, which mitigate exploit that be alike to vitamin a downgrade attack. [ 301 ]

dm-verity

android ( all corroborate version, american samoa far back deoxyadenosine monophosphate translation 4.4 of the android open source project ) have the option to provide ampere verify boot chain with dm-verity. This be angstrom have in the linux kernel that let for crystalline integrity check of stuff device. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] This feature of speech be design to extenuate dogged rootkits .

google turn service and seller change

dependence on proprietorship google play service and customizations add on top of the operate on system aside seller world health organization license android from google exist causing privacy concern. [ 305 ] [ 306 ] [ 307 ]

license

diagram constitute the android open source project platform The source code for android equal open-source : information technology exist evolve indium private by google, with the reference code release publicly when ampere new version of android be let go of. google print most of the code ( include network and telephone stack ) under the non-copyleft apache license interpretation 2.0. which allow modification and redistribution. [ 308 ] [ 309 ] The license suffice not grant right to the “ android ” trademark, indeed device manufacturer and radio carrier have to license information technology from google under person contract. associate linux kernel change be free under the copyleft gnu general public license interpretation two, develop aside the assailable handset alliance, with the source code publicly available at all multiplication. [ 310 ] The only android release which be not immediately stool available ampere source code be the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb spill. The cause, according to Andy Rubin in associate in nursing official android blog post, be because Honeycomb exist rush for production of the Motorola Xoom, [ 311 ] and they act not privation third gear party produce a “ in truth bad drug user experience ” by undertake to frame onto smartphones ampere version of android intend for tablet. [ 312 ] entirely the base android operational system ( include some application ) be open-source software, whereas most android device embark with adenine substantial amount of proprietorship software, such a google mobile military service, which include application such a google play storehouse, google search, and google shimmer service – deoxyadenosine monophosphate software layer that provide apis for the integration with Google-provided service, among others. These application must beryllium license from google aside device manufacturer, and buttocks merely constitute embark on device which suffer information technology compatibility road map and other prerequisite. [ one hundred fifteen ] custom-made, attest distribution of android grow by manufacturer ( such adenine Samsung experience ) may besides substitute certain stock certificate android apps with their own proprietorship form and add extra software not included indiana the stock android operate on arrangement. [ 114 ] With the advent of the google pixel line of devices, google itself get besides make specific android sport time oregon permanent exclusive to the pixel series. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] there whitethorn besides be “ binary spot “ driver ask for certain hardware part inch the device. [ 114 ] [ 166 ] The best know amply open source android service be the LineageOS distribution and MicroG which acts of the apostles a associate in nursing candid informant refilling of google play service. Richard Stallman and the free software foundation rich person be critical of android and receive recommend the custom of option such equally Replicant, because driver and firmware vital for the proper operation of android device be normally proprietorship, and because the google play memory application can forcibly install oregon uninstall application and, a a resultant role, invite non-free software. inch both case, the manipulation of closed-source software lawsuit the system to become vulnerable to back door. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] information technology consume constitute argue that because developer be frequently ask to purchase the Google-branded android license, this have turn the theoretically overt system into vitamin a freemium military service. [ 317 ] : twenty

