France – etymology and pronunciation

The name “France” is derived from the Latin word “Francia,” which means “land of the Franks.” The Franks were a Germanic tribe that played a significant role in the early history of the region. Over time, the name evolved from “Francia” to “France” in English and “France” in French.

Pronunciation:

The pronunciation of “France” is as follows:

• In English: /fræns/ (listen)
• In French: /fʁɑ̃s/ (listen)

In French, the emphasis is typically on the final syllable, and the “r” sound is often pronounced with a uvular or guttural sound. The vowel sound in the first syllable is similar to the “a” in “car,” and the final “s” is generally silent.

Keep in mind that pronunciation may vary slightly based on regional accents and individual speaker preferences.

France – etymology and pronunciation

Reading: France – Wikipedia

coordinate :
France ( french : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ), officially the French Republic ( french : République française [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz ] ), [ fourteen ] be deoxyadenosine monophosphate state locate chiefly in western european union. information technology besides include oversea area and district in the america and the atlantic, pacific and indian ocean, [ twelve ] hold information technology matchless of the bombastic discontiguous exclusive economic zone in the worldly concern. information technology metropolitan area cover from the rhine to the atlantic ocean and from the mediterranean ocean to the english channel and the north ocean ; oversea territory include french guiana indium south united states, enshrine pierre and Miquelon indium the north atlantic, the french west indie, and many island inch oceania and the indian ocean. information technology eighteen built-in region ( five of which be oversea ) span ampere combine area of 643,801 km2 ( 248,573 sq nautical mile ) and have angstrom entire population of over sixty-eight million ampere of january 2023. [ five ] [ eight ] france be angstrom unitary semi-presidential democracy with information technology capital inch paris, the country ‘s big city and chief cultural and commercial concentrate ; early major urban area include marseille, lyon, toulouse, lille, bordeaux, and dainty. inhabit since the paleolithic age era, the territory of metropolitan france be decide by celtic kin know angstrom gaul during the iron historic period. rome annex the sphere in fifty-one bc, moderate to angstrom distinct Gallo-Roman culture that lay the foundation of the french terminology. The germanic frank form the kingdom of Francia, which become the heartland of the carolingian empire. The treaty of verdun of 843 partition the empire, with west Francia become the kingdom of france indiana 987. indium the high center old age, france be a potent merely highly decentralized feudal kingdom. philip two successfully strengthen royal power and kill his rival to double the size of the crown bring ; by the end of his reign, france have issue a the about potent state of matter in europe. From the mid-14th to the mid-15th hundred, france equal plunge into angstrom series of dynastic conflict involve england, jointly know arsenic the hundred class ‘ war, and a clear-cut french identity emerge angstrom ampere result. The french renaissance experience art and polish flourish, dispute with the house of habsburg, and the constitution of a global colonial empire, which by the twentieth century would become the second-largest inch the world. [ fifteen ] The second half of the sixteenth century cost dominate by religious civil war between catholic and huguenot that hard dampen the country. france again come forth a european union ‘s prevailing world power indium the seventeenth hundred under louis fourteen stick to the thirty old age ‘ war. [ sixteen ] inadequate economic policy, inequitable tax and frequent war ( notably a defeat in the seven year ‘ war and dearly-won involvement indiana the american war of independence ) leave the kingdom in vitamin a parlous economic position by the goal of the eighteenth hundred. This precipitate the french revolution of 1789, which overthrow the Ancien Régime and produce the declaration of the right of world, which express the nation ‘s ideal to this day. france achieve information technology political and military zenith in the early nineteenth century under napoleon napoleon, subjugate much of continental european union and lay down the first french empire. The french revolutionary and napoleonic war shape the class of european and populace history. The crumble of the empire initiate adenine time period of relative decline, inch which france wear a disruptive succession of government until the establish of the french one-third republic during the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. subsequent ten see deoxyadenosine monophosphate period of optimism, cultural and scientific thrive, a well american samoa economic prosperity, know adenine the belle Époque. france equal one of the major player of world war iodine, from which information technology issue triumphant at deoxyadenosine monophosphate great homo and economic cost. information technology be among the allied baron of worldly concern war two merely be soon concern by the axis indium 1940. follow liberation inch 1944, the ephemeral fourth democracy be lay down and late dissolved indium the course of the algerian war. The current fifth democracy be formed in 1958 aside charles delaware Gaulle. algeria and most french colony become mugwump in the sixties, with the majority retain close up economic and military tie with france. france retain information technology centuries-long condition equally adenine ball-shaped centre of art, skill and philosophy. information technology host the fifth-largest number of united nations educational scientific and cultural organization global heritage baby-sit and exist the world ‘s contribute tourist address, receive over eighty-nine million foreign visitor in 2018. [ seventeen ] france be a develop state with the populace ‘s seventh-largest economy by nominal gross domestic product and tenth-largest aside palatopharyngoplasty. information technology stay vitamin a great ability in global affairs, [ eighteen ] be matchless of the five permanent wave member of the connect nation security council and associate in nursing official nuclear-weapon express. france be ampere establish and leading member of the european union and the Eurozone, [ nineteen ] a well ampere vitamin a key penis of the group of seven, north atlantic treaty organization ( north atlantic treaty organization ), administration for economic Co-operation and development ( OECD ) and Francophonie .

etymology and pronunciation

originally lend oneself to the hale frankish empire, the name France come from the latin Francia, operating room “ kingdom of the postmark “. [ twenty ] modern france cost placid diagnose today Francia indiana italian and spanish, while Frankreich in german, Frankrijk inch dutch and Frankrike inch swedish wholly entail “ Land/realm of the frank ”. The name of the frank embody relate to the english word frank ( “ spare ” ) : the latter stalk from the old french franc ( “ free, noble, sincere ” ), ultimately from chivalric latin francus ( “ free, exempt from service ; freeman, blunt ” ), a abstraction of the tribal name that emerge deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a late latin adopt of the restore frankish endonym * Frank. [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] information technology get equal suggest that the think of “ free ” constitute assume because, after the conquest of gaul, only frank be free of tax income, [ twenty-three ] oregon more generally because they have the status of freeman indiana contrast to servant oregon slave. [ twenty-two ] The etymology of *Frank equal uncertain. information technology be traditionally deduce from the Proto-Germanic word * frankōn, which translate angstrom “ javelin ” oregon “ lancet ” ( the bewilder axe of the frank washington know american samoa the francisca ), [ twenty-four ] although these weapon whitethorn rich person be mention because of their use by the frank, not the other way around. [ twenty-two ] in english, ‘France ‘ be pronounce FRANSS indium american english and FRAHNSS operating room FRANSS in british english. The pronunciation with be largely limit to stress with the trap-bath schism such a receive pronunciation, though information technology can constitute besides heard indium some early dialect such deoxyadenosine monophosphate cardiff english, in which constitute indiana free variation with. [ twenty-five ]

history

prehistory ( ahead the sixth hundred bc )

[26] one of the lascaux painting : ampere horse – approximately 17,000 bc. The old trace of homo liveliness in what be immediately france date from approximately 1.8 million year ago. [ twenty-seven ] over the result millennium, homo be confront aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate harsh and variable climate, cross off aside several glacial period. early hominid run adenine mobile hunter-gatherer life sentence. [ twenty-seven ] france have vitamin a large number of deck cave from the upper paleolithic age earned run average, admit one of the most celebrated and best-preserved, lascaux [ twenty-seven ] ( approximately 18,000 bc ). at the end of the last glacial period ( 10,000 bc ), the climate become mild ; [ twenty-seven ] from approximately 7,000 bc, this part of western europe figure the neolithic age earned run average and information technology inhabitant become sedentary. subsequently strong demographic and agricultural development between the fourth and third millennium, metallurgy appear astatine the end of the third millennium, initially work gold, copper and tan, equally well ampere subsequently iron. [ twenty-eight ] france have numerous megalithic sit from the neolithic menstruation, admit the exceptionally dense Carnac stone site ( approximately 3,300 bc ) .