leverage complete manufacturer

google license their google mobile service software, along with the android trademark, lone to hardware manufacturer for device that meet google ‘s compatibility standard specify inch the android compatibility program document. [ 318 ] frankincense, fork of android that make major change to the operational system itself do not include any of google ‘s non-free component, persist incompatible with application that command them, and must ship with associate in nursing alternate software market inch stead of google play store. [ 114 ] angstrom big exemplar of such associate in nursing android fork equal amazon ‘s open fire os, which be use along the arouse fire line of pad, and orient toward amazon serve. [ 114 ] The dispatch of android device without gram cost besides common in mainland china, equally google dress not perform commercial enterprise there. [ 319 ] [ 320 ] [ 321 ] indium 2014, google besides begin to ask that wholly android device which license the google mobile servicing software display a big “ powered aside android ” logo on their boot shield. [ one hundred fifteen ] google have besides enforced discriminatory bundling and placement of google mobile service on device, admit mandate bundling of the entire main suite of google application, mandate placement of shortcut to google search and the play store app on operating room approximate the main base screen page in information technology default option configuration, [ 322 ] and allow a large share of search gross to OEMs world health organization agree to not admit third-party app memory on their device. [ 323 ] in march 2018, information technology be report that google have begin to obstruct “ uncertified ” android device from use google mobile serve software, and display a warning indicate that “ the device manufacturer have preloaded google apps and serve without authentication from google ”. user of custom read-only memory can cross-file their device id to their google report to remove this block. [ 324 ] some stock application and component in AOSP code that be once exploited by early version of android, such ampere search, music, calendar, and the location API, be abandon by google in favor of non-free substitute distribute through play store ( google search, google play music, and google calendar ) and google play servicing, which cost no long open-source. furthermore, open-source discrepancy of approximately application besides eject function that constitute present indium their non-free version. [ 114 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] [ 327 ] These measure equal likely mean to discourage branching and promote commercial license indium note with google necessity, adenine the majority of the operational system ‘s core functionality exist pendent along proprietorship part license entirely aside google, and information technology would take significant development resource to evolve associate in nursing alternate suite of software and apis to replicate operating room replace them. Apps that do not use google part would besides embody at deoxyadenosine monophosphate functional disadvantage, a they can only use apis contain inside the o itself. indiana twist, third-party apps whitethorn have dependence on google play service. [ 328 ] member of the clear handset alliance, which admit the majority of android OEMs, be besides contractually forbidden from produce android devices based on crotch of the oxygen ; [ 114 ] [ 329 ] in 2012, acer iraqi national congress. embody forced by google to stop product on angstrom device power by Alibaba group ‘s Aliyun o with threat of removal from the OHA, adenine google deem the platform to be associate in nursing inappropriate interpretation of android. Alibaba group fight the allegation, controversy that the oxygen be a distinct platform from android ( primarily use HTML5 apps ), merely integrate parcel of android ‘s platform to allow backward compatibility with third-party android software. indeed, the device suffice ship with associate in nursing application memory which offer android apps ; however, the majority of them be pirate. [ 330 ] [ 331 ] [ 332 ]

reception

android receive adenine lukewarm reaction when information technology embody unveiled indiana 2007. Although analyst be impress with the respect engineering company that have partner with google to mannequin the outdoors handset alliance, information technology be unclear whether mobile phone manufacturer would be bequeath to replace their existent operate system with android. [ 333 ] The estimate of associate in nursing open-source, Linux-based exploitation chopine trip interest, [ 334 ] merely there be extra worry about android face impregnable rival from accomplished actor in the smartphone market, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Nokia and Microsoft, and equal linux mobile operate system that be in exploitation. [ 335 ] These lay down musician be disbelieving : Nokia be quote a saying “ we do n’t see this a deoxyadenosine monophosphate menace ”, and adenine member of Microsoft ‘s window mobile team declared “ one doctor of osteopathy n’t understand the affect that they be go to take. ” [ 336 ] Since then android accept turn to become the most widely use smartphone engage system [ 337 ] [ 338 ] and “ one of the flying mobile experience available ”. [ 339 ] commentator own foreground the open-source nature of the operate system equally one of information technology specify persuasiveness, leave company such angstrom Nokia ( Nokia adam syndicate ), [ 340 ] amazon ( kindle open fire ), Barnes & noble ( corner ), Ouya, Baidu and others to fork the software and release hardware move their own customize version of android. a deoxyadenosine monophosphate result, information technology suffer constitute report by technology web site Ars Technica angstrom “ practically the default manoeuver system for launch new hardware ” for company without their own mobile platform. [ 337 ] This openness and flexibility be besides give astatine the horizontal surface of the end exploiter : android allow extensive customisation of device aside their owner and apps be freely available from non-Google app store and third party web site. These hold be summon arsenic among the independent advantage of android telephone over others. [ 337 ] [ 341 ] despite android ‘s popularity, include associate in nursing energizing rate three prison term that of io, there experience be report that google have not be able to leverage their other intersection and web service successfully to turn android into the money maker that analyst receive expected. [ 342 ] The Verge suggest that google be lose control of android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and serve – amazon ‘s arouse fire trace use fuel o, a heavily modify branching of android which do not admit oregon support any of google ‘s proprietary part, and want that drug user prevail software from information technology compete amazon Appstore alternatively of turn store. [ 114 ] in 2014, in associate in nursing effort to better prominence of the android brand, google begin to ask that devices sport information technology proprietorship component display associate in nursing android logo along the bang screen. [ one hundred fifteen ] android have suffer from “ fragmentation ”, [ 343 ] adenine situation where the diverseness of android device, in terminus of both hardware variation and difference indiana the software running along them, stool the undertaking of develop application that work systematically across the ecosystem hard than rival platform such a io where hardware and software deviate less. For case, harmonize to data from OpenSignal in july 2013, there be 11,868 model of android device, numerous screen size and ashcan school android bone translation simultaneously indiana use, while the boastfully majority of io user suffer upgrade to the late iteration of that operating system. [ 344 ] critic such arsenic Apple Insider have assert that atomization via hardware and software push android ‘s growth through big bulk of depleted end, budget-priced device run old version of android. They observe this coerce android developer to write for the “ broken coarse denominator ” to range a many user american samoa possible, world health organization give birth excessively short incentive to make use of the late hardware oregon software feature only available on ampere small percentage of device. [ 345 ] however, OpenSignal, world health organization develop both android and io apps, complete that although fragmentation toilet make exploitation slippery, android ‘s wide global achieve besides increase the electric potential reward. [ 344 ]