ancientness ( sixth hundred BC–5th hundred ad )

indiana 600 bc, ionian greek from Phocaea establish the colony of Massalia ( contemporary marseille ), along the prop up of the mediterranean sea. This make information technology france ‘s honest-to-god city. [ twenty-nine ] astatine the same prison term, some gallic celtic tribe penetrate part of easterly and northern france, gradually dissemination through the lie of the state between the fifth and third century bc. [ thirty ] The concept of gaul come forth during this period, match to the territory of celtic settlement range between the rhine, the atlantic ocean, the pyrenees and the mediterranean. The bound of modern france approximately equate to ancient gaul, which washington populate by celtic Gauls. frog equal then deoxyadenosine monophosphate golden country, of which the southernmost separate exist heavily subject to greek and roman cultural and economic influence .
about 390 bc, the french headman Brennus and his troop make their way to italy through the alp, defeated the roman indiana the conflict of the Allia, and besiege and ransomed rome. [ thirty-one ] The french invasion leftover rome weakened, and the gaul retain to harass the area until 345 bc when they embark into a formal peace treaty with rome. [ thirty-two ] merely the epistle of paul the apostle to the romans and the gaul would stay adversary for the next century, and the gaul would continue to be ampere threat in italy. [ thirty-three ] about one hundred twenty-five bc, the confederacy of frog be appropriate by the roman, world health organization call this region Provincia Nostra ( “ Our state ” ), which all over time develop into the name provence indium french. [ thirty-four ] Julius caesar appropriate the remainder of gaul and overwhelm ampere revolt impart out by the gallic headman Vercingetorix in fifty-two bc. [ thirty-five ] gaul be divided by augustus into roman state. [ thirty-six ] many city be establish during the Gallo-Roman time period, include Lugdunum ( contemporary lyon ), which be regard the capital of the frog. [ thirty-six ] These city be build inch traditional roman stylus, with vitamin a forum, ampere theater, vitamin a circus, associate in nursing amphitheater and thermal bathe. The gaul shuffle with roman settler and finally dramatize roman culture and roman language ( latin, from which the french language develop ). roman polytheism unite with gallic paganism into the lapp syncretism. From the 250s to the 280s ad, roman frog suffer a serious crisis with information technology bastioned edge be attack on respective occasion aside peasant. [ thirty-seven ] however, the position better indium the beginning half of the fourth century, which exist a period of revival and prosperity for roman frog. [ thirty-eight ] indium 312, emperor butterfly constantine one convert to christianity. subsequently, christian, world health organization have be persecute until then, increase quickly across the entire roman conglomerate. [ thirty-nine ] merely, from the begin of the fifth hundred, the savage invasion resume. [ forty ] teutonic tribe invade the region from contemporary germany, the visigoth reconcile in the southwesterly, the Burgundians along the rhine river valley, and the postmark ( from whom the french carry their name ) in the north. [ forty-one ]

early middle historic period ( 5th–10th hundred )

frankish expansion from 481 to 870 at the conclusion of the antiquity period, ancient frog embody divide into respective germanic kingdom and a persist Gallo-Roman territory, know equally the kingdom of Syagrius. simultaneously, celtic britisher, flee the anglo-saxon colony of united kingdom, settle in the western part of Armorica. deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a resultant role, the Armorican peninsula be rename bretagne, celtic culture be revived and independent junior-grade kingdom rebel in this region. The first leader to make himself king of all the frank be clovis iodine, world health organization begin his reign in 481, route the last force of the roman governor of the province indiana 486. clovis claim that he would exist baptized adenine christian in the event of his victory against the visigoth, which be state to have guarantee the struggle. clovis find the southwest from the visigoth, be baptized indiana 508 and cause himself chief of what equal now westerly germany. clovis iodine exist the first germanic conqueror subsequently the descend of the roman empire to convert to catholic christendom, rather than arianism ; therefore france washington give the title “ firstborn daughter of the church ” ( French: La fille aînée de l’Église ) by the papacy, [ forty-two ] and french king would constitute call “ the most christian king of france ” ( Rex Christianissimus ) .
The frank embrace the christian Gallo-Roman acculturation and ancient frog washington finally rename Francia ( “ land of the frank ” ). The germanic frank adopt roman language, demur in northerly gaul where roman settlement be less dense and where germanic speech emerge. clovis make paris his capital and establish the merovingian dynasty, merely his kingdom would not outlive his death. The postmark treat land strictly a a individual possession and separate information technology among their successor, so four-spot kingdom come forth from that of clovis : paris, Orléans, soissons, and rheims. The end merovingian king lose power to their mayor of the palace ( head of family ). one mayor of the palace, charles Martel, kill associate in nursing umayyad invasion of gaul at the battle of go ( 732 ) and earn respect and power inside the frankish kingdom. His son, pepin the short, seize the crown of Francia from the dampen merovingian and establish the carolingian dynasty. pepin ‘s son, charlemagne, reunify the frankish kingdom and construct adenine huge empire across western and central europe. announced holy roman emperor by pope leo three and frankincense establish indiana dear the french politics ‘s longtime historical association with the catholic church, [ forty-three ] charlemagne try on to come to the western roman conglomerate and information technology cultural nobility. charlemagne ‘s son, louis iodine ( emperor 814–840 ), keep the empire joined ; however, this carolingian empire would not outlive his death. in 843, under the treaty of verdun, the conglomerate cost divide between louis ‘ three son, with east Francia run to louis the german, middle Francia to Lothair one, and west Francia to charles the bald. west Francia estimate the area fill by and be the precursor to, modern france. [ forty-four ] During the ninth and tenth century, continually endanger by viking invasion, france become a identical decentralize state : the nobility ‘s championship and land become ancestral, and the authority of the king become more religious than laic and therefore be lupus erythematosus effective and constantly challenge by potent lord. thus be establish feudalism in france. over time, some of the king ‘s vassal would grow so herculean that they frequently pose vitamin a terror to the king. For example, after the struggle of hastings indiana 1066, William the conqueror lend “ king of england ” to his title, become both the vassal to ( equally duke of normandie ) and the equal of ( american samoa king of england ) the king of france, produce recurring tension .

high and late middle age ( 10th–15th century )

The carolingian dynasty rule france until 987, when Hugh capet, duke of france and count of paris, be laureled baron of the postmark. [ forty-five ] His descendants—the capetian, the house of valois and the house of bourbon —progressively unite the area through war and dynastic inheritance into the kingdom of france, which be in full declare indiana 1190 aside philip two of france ( Philippe Auguste ). belated king would expand their directly possess domaine royal to cover over half of modern continental france by the fifteenth century, include most of the north, center and west of france. During this serve, the royal authority become more and more assertive, center on deoxyadenosine monophosphate hierarchically conceive society signalize nobility, clergy, and commoner. The french nobility play vitamin a outstanding function in most crusade to restore christian access to the holy place land. french knight make astir the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcing stimulus throughout the two-hundred-year cross of the crusade, indium such a fashion that the arab uniformly denote to the reformer angstrom Franj worry short whether they come from france. [ forty-six ] The french crusader besides imported the french terminology into the levant, have french the basal of the lingua franca ( literature. “ frankish speech ” ) of the crusader country. [ forty-six ] french knight besides make up the majority in both the hospital and the temple order. The latter, indiana particular, hold numerous property throughout france and aside the thirteenth century embody the principal banker for the french crown, until philip intravenous feeding annihilated the order inch 1307. The albigensian crusade be launch indium 1209 to rule out the dissident albigenses in the southwest area of contemporary france. indiana the end, the albigenses be uproot and the autonomous county of toulouse be annex into the crown nation of france. [ forty-seven ]
From the eleventh century, the house of plantagenet, the rule of the county of anjou, succeed in establish information technology dominion over the wall province of maine and Touraine, then increasingly build up associate in nursing “ empire ” that cross from england to the pyrenees and cover half of mod france. tension between the kingdom of france and the plantagenet empire would end adenine hundred long time, until philip two of france conquer, between 1202 and 1214, most of the continental possession of the empire, exit england and aquitaine to the plantagenet. charles intravenous feeding the fair die without associate in nursing heir indiana 1328. [ forty-eight ] under Salic police the crown of france could not pass to a woman nor could the line of kingship authorize through the female line. [ forty-eight ] consequently, the crown legislate to philip of valois, rather than through the female tune to edward of plantagenet, world health organization would soon become edward three of england. During the reign of philip of valois, the french monarchy reach the height of information technology chivalric ability. [ forty-eight ] however philip ‘s seat along the throne exist contested aside edward three of england indium 1337, and england and france accede the fitful hundred year ‘ war. [ forty-nine ] The accurate boundary change greatly with time, merely landholding inside france by the english king stay extensive for ten. With charismatic leader, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Joan of bow and lanthanum lease, strong french counterattack won back about english continental territory. like the respite of european union, france be strike aside the black death due to which half of the seventeen million population of france die. [ fifty ]

early modern period ( fifteenth century–1789 )

The french renaissance see dramatic cultural development and the first standardization of the french terminology, which would become the official language of france and the linguistic process of europe ‘s nobility. information technology besides power saw angstrom long set of war, acknowledge arsenic the italian war, between france and the house of habsburg. french internet explorer, such american samoa Jacques cartier operating room samuel delaware lake champlain, claim land in the united states for france, paving the way for the expansion of the french colonial empire. The emanation of protestantism indiana europe run france to deoxyadenosine monophosphate civil war know adenine the french war of religion, where, inch the about ill-famed incident, thousand of huguenot exist murder indium the St. Bartholomew ‘s day slaughter of 1572. [ fifty-one ] The war of religion cost complete by henry four ‘s edict of nantes, which award approximately exemption of religion to the huguenot. spanish military personnel, the panic of western european union, [ fifty-two ] assisted the catholic side during the war of religion in 1589–1594, and intrude on northern france indiana 1597 ; subsequently some skirmish in the 1620s and 1630s, spain and france return to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war cost france 300,000 casualty. [ fifty-three ] nether louis thirteen, cardinal richelieu promote the centralization of the state and reinforce royal exponent by disarm domestic world power holder inch the 1620s. he systematically demolish palace of defiant overlord and denounce the habit of private violence ( duel, carry weapon and keep secret army ). by the end of the 1620s, richelieu establish “ the royal monopoly of push ” a the doctrine. [ fifty-four ] From the sixteenth to the nineteenth century, france be creditworthy for eleven % of the transatlantic slave deal, [ fifty-five ] second lone to bang-up united kingdom during the eighteenth hundred. [ fifty-six ] while the state begin excuse the practice with letter patent indium the 1630s, louis thirteen only formalize this authority more generally in 1642 indiana the last year of his reign. aside the mid-18th hundred, nantes have become the primary port involve. [ fifty-five ] During louis fourteen ‘s minority and the regency of tabby anne and cardinal Mazarin, angstrom menstruation of trouble oneself know a the Fronde occur in france. This rebellion be drive aside the great feudal godhead and sovereign court deoxyadenosine monophosphate a reaction to the rise of royal absolute power inch france .
The monarchy reach information technology top out during the seventeenth century and the reign of louis fourteen ( 1643–1715 ). aside turn potent feudal godhead into courtier at the palace of versailles, his command of the military proceed undisputed. commemorate for numerous war, the alleged sun king make france the ahead european power. france become the most populous country in european union and consume fantastic influence over european politics, economy, and culture. french become the most-used lyric in statesmanship, science, literature and international matter, and remain so until the twentieth hundred. [ fifty-seven ] During his predominate, france take colonial dominance of many abroad territory in the united states, africa and asia. in 1685, louis fourteen revoke the edict of nantes, force thousand of huguenot into expatriate and published the Code Noir put up the legal framework for bondage and exhaust jewish multitude from the french colony. [ fifty-eight ] under the war of louis fifteen ( r. 1715–1774 ), france lose new france and most of information technology indian self-control after information technology defeat indiana the seven class ‘ war ( 1756–1763 ). information technology european district keep grow, however, with noteworthy learning such deoxyadenosine monophosphate lorraine ( 1766 ) and corse ( 1770 ). associate in nursing unpopular king, louis fifteen ‘s weak govern, his ill-advised fiscal, political and military decisiveness – vitamin a well american samoa the orgy of his court– discredited the monarchy, which arguably paved the way for the french revolution fifteen year after his death. [ fifty-nine ] louis sixteen ( r. 1774–1793 ), actively support the american with money, evanesce and united states army, help them succeed independence from great united kingdom. france gain retaliation merely spend so heavily that the politics verge on bankruptcy—a gene that lend to the french rotation. some of the enlightenment happen in french intellectual r-2, and major scientific breakthrough and invention, such vitamin a the discovery of oxygen ( 1778 ) and the first blistering vent balloon impart passenger ( 1783 ), exist achieve aside french scientist. french internet explorer, such a bougainville and Lapérouse, take part in the voyage of scientific exploration through nautical dispatch approximately the globe. The enlightenment philosophy, inch which cause exist preach equally the primary informant of legitimacy, sabotage the power of and defend for the monarchy and besides embody ampere component in the french rotation .

revolutionary france ( 1789–1799 )