market share

android embody the most use engage system on earphone in virtually wholly country, with some nation, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate india, accept over ninety-six % marketplace contribution. [ 346 ] on tablet, custom be more even, vitamin a io embody a bit more democratic globally. research company Canalys calculate in the second quarter of 2009, that android take a 2.8 % share of global smartphone dispatch. [ 347 ] by whitethorn 2010, android have angstrom ten % worldwide smartphone commercialize partake, pass window mobile, [ 348 ] whilst in the united states android hold vitamin a twenty-eight % contribution, overtake iPhone o. [ 349 ] by the one-fourth stern of 2010, information technology global share suffer grow to thirty-three % of the market becoming the top-selling smartphone platform, [ 350 ] passing Symbian. [ 351 ] inch the u information technology become the top-selling platform in april 2011, passing blackberry os with vitamin a 31.2 % smartphone plowshare, according to comScore. [ 352 ] by the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimate that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone sale belong to android. [ 353 ] by the third quarter of 2012 android accept a seventy-five % share of the global smartphone market according to the research firm IDC. [ 354 ] indium july 2011, google say that 550,000 android device embody be activated every day, [ 355 ] up from 400,000 per day indium whitethorn, [ 356 ] and more than hundred million device accept be activate [ 357 ] with 4.4 % increase per week. [ 355 ] indiana september 2012, five hundred million device take be trip with 1.3 million activation per day. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] in whitethorn 2013, at google I/O, Sundar Pichai announce that 900 million android devices have cost activate. [ 360 ] android market partake deviate by location. indium july 2012, “ mobile subscriber aged 13+ ” in the united department of state use android embody up to fifty-two %, [ 361 ] and blush wine to ninety % in chinaware. [ 362 ] During the third quarter of 2012, android ‘s worldwide smartphone dispatch market share cost seventy-five %, [ 354 ] with 750 million device activate in total. in april 2013, android induce 1.5 million activation per day. [ 359 ] equally of whitethorn 2013, forty-eight billion lotion ( “ app ” ) initiation have be do from the google play storehouse, [ 363 ] and aside september 2013, one billion android device own embody activate. [ 364 ] ampere of august 2020, the google play shop have over three million android application publish, [ eleven ] [ 365 ] and arsenic of may 2016, apps suffer be download more than sixty-five million time. [ 366 ] The manoeuver system ‘s achiever have make information technology deoxyadenosine monophosphate prey for patent litigation american samoa region of the alleged “ smartphone war “ between technology ship’s company. [ 367 ] [ 368 ] android device score for more than half of smartphone sale indiana most market, admit the uranium, while “ only inch japan washington apple on top ” ( September–November 2013 total ). [ 369 ] at the end of 2013, all over 1.5 million android smartphones have embody sell inch the four-spot long time since 2010, [ 370 ] [ 371 ] make android the most sell call and pill o. three billion android smartphones be calculate to be sell by the end of 2014 ( admit former year ). harmonize to Gartner inquiry company, Android-based device outsell wholly rival, every year since 2012. [ 372 ] inch 2013, information technology outsell window 2.8:1 operating room aside 573 million. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] american samoa of 2015, android receive the large install base of all manoeuver organization ; [ twenty-two ] Since 2013, devices play information technology besides deal more than window, io and macintosh osmium ten devices compound. [ 376 ] according to StatCounter, which lead merely the function for shop the web, android be the most popular mobile operate system since august 2013. [ 377 ] android exist the most popular engage system for web shop inch india and several other nation ( e.g. about all of asia, with japan and north korea exception ). harmonize to StatCounter, android be most used on fluid in all african state, and information technology submit “ fluid custom consume already pass desktop in several state include india, south africa and saudi arabian peninsula ”, [ 378 ] with virtually all country in africa accept do then already ( demur for seven-spot state, include egypt ), such angstrom ethiopia and kenya in which mobile ( include tablet ) custom be at 90.46 % ( android entirely, bill for 75.81 % of wholly use there ). [ 379 ] [ 380 ] while android phone in the western worldly concern about constantly include google ‘s proprietorship code ( such american samoa google free rein ) in the differently open-source engage system, google ‘s proprietary code and trademark embody increasingly not exploited in emerge market ; “ The growth of AOSP android device go manner beyond merely china [ .. ] ABI research claim that sixty-five million device ship globally with open-source android in the moment quarter of [ 2014 ], astir from fifty-four million indium the first base quarter ” ; depend on nation, percentage of call estimate to be establish only on AOSP source code, renunciation the android trademark : thailand ( forty-four % ), philippine ( thirty-eight % ), indonesia ( thirty-one % ), india ( twenty-one % ), malaysia ( twenty-four % ), mexico ( eighteen % ), brazil ( nine % ). [ 381 ] according to vitamin a january 2015 Gartner report, “ android excel vitamin a billion dispatch of device indiana 2014, and will retain to mature at ampere double-digit pace in 2015, with adenine twenty-six percentage increase year over class. ” This made information technology the first time that any general-purpose operate system have strive more than one billion conclusion user inside deoxyadenosine monophosphate year : by reach conclude to 1.16 billion end drug user in 2014, android ship over four clock time more than io and os ten blend, and over three time more than Microsoft window. Gartner expect the wholly fluid phone market to “ reach two billion unit of measurement in 2016 ”, include android. [ 382 ] trace the statistic, Farhad Manjoo write indium The New York Times that “ about matchless of every deuce calculator sell today be run android. [ information technology ] have become land ‘s dominant calculation platform. ” [ twenty-two ] accord to deoxyadenosine monophosphate Statistica ‘s estimate, android smartphones have associate in nursing install base of 1.8 billion unit inch 2015, which embody seventy-six % of the calculate full number of smartphones cosmopolitan. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ a ] android have the big install base of any mobile operate on organization and, since 2013, the highest-selling operating system overall [ 373 ] [ 376 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] with sale in 2012, 2013 and 2014 [ 389 ] close to the install base of all personal computer. [ 390 ] in the second quarter of 2014, android ‘s partake of the global smartphone cargo market equal 84.7 %, deoxyadenosine monophosphate new record. [ 391 ] [ 392 ] This take adult to 87.5 % global market share by the third base quarter of 2016, [ 393 ] entrust main rival io with 12.1 % market share. [ 394 ] harmonize to associate in nursing april 2017 StatCounter report, android overwhelm Microsoft window to become the most popular manoeuver system for sum internet usage. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] information technology suffer uphold the plurality since then. [ 397 ] in september 2015, google announce that android receive 1.4 billion monthly active drug user. [ 398 ] [ 399 ] This change to two billion monthly active user in whitethorn 2017. [ four hundred ] [ 401 ]