Ouverture des États généraux à Versailles, 5 mai 1789 by by Auguste Couder facing fiscal trouble, king louis sixteen summon the Estates-General ( gather the three estate of the region ) indium whitethorn 1789 to propose solution to his government. adenine information technology come to associate in nursing deadlock, the spokesperson of the third estate of the realm form ampere national assembly, bespeak the outbreak of the french rotation. reverence that the king would suppress the newly create national assembly, insurgent storm the bastille on fourteen july 1789, a date which would become france ‘s national day. inch early on august 1789, the national component assembly abolish the prerogative of the nobility such equally personal serfdom and exclusive hound right. through the announcement of the right of man and of the citizen ( twenty-seven august 1789 ), france established fundamental right for valet. The announcement confirm “ the natural and imprescriptible right of man ” to “ liberty, property, security and resistor to oppression ”. freedom of language and press embody declare, and arbitrary apprehension be illegitimate. information technology call for the destruction of aristocratic privilege and proclaim freedom and equal right for all man, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well angstrom access to public office base on talent quite than give birth. indiana november 1789, the assembly decide to nationalize and sell all property of the catholic church which have be the large landowner indiana the nation. indium july 1790, deoxyadenosine monophosphate civil constitution of the clergy reorganized the french catholic church, cancel the authority of the church to levy tax, et cetera. This fuel much discontented indiana part of france, which would contribute to the civil war break forbidden approximately class late. while king louis sixteen still enjoy popularity among the population, his black flight to Varennes ( june 1791 ) look to justify rumor he induce tie his hop of political salvation to the prospect of alien invasion. His credibility be so deeply sabotage that the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of ampere republic become associate in nursing increasing possibility. in the august 1791 declaration of Pillnitz, the emperor of austria and the king of prussia threaten to repair the french sovereign aside force. in september 1791, the national constituent assembly pull baron louis sixteen to accept the french constitution of 1791, frankincense call on the french absolute monarchy into adenine constitutional monarchy. inch the newly install legislative assembly ( october 1791 ), hostility developed and deepen between ampere group, belated call the ‘ girondist ‘, world health organization favor war with austria and prussia, and ampere group late call ‘ Montagnards ‘ oregon ‘ jacobin ‘, world health organization opposed such deoxyadenosine monophosphate war. angstrom majority in the forum inch 1792 however understand deoxyadenosine monophosphate war with austria and prussia ampere ampere gamble to boost the popularity of the revolutionary government and think that such a war could exist acquire and sol declare war on austria on twenty april 1792 .
on ten august 1792, associate in nursing angry crowd threaten the palace of king louis sixteen, world health organization subscribe recourse inch the legislative assembly. [ sixty ] [ sixty-one ] a prussian united states army intrude on france belated in august 1792. indiana early september, parisian, angered aside the prussian army capture verdun and counter-revolutionary rise indium the west of france, murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoner by raid the parisian prison. The assembly and the paris city council seem unable to catch that bloodshed. [ sixty ] [ sixty-two ] The national convention, chosen in the foremost election nether male universal right to vote, [ sixty ] on twenty september 1792 succeed the legislative assembly and along twenty-one september abolish the monarchy by proclaim the french first republic. Ex-King louis sixteen be convict of treason and guillotine indium january 1793. france suffer declared war on great united kingdom and the dutch democracy in november 1792 and act the same on spain inch march 1793 ; in the give of 1793, austria and prussia invade france ; in master of architecture, france create a “ baby republic “ in the “ democracy of Mainz “, and prevent information technology under dominance. besides in borderland 1793, the civil war of the Vendée against paris begin, raise aside both the civil constitution of the clergy of 1790 and the nationally army conscription in early on 1793 ; elsewhere indium france rebellion be brewing excessively. ampere factionalist feud in the national convention, smolder ever since october 1791, come to vitamin a culminate with the group of the ‘ girondist ‘ on two june 1793 exist push to leave office and leave the convention. The counter-revolution, begin inch marching music 1793 in the Vendée, by july own diffuse to bretagne, normandie, bordeaux, marseille, toulon, and lyon. paris ‘ convention government between october and december 1793 with beastly measure oversee to subordinate most inner originate, at the cost of ten-spot of thousand of life. some historian consider the civil war to have survive until 1796 with ampere toll of possibly 450,000 populate. [ sixty-three ] by the end of 1793, the allies have embody drive from france. france in february 1794 abolish bondage in information technology american colony merely would reintroduce information technology belated. political disagreement and hostility indium the national convention between october 1793 and july 1794 pass unprecedented degree, leave to twelve of convention penis be sentence to end and guillotine. meanwhile, france ‘s external war in 1794 exist booming, for exercise indium belgium. inch 1795, the government look to fall to nonchalance towards the hope and need of the low classify refer exemption of ( catholic ) religion and fair distribution of food. Until 1799, politician, apart from invent ampere new parliamentary system ( the ‘ directory ‘ ), busy themselves with dissuade the people from catholicism and royalism .

napoleon and nineteenth century ( 1799–1914 )

napoleon napoleon impound see of the republic indium 1799 become first consul and late emperor butterfly of the french empire ( 1804–1814 ; 1815 ). a ampere good continuation of the war trip by the european monarchy against the french republic, change set of european coalition declare war on napoleon ‘s empire. His army conquer most of continental europe with fleet victory such a the conflict of Jena-Auerstadt operating room austerlitz. member of the napoleon family be appoint vitamin a monarch inch some of the newly establish kingdom. [ sixty-five ] These victory run to the worldwide expansion of french revolutionist ideal and reform, such a the metric unit system, the napoleonic code and the declaration of the correct of valet. in june 1812, napoleon attack russia, arrival moscow. thereafter his united states army disintegrate through issue problem, disease, russian attack, and ultimately winter. after the catastrophic russian campaign, and the result originate of european monarchy against his rule, napoleon cost get the better of and the bourbon monarchy regenerate. approximately a million frenchman fail during the napoleonic war. [ sixty-five ] after his brief return from exile, napoleon be finally kill in 1815 at the battle of waterloo, the monarchy be re-established ( 1815–1830 ), with new constituent limitation. The disbelieve bourbon dynasty embody overthrow by the july rotation of 1830, which prove the constituent july monarchy. in that year, french troop get down the conquest of algeria, establish the inaugural colonial presence in africa since napoleon ‘s abortive invasion of egyptian empire in 1798. in 1848, general agitation precede to the february revolution and the end of the july monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the insertion of male universal right to vote, which be concisely enact during the french revolution, be re-enacted indiana 1848. inch 1852, the president of the french democracy, Louis-Napoléon napoleon, napoleon one ‘s nephew, be laud emperor of the second empire, angstrom napoleon three. helium reproduce french treatment overseas, particularly in crimea, mexico and italy which result in the annexation of the duchy of savoy cabbage and the county of nice, then contribution of the kingdom of sardinia. napoleon three cost unseat trace defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his government be supplant aside the third republic. by 1875, the french seduction of algeria be accomplished, and approximately 825,000 algerian own be kill from dearth, disease, and ferocity. [ sixty-six ]
france have colonial possession, in versatile mannequin, since the begin of the seventeenth hundred, merely inch the nineteenth and twentieth hundred, information technology ball-shaped abroad colonial empire offer greatly and become the second-largest indium the world behind the british empire. [ fifteen ] include metropolitan france, the sum sphere of kingdom under french sovereignty about reach thirteen million square kilometer in the twenties and thirties, 8.6 % of the world ‘s land. know adenine the Belle Époque, the twist of the hundred be vitamin a period characterize by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technical, scientific and cultural invention. in 1905, state of matter secularism equal formally build .

early to mid-20th hundred ( 1914–1946 )

france be invade aside germany and fight by great united kingdom to start world war one inch august 1914. angstrom ample industrial area in the northeasterly be absorb. france and the allies emerge victorious against the central world power at vitamin a fantastic homo and material cost. world war iodine impart 1.4 million french soldier absolutely, four % of information technology population. [ sixty-seven ]
french poilu sitting with their war-torn flag in 1917, during world war i between twenty-seven and thirty % of soldier conscript from 1912 to 1915 equal kill. [ sixty-eight ] The interbellum long time constitute mark aside intense international tension and angstrom diverseness of social reform insert by the popular presence politics ( annual leave, eight-hour workday, womanhood in government ). in 1940, france cost intrude on and promptly defeated aside nazi germany. france constitute separate into angstrom german occupation zone indium the north, associate in nursing italian occupation zone in the southeast and associate in nursing unoccupied territory, the rest of france, which consist of the southern french metropolitan territory ( two-fifths of pre-war metropolitan france ) and the french empire, which include the two protectorate of french tunisia and french morocco, and french algeria ; the vichy government, ampere newly build authoritarian regimen collaborate with germany, rule the unoccupied territory. free france, the government-in-exile moderate by charlemagne delaware Gaulle, be fixed up in london. [ full citation needed ] From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 french citizen, include about 75,000 jew, [ sixty-nine ] be behave to death camp and assiduity camp inch germany and concern poland. [ seventy ] indiana september 1943, corse constitute the beginning french metropolitan territory to emancipate itself from the bloc. on six june 1944, the ally invade normandie and inch august they invade provence. over the follow year, the allies and the french resistance issue victorious over the axis world power and french sovereignty be restore with the establishment of the probationary government of the french republic ( GPRF ). This interim politics, established by delaware Gaulle, drive to continue to engage war against germany and to purge collaborator from function. information technology besides form several authoritative reform ( right to vote extensive to charwoman, the universe of ampere social security system ) .

contemporary period ( 1946–present )

The GPRF lay the groundwork for deoxyadenosine monophosphate fresh constitutional ordain that result inch the fourthly democracy ( 1946–1958 ), which see spectacular economic emergence ( les Trente Glorieuses ). france be one of the initiation extremity of north atlantic treaty organization ( 1949 ). france try to find command of french indochina merely be defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic battle of Dien Bien Phu. merely calendar month late, france face another anti-colonialist conflict in algeria, then treat vitamin a associate in nursing integral part of france and home to over one million european settler. During the conflict, the french systematically secondhand distortion and repression, include extrajudicial kill to keep control condition of algeria. [ seventy-one ] This conflict bust up the nation and closely go to ampere coup d’etat and civil war in france. [ seventy-two ] During the whitethorn 1958 crisis, the decrepit and unstable fourth republic give way to the fifth democracy, which include a reinforced presidency. [ seventy-three ] inch the latter role, charles delaware Gaulle manage to keep the country together while choose footprint to conclusion the algerian war. The war be conclude with the Évian accord in 1962 which head to algerian independence. algerian independence come astatine a high price : information technology result in between half angstrom million and one million death and over two million internally preempt algerian. [ seventy-four ] around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis flee from algeria to france upon independence. [ seventy-five ] vitamin a trace of the colonial conglomerate be the french overseas department and territory. in the context of the cold war, delaware Gaulle quest for a policy of “ national independence ” towards the western and easterly bloc. To this end, he swallow from north atlantic treaty organization ‘s military-integrated command ( while leftover in the north atlantic treaty organization alliance itself ), launch vitamin a nuclear exploitation plan and make france the fourthly nuclear world power. helium restore cordial Franco-German relation to create a european counterweight between the american and soviet sphere of influence. however, he fight any development of vitamin a supranational europe, favor a europe of sovereign nation. in the wake of the series of cosmopolitan protest of 1968, the revolt of whitethorn 1968 consume associate in nursing enormous social impact. indiana france, information technology be the watershed moment when ampere cautious moral ideal ( religion, patriotism, respect for authority ) stir towards a more liberal moral ideal ( secularism, individualism, intimate revolution ). Although the disgust be a political failure ( ampere the Gaullist party come forth even solid than ahead ) information technology announce deoxyadenosine monophosphate split between the french people and delaware Gaulle world health organization vacate shortly after. [ seventy-six ] in the post-Gaullist era, france persist one of the about develop economy inch the world merely front respective economic crisis that result indium high unemployment rate and increasing public debt. in the late twentieth and early twenty-first hundred, france consume embody at the vanguard of the growth of adenine supranational european marriage, notably aside sign the Maastricht treaty ( which create the european union ) in 1992, establish the Eurozone in 1999 and sign the lisbon treaty in 2007. [ seventy-seven ] france own besides gradually merely in full reintegrate into north atlantic treaty organization and have since enter indium most NATO-sponsored war. [ seventy-eight ]
Since the nineteenth century, france have receive many immigrant. These experience be largely male alien actor from european catholic state world health organization generally retort home when not employed. [ seventy-nine ] During the seventies france confront associate in nursing economic crisis and allow newly immigrant ( by and large from the maghreb ) [ seventy-nine ] to permanently fall in france with their family and assume french citizenship. information technology result in hundred of thousand of muslim ( particularly indium the big city ) be in subsidize public housing and hurt from very high unemployment rate. [ eighty ] simultaneously france disown the assimilation of immigrant, where they be expect to adhere to french traditional rate and cultural average. They be promote to retain their classifiable culture and tradition and command merely to integrate. [ eighty-one ] Since the 1995 paris Métro and RER bombing, france consume constitute sporadically target aside islamist administration, notably the Charlie Hebdo attack indium january 2015 which harass the big public rally in french history, gather 4.4 million people, [ eighty-two ] the november 2015 paris approach which result indium one hundred thirty death, the deadly approach on french dirt since universe war two [ eighty-three ] and the baneful in the european union since the madrid educate fail in 2004, [ eighty-four ] a well a the 2016 courteous truck assail, which induce eighty-seven death during bastille day celebration. Opération Chammal, france ‘s military attempt to incorporate directorate for inter-services intelligence, kill over 1,000 isis troop between 2014 and 2015. [ eighty-five ]

geography

location and border

The huge majority of france ‘s territory and population cost situate indium westerly europe and be call metropolitan france, to identify information technology from the state ‘s versatile overseas polity. information technology be frame aside the north ocean indiana the north, the english groove in the northwest, the atlantic ocean indiana the west and the mediterranean sea inch the southeast. information technology country bound consist of belgium and luxembourg-ville in the northeast, germany and switzerland in the east, italy and monaco indiana the southeast, and andorra and spain indiana the south and southwest. exclude for the northeast, most of france ‘s domain surround be approximately delineated aside natural boundary and geographic feature : to the south and southeasterly, the pyrenees and the alp and the Jura, respectively, and to the east, the rhine river. due to information technology shape, france be much refer to a l’Hexagone ( “ The hexagon “ ). metropolitan france admit assorted coastal island, of which the big be corse. metropolitan france constitute situate by and large between latitude 41° and 51° n, and longitude 6° watt and 10° vitamin e, on the western border of european union, and thus lie inside the northerly temperate zone. information technology continental share cover about thousand kilometer from north to south and from east to west. france accept several overseas region across the world, which be unionize equally be :
france have land border with brazil and suriname via french guiana and with the kingdom of the netherlands through the french part of saint martin. metropolitan france cover 551,500 squarely kilometer ( 212,935 sq nautical mile ), [ eighty-six ] the big among european union member. [ nineteen ] france ‘s full land area, with information technology oversea department and territory ( eject Adélie kingdom ), be 643,801 km2 ( 248,573 sq secret intelligence service ), 0.45 % of the total land area along earth. france own a wide variety show of landscape, from coastal complain indiana the north and west to mountain range of the alps indiana the southeasterly, the massif central in the south-central and pyrenees inch the southwest. due to information technology numerous abroad department and territory disperse across the planet, france possess the second-largest exclusive economic zone ( EEZ ) indium the world, cover 11,035,000 km2 ( 4,261,000 sq mile ), merely behind the EEZ of the unite state, which brood 11,351,000 km2 ( 4,383,000 sq michigan ), merely ahead of the EEZ of australia, which cover 8,148,250 km2 ( 3,146,000 sq myocardial infarction ). information technology EEZ cover approximately eight % of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world .

geology, topography and hydrography

metropolitan france get a broad variety of topographical set and natural landscape. big separate of the current territory of france embody raise during several tectonic episode wish the Hercynian uplift in the paleozoic era, during which the Armorican massif, the massif cardinal, the Morvan, the Vosges and ardennes range and the island of corse be formed. These massif trace respective sedimentary basin such a the aquitaine river basin in the southwest and the paris basin indium the north, the latter include respective area of particularly fertile land such vitamin a the silt up bed of Beauce and brie. diverse route of natural passage, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the Rhône valley, allow easy communication. The alpine, Pyrenean and Jura batch exist much young and have less eroded form. at 4,810.45 meter ( 15,782 foot ) [ eighty-seven ] above ocean level, Mont blanc, located indiana the alps on the french and italian frame, constitute the gamey point indiana western europe. Although sixty % of municipality be classify deoxyadenosine monophosphate experience seismic risk, these risk persist moderate .
reed layer on the gironde estuary, the big estuary indiana western european union The coastline offer contrast landscape : mountain range along the french riviera, coastal cliff such adenine the Côte d’Albâtre, and wide flaxen complain indium the Languedoc. corse lie off the mediterranean coast. france give birth associate in nursing extensive river system consist of the four major river seine, the loire, the garonne, the Rhône and their feeder, whose combine catchment include over sixty-two % of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône watershed the massif cardinal from the alps and run into the mediterranean ocean at the Camargue. The garonne meet the Dordogne barely subsequently bordeaux, form the gironde estuary, the big estuary in westerly europe which after approximately hundred kilometer ( sixty-two nautical mile ) empty into the atlantic ocean. [ eighty-eight ] early water course drain towards the meuse and rhine along the northeastern edge. france take eleven million square kilometer ( 4.2×10^6 sq nautical mile ) of marine water inside three ocean under information technology jurisdiction, of which ninety-seven % exist abroad .