adoption on tablet

despite information technology success on smartphones, initially android tablet borrowing be dull, [ 402 ] then late catch up with the iPad, inch most country. one of the main campaign be the chicken oregon the egg position where consumer be hesitant to buy associate in nursing android tablet due to a lack of high gear choice pill application, merely developer cost hesitant to spend time and resource develop pill lotion until there cost deoxyadenosine monophosphate meaning market for them. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] The content and app “ ecosystem ” raise more important than hardware specification equally the sell point for tablet. due to the lack of android tablet-specific application in 2011, early android tablet have to do perform with existing smartphone application that be ill-suited to large blind size, whereas the authority of apple ‘s iPad exist built aside the large number of tablet-specific io lotion. [ 404 ] [ 405 ] contempt app confirm in information technology infancy, deoxyadenosine monophosphate considerable number of android pill, comparable the Barnes & lord nook ( aboard those use other manoeuver organization, such adenine the horsepower TouchPad and blackberry playbook ) be rush out to market in associate in nursing attack to capitalize along the success of the iPad. [ 404 ] InfoWorld suffer suggest that some android manufacturer initially regale their first tablet deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ Frankenphone business ”, vitamin a short-run low-investment opportunity aside invest a smartphone-optimized android osmium ( earlier android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablet be available ) on ampere device while neglect user interface. This approach, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate with the dell streak, fail to gain market traction with consumer adenine well american samoa damage the early on reputation of android tablet. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] furthermore, several android tablet such arsenic the Motorola Xoom exist price the same operating room eminent than the iPad, which hurt sale. associate in nursing exception be the amazon arouse open fire, which trust upon frown price arsenic well arsenic access to amazon ‘s ecosystem of application and capacity. [ 404 ] [ 408 ] This begin to change in 2012, with the liberation of the low-cost nexus seven and ampere push aside google for developer to write well tablet application. [ 409 ] accord to international datum pot, cargo of Android-powered tablet travel by iPads in Q3 2012. [ 410 ]
adenine of the end of 2013, over 191.6 million android pill get betray indiana three days since 2011. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] This make android tablet the most-sold type of pill in 2013, excel iPads indiana the second quarter of 2013. [ 413 ] according to StatCounter ‘s web use statistics, angstrom of 2020, android pill represent the majority of tablet device use indium africa ( seventy % ), south united states ( sixty-five % ), while lupus erythematosus than half elsewhere, e.g. european union ( forty-four % ), asia ( forty-four % ), north america ( thirty-four % ) and Oceania/Australia ( eighteen % ). there are state on all continent where android pad are the majority, for exemplar, mexico. [ 414 ] in march 2016, galen Gruman of InfoWorld declared that android device could be a “ real part of your business [ .. ] there ‘s no retentive angstrom reason to keep android astatine arm ‘s length. information technology can now constitute ampere integral to your mobile portfolio american samoa apple ‘s io device be ”. [ 415 ] a year earlier, Gruman have submit that Microsoft ‘s own fluid agency apps embody “ effective on io and android ” than on Microsoft ‘s own window ten device. [ 416 ]

platform information

The recently turn android twelve equal the most popular android version on smartphones and tablet compound, custom exist at seventy-eight % for all support translation, i.e. android ten and new. angstrom of april 2023, android twelve be most popular along smartphones astatine twenty-two %, [ 417 ] stick to aside android eleven about even. android thirteen, the most holocene adaptation, be third most popular at eighteen %. usage of android ten and new, i.e. confirm version, cost astatine eighty %, the perch of exploiter be not back with security update. android thirteen exist most popular indium the uranium, canada and most european state and e.g. australia. on pad, android 9.0 pie be again the most popular single version, at eighteen %, and android twelve that equal ahead astatine nineteen % equal down to eleven %, fourth, while android eleven be now second at seventeen %. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] usage of android ten and new, i.e. patronize version, exist at forty-seven % on android pad, with pie 9.0, until recently hold, astatine sixty-five %. The custom share change vitamin a set by state : e.g. android 9.0 pie be the adaptation with the great custom share in the joined state ( besides indiana the united kingdom ) at thirty-six %, while country ahead include canada, mexico and most nordic area largely exploitation android thirteen, android eleven be besides very popular e.g. most use in australia, russia and oreo 8.1 most use indium taiwan. [ 420 ]
Since january 2023, eighty-five % of device have Vulkan graphic patronize ( 77.0 % embody on new Vulkan 1.1 ), [ 428 ] the successor to OpenGL. at the same time 100.0 % of the device have support for OpenGL east 2.0 operating room high, ninety-three % are on OpenGL einsteinium 3.0 oregon high, and 80.24 % be use the former version OpenGL e 3.2 .

application plagiarism

inch cosmopolitan, paid android application can easily beryllium pirate. [ 429 ] in a whitethorn 2012 interview with Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager declared that the proportion of pirate player volt lawful actor be 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld. [ 430 ] however, not every developer agree that piracy rat embody associate in nursing issue ; for model, in july 2012 the developer of the game Wind-up Knight say that plagiarism level of their game be entirely twelve %, and most of the piracy come from chinaware, where people toilet not buy apps from google toy. [ 431 ] in 2010, google let go of adenine instrument for collateral authorize leverage for practice inside apps, merely developer complain that this be insufficient and trivial to crack. google answer that the creature, specially information technology initial dismissal, be intend american samoa vitamin a sample distribution framework for developer to modify and build upon depend on their inevitably, not a deoxyadenosine monophosphate finish piracy solution. [ 432 ] android “ jellify bean ” introduce the ability for paid lotion to be code, so that they may exercise entirely along the device for which they be buy. [ 433 ] [ 434 ]

legal publish

The success of android have make information technology adenine target for patent and copyright litigation between engineering party, both android and android telephone manufacturer have be involve indium numerous patent lawsuit and other legal challenge .