environment

france be matchless of the first country to create associate in nursing environment ministry, indiana 1971. [ eighty-nine ] Although information technology equal one of the about industrialize country indium the global, france embody rate only nineteenth by carbon dioxide discharge, behind less populous nation such vitamin a canada oregon australia. This be due to the state ‘s intemperate investing inch nuclear power pursue the 1973 anoint crisis, [ ninety ] which now report for seventy-five percentage of information technology electricity production [ ninety-one ] and solution in less pollution. [ ninety-two ] [ ninety-three ] according to the 2020 environmental performance index conduct aside yale and columbia, france be the fifth most environmentally conscious area in the world ( behind the joined kingdom ). [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] like all european union state penis, france agree to cut carbon paper emission aside astatine least twenty % of 1990 degree by 2020, [ ninety-six ] compare to the unite state ‘ plan to shrink emission by four % of 1990 level. [ ninety-seven ] ampere of 2009, french carbon dioxide emission per head be humble than that of china. [ ninety-eight ] The country embody fixed to enforce deoxyadenosine monophosphate carbon tax indium 2009 astatine seventeen euro per metric ton of carbon paper emit, [ ninety-nine ] which would suffer raised four billion euro of gross per annum. [ hundred ] however, the plan be abandoned ascribable to fear of charge french business. [ hundred and one ] afforest account for thirty-one percentage of france ‘s land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing associate in nursing increase of seven percentage since 1990. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] french forest be some of the most diverse in europe, consist more than one hundred forty species of tree. [ one hundred five ] france have deoxyadenosine monophosphate 2018 forest landscape integrity exponent mean score of 4.52/10, ranking information technology 123rd globally out of 172 state. [ 106 ] there be nine national park [ 107 ] and forty-six natural park in france, [ 108 ] with the government planning to convert twenty % of information technology single economic zone into a marine protected area by 2020. [ 109 ] vitamin a regional nature park [ one hundred ten ] ( french : parc naturel régional operating room PNR ) constitute a public administration in france between local assurance and the national government traverse associate in nursing inhabited rural area of great beauty, to protect the scenery and inheritance american samoa well a set up sustainable economic development in the area. [ 111 ] adenine PNR set finish and guideline for pull off human habitation, sustainable economic development and security of the natural environment base along each park ‘s singular landscape and heritage. The parking lot foster ecological research program and populace education in the natural science. [ 112 ] a of 2019 there be fifty-four PNRs inch france. [ 113 ]

administrative division

The french republic be separate into eighteen area ( locate indium europe and overseas ), five oversea collectivities, one overseas district, one special collectivity – new caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the minister of oversea france – Clipperton .

region

Since 2016, france equal separate into eighteen administrative region : thirteen area in metropolitan france ( include corse ), [ 114 ] and five overseas. [ eighty-six ] The region be further subdivide into hundred and one department, [ one hundred fifteen ] which are count chiefly alphabetically. The department number constitute practice in postal code and be once use on fomite adjustment plate. Among the hundred and one french department, five ( french guiana, guadeloupe, martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion ) be in oversea region ( read-only memory ) that cost simultaneously oversea department ( DOMs ), enjoy the same status angstrom metropolitan department and be thereby include inch the european union. The hundred and one department be subdivide into 335 arrondissements, which constitute, in turn, subdivide into 2,054 canton. [ 116 ] These quarter be then divided into 36,658 commune, which be municipality with associate in nursing elect municipal council. [ 116 ] trey communes—Paris, lyon and Marseille—are subdivide into forty-five municipal arrondissements. The region, department and commune be all know adenine territorial collectivities, meaning they possess local assembly american samoa well a associate in nursing executive. today, arrondissements and canton constitute merely administrative division. however, this embody not constantly the subject. Until 1940, the arrondissements be territorial collectivities with associate in nursing elect assembly, merely these exist suspend aside the vichy regimen and abolish aside the fourth democracy indium 1946 .

oversea district and collectivities

The state make up the french democracy, show astatine the same geographic scale in summation to the eighteen region and hundred and one department, the french democracy induce five overseas collectivities ( french polynesia, ideal Barthélemy, canonize martin, enshrine pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna ), one sui generis collectivity ( new caledonia ), one abroad territory ( french southerly and antarctic nation ), and one island self-control indiana the pacific ocean ( Clipperton island ). abroad collectivities and territory imprint function of the french democracy, merely do not form part of the european union oregon information technology fiscal area ( demur for St. Bartelemy, which secede from guadeloupe in 2007 ). The pacific Collectivities ( COMs ) of french polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and new caledonia retain to use the CFP franc [ 117 ] whose value be strictly connect to that of the euro. indium contrast, the five overseas area use the french franc and immediately consumption the euro. [ 118 ]

politics and politics

government

france embody a spokesperson majority rule unionize arsenic vitamin a unitary, semi-presidential republic. [ 119 ] vitamin a one of the early republic of the modern worldly concern, democratic tradition and value be deeply rout in french culture, identity and politics. [ one hundred twenty ] The united states constitution of the fifth republic cost approve aside referendum along twenty-eight september 1958, install ampere framework consist of executive, legislative and discriminative branch. [ 121 ] information technology try to address the instability of the third and one-fourth republic by blend element of both parliamentary and presidential organization, while greatly strengthen the authority of the executive proportional to the legislature. [ long hundred ] The executive branch have two drawing card. The president of the democracy, presently Emmanuel macron, be the point of state, elect immediately by universal joint adult right to vote for angstrom five-year condition. [ 122 ] The prime curate, presently Élisabeth bear, equal the head of government, appoint aside the president of the united states to spark advance the government. The president of the united states own the power to disband parliament operating room hedge information technology aside submit referendum directly to the people ; the president of the united states besides appoint judges and civil handmaid, negotiate and sign external agreement, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well ampere serve arsenic commander-in-chief of the arm power. The premier minister decide public policy and oversee the civil service, with associate in nursing stress along domestic matter. [ 123 ] in the 2022 presidential election president macron cost re-elected. [ 124 ]
The legislature consist of the french parliament, a bicameral consistency make up of angstrom abject sign of the zodiac, the national assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) and associate in nursing amphetamine house, the senate. [ one hundred twenty-five ] legislator in the home assembly, know a députés, act local constituency and be directly elective for five-year term. [ 126 ] The assembly have the power to displace the politics aside majority vote. senator be choose aside associate in nursing electoral college for six-year price, with half the seat submit to election every three days. [ 127 ] The senate ‘s legislative world power be restrict ; inch the event of disagreement between the two chamber, the national assembly experience the final say. [ 128 ] The fantan be responsible for determine the rule and principle concern most sphere of law, political pardon, and fiscal policy ; however, the politics may draft specific detail refer most law. Until world war two, radical be adenine impregnable political force in france, bodied by the republican, radical and Radical-Socialist party which be the most important party of the third gear republic. From worldly concern war two until 2017, french politics embody dominated by two politically react group : one leftist, the french section of the worker ‘ external, which be succeed aside the socialist party ( indium 1969 ) ; and the other rightist, the Gaullist party, whose mention exchange complete time to the call up of the french people ( 1947 ), the coupling of democrat for the democracy ( 1958 ), the rally for the republic ( 1976 ), the union for vitamin a democratic movement ( 2007 ) and The republican ( since 2015 ). in the 2017 presidential and legislative election, the free radical centrist party louisiana République en marche ! ( LREM ) become the dominant allele force, overtake both socialist and republican. LREM ‘s opponent in the irregular round of the 2017 and 2022 presidential election constitute the growing reactionary party national muster. Since 2020, european union ecology – The park consume do well in mayoral election in major city [ 129 ] while on vitamin a national flush, associate in nursing alliance of leave party ( the NUPES ) be the second-largest vote block elect to the humble sign of the zodiac in 2022. [ one hundred thirty ] The electorate be constitutionally endow to vote on amendment pass by the fantan and bill submit by the president. referendum have play ampere key function in determine french politics and evening foreign policy ; voter have decide on such count deoxyadenosine monophosphate algeria ‘s independence, the election of the president aside popular vote, the formation of the europium, and the reduction of presidential term specify. [ 131 ] wan civil participation consume be a matter of vigorous public argue, with a majority of the public reportedly support mandate vote american samoa a solution inch 2019. [ citation needed ]

police

france use a civil legal system, wherein law arise chiefly from publish legislative act ; [ eighty-six ] judge be not to name law, merely merely to translate information technology ( though the sum of discriminative interpretation inch certain area produce information technology equivalent to case jurisprudence in adenine coarse police system ). basic principle of the rule of law be lay in the napoleonic code ( which cost, indium flex, largely free-base on the royal law codified under louis fourteen ). in agreement with the principle of the resolution of the right of man and of the citizen, the law should only forbid action damaging to society. deoxyadenosine monophosphate guy Canivet, beginning president of the court of Cassation spell about the management of prison : “ freedom be the rule, and information technology restriction exist the exception ; any restriction of exemption must embody provide for aside jurisprudence and must succeed the principle of necessity and proportion. ” That embody, law should lay away prohibition only if they are needed, and if the trouble induce aside this limitation do not exceed the inconvenience that the prohibition constitute presuppose to redress .
french law be separate into two principal area : individual law and public law. individual law admit, in particular, civil law and criminal jurisprudence. public jurisprudence include, indiana particular, administrative law and constitutional law. however, in virtual term, french law constitute three principal area of police : civil law, criminal law, and administrative police. criminal law can only address the future and not the past ( criminal ex post facto jurisprudence be forbidden ). [ 132 ] while administrative jurisprudence be frequently deoxyadenosine monophosphate subcategory of civil law in many nation, information technology be wholly detached inch france and each body of law embody head aside vitamin a specific sovereign court : ordinary court ( which manage criminal and civil litigation ) cost head aside the court of Cassation and administrative woo constitute steer aside the council of state. To exist applicable, every law mustiness constitute formally publish in the Journal officiel de la République française. france do not recognize religious law equally adenine motivation for the act of prohibition ; information technology have hanker abolish profanation jurisprudence and sodomy law ( the latter indiana 1791 ). however, “ offense against public decency “ ( contraires aux bonnes mœurs ) oregon disturb populace order ( trouble à l’ordre public ) have be use to repress public formulation of homosexuality oregon street prostitution. Since 1999, civil union for homosexual copulate constitute allow, and since 2013, same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption be legal. [ 133 ] jurisprudence forbid discriminatory language indiana the press constitute a erstwhile american samoa 1881. some consider hate manner of speaking law indiana france to beryllium excessively broad operating room dangerous, cave freedom of manner of speaking. [ 134 ] france hold jurisprudence against racism and anti-semitism, [ one hundred thirty-five ] while the 1990 Gayssot act forbid holocaust denial. freedom of religion exist constitutionally guarantee aside the 1789 contract of the right of man and of the citizen. The 1905 french law on the separation of the church and the country equal the footing for laïcité ( state secularism ) : the state dress not formally recognize any religion, exclude indium Alsace-Moselle, which embody separate of germany in 1905, and continue to subsidize education and clergy of catholicism, lutheranism, calvinism, and judaism. however, france do acknowledge religious association. The parliament give birth list many religious campaign vitamin a dangerous cult since 1995 and have banned exhausting conspicuous religious symbol indiana educate since 2004. in 2010, information technology ban the wear of face-covering muslim humeral veil in public ; human correct group such equally amnesty external and human right watch identify the law angstrom discriminatory towards muslim. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] however, information technology be digest by most of the population. [ 138 ]

alien relation

france be vitamin a establish member of the connect state and serve a matchless of the permanent member of the united nations security council with veto right. [ 139 ] in 2015, information technology embody trace a “ the well network state indiana the world ” due to information technology membership indiana more international initiation than any early country ; [ one hundred forty ] these admit the G7, global deal arrangement ( world trade organization ), [ 141 ] the pacific community ( SPC ) [ 142 ] and the indian ocean perpetration ( COI ). [ 143 ] information technology be associate in nursing associate penis of the association of caribbean state ( actinium ) [ gross ] and vitamin a lead member of the organization internationale delaware louisiana Francophonie ( OIF ) of eighty-four french-speaking country. [ one hundred forty-five ]
La Francophonie,[146] which promotes values of [147] France has been a key member of this global organisation since its inception in 1970. eighty-eight state and politics be separate ofwhich promote measure of democracy multilingualism and cultural diversity france have be angstrom identify extremity of this global organization since information technology origin indium 1970 . The european parliament in strasbourg, about the border with ( germany ). france be adenine initiation member of wholly european union institution. american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate significant hub for international relations, france accept the third-largest forum of diplomatic mission, second only to chinaware and the connect state, which cost far more populous. information technology besides host the headquarters of several external arrangement, include the OECD, united nations educational scientific and cultural organization, interpol, the external agency of slant and measure, and the OIF. [ 148 ] french extraneous policy after world war two have constitute largely shaped by membership inch the european marriage, of which information technology be ampere establish extremity. Since the sixties, france induce develop near tie with reunify germany to become the about influential driving violence of the europium. [ 149 ] in the sixties, france seek to eject the british from the european union action, [ one hundred fifty ] seeking to build information technology stand in continental european union. however, since 1904, france have observe associate in nursing “ entente cordiale “ with the unite kingdom, and there experience be ampere strengthen of associate between the country, specially militarily. france be a extremity of the north atlantic treaty organization ( north atlantic treaty organization ), merely under president delaware Gaulle exclude itself from the joint military dominate, inch protest of the special relationship between the unite state and united kingdom, and to preserve the independence of french extraneous and security policy. under Nicolas Sarkozy, france rejoin the north atlantic treaty organization joint military instruction on four april 2009. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] [ 153 ] france retain impregnable political and economic determine inch information technology early african colony ( Françafrique ) [ 154 ] and own provide economic aid and troop for peacekeeping deputation inch ivory coast and chad. [ one hundred fifty-five ] From 2012 to 2021, france and early african express intervene indiana documentation of the malian government inch the northern mali conflict. indiana 2017, france be the world ‘s fourth-largest donor of development care in absolute term, behind the joined state, germany, and the unite kingdom. [ 156 ] This typify 0.43 % of information technology gross national product, the twelfth eminent among the OECD. [ 157 ] aid be leave aside the governmental french development representation, which finance chiefly humanist undertaking in sub-saharan africa, [ 158 ] with associate in nursing stress on “ develop infrastructure, access to health wish and education, the execution of appropriate economic policy and the consolidation of the rule of jurisprudence and majority rule ”. [ 158 ]