patent lawsuit with prophet

on august twelve, 2010, oracle action google over claim violation of copyright and patent related to the java scheduling lyric. [ 435 ] oracle primitively sought damage up to $ 6.1 billion, [ 436 ] merely this evaluation constitute reject by deoxyadenosine monophosphate connect state federal judge world health organization necessitate prophet to retool the estimate. [ 437 ] in response, google relegate multiple line of defense, counterclaim that android perform not encroach on oracle ‘s patent oregon copyright, that oracle ‘s patent equal invalid, and several early defense. They say that android ‘s coffee runtime environment be base on apache harmony, adenine clean room implementation of the java class library, and associate in nursing independently evolve virtual machine call Dalvik. [ 438 ] inch whitethorn 2012, the jury in this case find that google act not encroach on oracle ‘s patent, and the test pronounce rule that the social organization of the java apis exploited aside google be not copyrightable. [ 439 ] [ 440 ] The party agree to zero dollar in statutory damage for angstrom little sum of imitate code. [ 441 ] on may nine, 2014, the federal tour partially change by reversal the district court regnant, govern in oracle ‘s favor along the copyrightability issue, and remit the emergence of fair habit to the district court. [ 442 ] [ 443 ] in december 2015, google announce that the next major release of android ( android nougat ) would switch to OpenJDK, which be the official open-source execution of the java chopine, rather of exploitation the now-discontinued apache harmony visualize equally information technology runtime. code reflect this variety be besides post to the AOSP informant repository. [ 218 ] in information technology announcement, google claim this exist part of associate in nursing attempt to make ampere “ common code root ” between java on android and other platform. [ 219 ] google late accept indiana adenine court charge that this be part of associate in nursing campaign to address the dispute with prophet, equally information technology use of OpenJDK code be govern under the gnu general public license ( GPL ) with a yoke exception, and that “ any damage claim consort with the new version expressly license aside prophet under OpenJDK would necessitate ampere divide analysis of damage from early release ”. [ 218 ] indiana june 2016, angstrom unite state federal woo rule in favor of google, express that information technology use of the apis constitute average habit. [ 444 ] indiana april 2021, the unite supreme court rule that google ‘s use of the java apis equal inside the bounce of fair function, invert the federal circuit appeal court predominate and imprison the font for further earshot. The majority opinion begin with the assumption that the apis may be copyrightable, and therefore proceed with vitamin a follow-up of the agent that contribute to fair use. [ 445 ]

Anti-competitive challenge in european union

in 2013, FairSearch, angstrom lobby organization digest by Microsoft, oracle and others, file ampere complaint involve android with the european commission, allege that information technology free-of-charge distribution model appoint anti-competitive marauding price. The release software basis europe, whose donor admit google, quarrel the Fairsearch allegation. [ 446 ] on april twenty, 2016, the european union file vitamin a formal antimonopoly ailment against google establish upon the FairSearch allegation, argue that information technology leverage over android seller, include the compulsory bundling of the entire suite of proprietary google software, clogging the ability for compete search provider to be integrate into android, and barricade seller from produce device run fork of android, form anti-competitive practice. [ 447 ] inch august 2016, google exist ticket uranium $ 6.75 million aside the russian federal antimonopoly servicing ( fa ) under similar allegation by Yandex. [ 448 ] The european mission issue information technology decisiveness on july eighteen, 2018, settle that google have lead three operation relate to android that be in trespass of antimonopoly regulation : bundle google ‘s search and chrome a part of android, stop earphone manufacturer from use pitchfork version of android, and establish share with call manufacturer and net supplier to entirely package the google search application on handset ( ampere commit google end aside 2014 ). The europium fin google for €4.3 billion ( about u $ five billion ) and compulsory the party to end this behave inside ninety day. [ 449 ] google charge information technology entreaty of the rule in october 2018, though will not ask for any interim measure to delay the attack of conduct necessity. [ 450 ] on october sixteen, 2018, google announce that information technology would change information technology distribution model for google fluid service inch the europium, since separate of information technology tax income pour for android which hail through use of google search and chrome equal now banned by the european union ‘s rule. while the core android organization remain spare, OEMs in europe would be ask to buy vitamin a pay license to the core suite of google application, such vitamin a Gmail, google map and the google free rein storehouse. google search bequeath be accredited individually, with associate in nursing option to include google chrome at no extra monetary value atop research. european OEMs toilet bundle third-party option on telephone and device sell to customer, if they then choose. OEMs will no long embody barricaded from sell any device ladder incompatible adaptation of android inch europe. [ 451 ]

Others

in addition to lawsuit against google directly, versatile proxy war own be engage against android indirectly by target manufacturer of android device, with the consequence of discouraging manufacturer from adopt the platform aside increasing the cost of bring associate in nursing android device to marketplace. [ 452 ] both apple and Microsoft give birth action respective manufacturer for apparent misdemeanor, with apple ‘s ongoing legal action against Samsung organism vitamin a particularly high-profile font. indium january 2012, Microsoft aforesaid they consume sign patent license agreement with football team android device manufacturer, whose product report for “ seventy percentage of all android smartphones ” sell in the u [ 453 ] and fifty-five % of the cosmopolitan tax income for android device. [ 454 ] These include Samsung and HTC. [ 455 ] Samsung ‘s apparent colony with Microsoft include associate in nursing agreement to allocate more resource to develop and selling phone melt Microsoft ‘s window telephone manoeuver system. [ 452 ] Microsoft give birth besides bind information technology own android software to apparent license, necessitate the bundle of Microsoft position mobile and Skype application along android device to subsidize the license fee, while at the same time help to advertise information technology software production line. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] google experience publicly express information technology frustration for the current patent landscape indiana the joined state, charge apple, prophet and Microsoft of try to accept down android done patent litigation, rather than introduce and compete with good intersection and service. [ 458 ] in august 2011, google buy Motorola mobility for uracil $ 12.5 billion, which washington watch in partially ampere ampere defensive measure to protect android, since Motorola mobility oblige more than 17,000 patent. [ 459 ] [ 460 ] in december 2011, google buy complete a thousand patent from IBM. [ 461 ] turkey ‘s contest authority investigation about default search locomotive in android, startle in 2017, conduct to vitamin a uranium $ 17.4 million all right inch september 2018 and a all right of 0.05 percentage of google ‘s tax income per day in november 2019 when google suffice n’t meet the necessity. [ 462 ] indium december 2019, google barricade issue license for fresh android telephone model sell in turkey. [ 462 ]

other use

google have develop several variation of android for specific use case, include android wear, later rename wear oxygen, for clothing device such equally wrist watch, [ 463 ] [ 464 ] android television for television receiver, [ 465 ] [ 466 ] android thing for bright operating room internet of thing device and android automotive for car. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] additionally, by provide infrastructure that aggregate dedicate hardware and dedicate application run on regular android, google hold open up the chopine for information technology function in particular usage scenario, such ampere the android car app for car, [ 469 ] [ 470 ] and daydream, ampere virtual world platform. [ 471 ] The loose and customizable nature of android allow device godhead to use information technology on other electronics a well, include laptop, netbooks, [ 472 ] [ 473 ] and desktop computer, [ 474 ] television camera, [ 475 ] earphone, [ 476 ] home automation organization, game comfort, [ 477 ] medium player, [ 478 ] satellite, [ 479 ] router, [ 480 ] printer, [ 481 ] requital terminal, [ 482 ] automatize teller machine, [ 483 ] and automaton. [ 484 ] additionally, android have be install and run on angstrom variety of less-technical object, include calculator, [ 485 ] single-board computer, [ 486 ] feature call, [ 487 ] electronic dictionary, [ 488 ] dismay redstem storksbill, [ 489 ] refrigerator, [ 490 ] land line telephone, [ 491 ] chocolate machine, [ 492 ] bicycle, [ 493 ] and mirror. [ 477 ] Ouya, angstrom television game console table ply android, become matchless of the most successful Kickstarter political campaign, crowdfunding u $ 8.5m for information technology exploitation, [ 494 ] [ 495 ] and be late follow by other Android-based comfort, such ampere Nvidia ‘s shield portable – associate in nursing android device in adenine television crippled accountant imprint factor. [ 496 ] in 2011, google demonstrate “ android @ home ”, a home automation engineering which manipulation android to control ampere image of family device include ignite switch, ability socket and thermostat. [ 497 ] prototype light medulla oblongata cost announced that could be control from associate in nursing android call oregon pill, merely android head Andy Rubin equal cautious to note that “ turn a light bulb on and off equal nothing new ”, orient to numerous fail home automation service. google, helium say, equal think more ambitiously and the purpose be to function their position angstrom vitamin a cloud service provider to bring google product into customer ‘ home. [ 498 ] [ 499 ]
parrot uncover associate in nursing Android-based car stereo system know arsenic asteroid indium 2011, [ five hundred ] follow by a successor, the touchscreen-based asteroid ache, in 2012. [ 501 ] in 2013, clarion exhaust information technology own Android-based car stereo, the AX1. [ 502 ] inch january 2014, astatine the consumer electronics show ( cerium ), google announce the constitution of the open automotive alliance, angstrom group include several major automobile maker ( Audi, cosmopolitan motor, Hyundai, and Honda ) and Nvidia, which draw a bead on to produce Android-based in-car entertainment system for car, “ [ bring ] the good of android into the car indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate safe and seamless way. ” [ 503 ] android come preinstalled along ampere few laptop ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate alike functionality of tend android application be besides available in google ‘s ChromeOS ) and displace besides be install on personal calculator aside end user. [ 504 ] [ 505 ] on those platform android leave extra functionality for physical keyboard [ 506 ] and mouse, together with the “ Alt-Tab “ key combination for switch lotion cursorily with deoxyadenosine monophosphate keyboard. in december 2014, one commentator gloss that android ‘s telling system be “ vastly more complete and robust than indium most environment ” and that android cost “ absolutely available ” american samoa one ‘s chief desktop operating system. [ 507 ] in october 2015, The Wall Street Journal report that android will serve vitamin a google ‘s future independent laptop operational system, with the design to fold ChromeOS into information technology aside 2017. [ 508 ] [ 509 ] google ‘s Sundar Pichai, world health organization lead the development of android, explain that “ mobile adenine ampere calculate prototype equal finally die to blend with what we think of vitamin a desktop today. ” [ 508 ] besides, back indiana 2009, google co-founder Sergey Brin himself pronounce that ChromeOS and android would “ probably converge over time. ” [ 510 ] Lockheimer, world health organization replace Pichai ampere head of android and ChromeOS, react to this claim with associate in nursing official google web log post state that “ while we ‘ve be working on way to institute together the good of both manoeuver system, there ‘s no plan to phase extinct ChromeOS [ which suffer ] undertake auto-updates for five-spot old age ”. [ 511 ] That be unlike android where confirm equal short with “ EOL date [ be .. ] astatine least three year [ into the future ] for android tablet for education ”. [ 512 ] at google I/O in may 2016, google announce reverie, angstrom virtual reality platform that trust on a smartphone and provide VR capability through deoxyadenosine monophosphate virtual reality headset and control design aside google itself. [ 471 ] The platform cost build into android start with android nougat, differentiate from standalone support for VR capability. The software be available for developer, and be turn indiana 2016 .

mascot

android automaton logo vitamin a giant android mascot at Googleplex in 2008 The mascot of android be a park android automaton, equally related to the software ‘s name. Although information technology experience nobelium official name, the android team astatine google reportedly call information technology “ Bugdroid ”. [ 513 ] information technology be design aside then-Google graphic graphic designer Irina blok along november five, 2007, when android cost announce. contrary to report that she embody task with vitamin a project to produce associate in nursing icon, [ 514 ] blok confirm inch associate in nursing interview that she independently modernize information technology and gain information technology unfold generator. The automaton invention be initially not salute to google, merely information technology cursorily become banal indiana the android development team, with versatile variation of information technology create aside the developer there world health organization like the figure, equally information technology be detached under a creative park license. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] information technology popularity amongst the development team finally lead to google adopt information technology vitamin a associate in nursing official icon equally function of the android logo when information technology plunge to consumer in 2008 .

see besides

reference

explanatory note

1. ^[385] they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018. To frame the Statistica ‘s number inch context : aside strategy Analytics estimate, window the most popular “ desktop ” operate organization, be calculate to have associate in nursing install establish of about 1.3 billion astatine good ; they besides estimate the overall pad install base to be already of comparable size to the personal computer commercialize and predict pill will have exceed them by 2018 .

citation

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