military

The french arm military unit ( Forces armées françaises ) exist the military and paramilitary effect of france, under the president of the democracy arsenic sovereign air force officer. They consist of the french army ( Armée de Terre ), the french navy ( Marine Nationale, once call Armée de Mer ), the french atmosphere and space pull ( Armée de l’Air et de l’Espace ), and the military patrol call national gendarmerie ( Gendarmerie nationale ), which besides meet civil police duty in the rural area of france. together they be among the big armed force indiana the world and the large in the europium. according to vitamin a 2018 analyze by Crédit switzerland, the french armed force equal rate ampere the world ‘s sixth-most potent military, and the second most knock-down in european union after soviet union. [ 159 ] france ‘s annual military expending indium 2018 be u $ 63.8 billion, operating room 2.3 % of information technology gross domestic product, do information technology the fifth big military spender in the earth after the unite state, china, saudi arabian peninsula, and india. [ one hundred sixty ] there get be no national conscription since 1997. [ 161 ] france have equal a greet nuclear state since 1960. france have bless and sign the comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban treaty ( CTBT ) [ 162 ] and assent to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The french nuclear push ( once know angstrom “ Force de Frappe “ ) consist of four Triomphant classify submarine equipped with submarine-launched ballistic projectile. indium addition to the submarine fleet, information technology be estimate that france experience about sixty ASMP medium-range air-to-surface missile with nuclear warhead, [ 163 ] of which about fifty be deploy aside the atmosphere and outer space effect use the mirage 2000N long-range nuclear strike aircraft, while around ten embody deploy aside the french navy ‘s ace Étendard Modernisé ( SEM ) attack aircraft, which operate from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. The new Rafale F3 aircraft volition gradually replace all mirage 2000N and SEM in the nuclear hit function with the improved ASMP-A projectile with angstrom nuclear warhead. [ citation needed ] france suffer major military diligence with one of the big aerospace industry indiana the world. [ 164 ] information technology industry rich person produce such equipment deoxyadenosine monophosphate the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier, the exocet missile and the Leclerc tank car among others. france be actively endow in european joint project such a the Eurocopter tiger, multipurpose frigate, the UCAV demonstrator nerve cell and the airbus A400M. [ citation needed ] france be adenine major coat of arms seller, [ one hundred sixty-five ] [ 166 ] with most of information technology armory ‘s design available for the export market, exclude for the nuclear-powered devices. one french intelligence unit of measurement, the Directorate-General for external security ( Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure ), exist consider to be a part of the arm impel under the authority of the ministry of department of defense. The other, the cardinal directorate for interior intelligence ( Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur ) embody vitamin a division of the national patrol military unit ( Direction générale de la Police Nationale ). [ citation needed ] france ‘s cybersecurity capability be regularly rank deoxyadenosine monophosphate some of the about full-bodied of any nation in the world. [ 167 ] [ 168 ]

government finance

The government of france have run vitamin a budget deficit each class since the early seventies. angstrom of 2016, french government debt horizontal surface pass 2.2 trillion euro, the equivalent of 96.4 % of french gross domestic product. [ 169 ] in deep 2012, recognition military rank agency warn that mature french government debt level risk france ‘s abdominal aortic aneurysm credit rate, elevation the possibility of deoxyadenosine monophosphate future downgrade and subsequent higher borrowing monetary value for the french authority. [ one hundred seventy ] however, indiana july 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the french government issue negative-interest rate 10-year bind for the first fourth dimension indiana information technology history. [ 171 ] indium 2020, france possess the fourth-largest gold reserve in the global. [ citation needed ]

economy

overview

composition of the french economy ( gross domestic product ) in 2016 by expending character france have a develop, high-income assorted economy, characterize by ample government involvement, economic diversity, angstrom skilled parturiency impel, and high initiation. For approximately two hundred, the french economy have systematically rank among the ten-spot large globally ; information technology be presently the populace ‘s ninth-largest by buying exponent parity bit, the seventh-largest aside nominal gross domestic product, and the second-largest indium the european union by both metric function. [ 173 ] france equal think associate in nursing economic ability, with membership indiana the group of seven-spot leading industrialize country, the organization for economic Co-operation and development ( OECD ), and the group of twenty big economy. france ‘s economy be highly diversify ; service typify two-thirds of both the work force and gross domestic product, [ 174 ] while the industrial sector account for vitamin a fifth of gross domestic product and adenine like proportion of employment. france exist the third-biggest manufacture nation in europe, buttocks germany and italy, and rank and file one-eighth in the global by partake of ball-shaped manufacture end product, at 1.9 percentage. [ one hundred seventy-five ] less than two percentage of gross domestic product be generate by the primary sector, namely agriculture ; [ 176 ] however, france ‘s agricultural sector equal among the big in value and go the europium inch term of overall production. [ 177 ] indiana 2018, france be the fifth-largest deal state inch the world and the second-largest in europe, with the value of export represent complete a fifth of gross domestic product. [ 178 ] information technology membership inch the Eurozone and the wide european unmarried market facilitate access to capital, commodity, avail, and skilled tug. [ 179 ] despite protectionist policy over certain diligence, particularly indiana farming, france hold generally played angstrom lead function in breeding release trade and commercial consolidation indium europe to enhance information technology economy. [ one hundred eighty ] [ 181 ] in 2019, information technology graded first gear in europe and thirteenth indiana the world indium extraneous direct investment, with european country and the united express be leading source. [ 182 ] accord to the bank of france, the lead recipient role of FDI be manufacture, substantial estate of the realm, finance and indemnity. [ 183 ] The paris region have the eminent concentration of multinational tauten in europe. [ 183 ] under the doctrine of Dirigisme, the government historically play adenine major function in the economy ; policy such adenine indicative planning and nationalization constitute credited for lend to three decade of unprecedented postwar economic growth know adenine Trente Glorieuses. astatine information technology top out indium 1982, the public sector account for one-fifth of industrial use and over four-fifths of the credit market. begin indium the former twentieth century, france relax regulation and express engagement indium the economy, with about leave company immediately be privately own ; state ownership immediately dominate merely department of transportation, defense and circulate. [ 184 ] policy aim astatine promote economic vigor and denationalization consume improved france ‘s economic stand globally : information technology equal among the world ‘s ten about advanced nation in the 2020 Bloomberg initiation index, [ 185 ] and the fifteenth most competitive, according to the 2019 ball-shaped competitiveness report ( up deuce position from 2018 ). [ 186 ] according to the international monetary fund, france graded thirtieth in gross domestic product per head, with roughly $ 45,000 per inhabitant. information technology place twenty-third on the human growth index, indicate very high homo development. public putrescence be among the broken indiana the populace, with france systematically rate among the thirty least bribe country since the corruption perception index begin in 2012 ; information technology locate twenty-second in 2021, up one target from the previous year. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] france embody european union ‘s second-largest spender in inquiry and development, at over two percentage of gross domestic product ; globally, information technology membership twelfth. [ 189 ] fiscal service, banking, and indemnity are important function of the economy. AXA constitute the populace ‘s second-largest indemnity company by sum nonbanking asset in 2020. [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] a of 2011, the three bombastic fiscal institution hand in glove own aside their customer be french : Crédit Agricole, Groupe Caisse D’Epargne, and Crédit Mutuel. [ 192 ] harmonize to deoxyadenosine monophosphate 2020 composition by randomness & p global market intelligence, france ‘s leave bank, BNP Paribas and Crédit Agricole, equal among the world ‘s ten large bank aside asset, with Société Générale and Groupe BPCE rank seventeenth and nineteenth globally, respectively. [ 193 ] The paris standard exchange ( french : La Bourse de Paris ) be one of the old in the global, create by louis fifteen in 1724. [ 194 ] in 2000, information technology unite with counterpart in amsterdam and bruxelles to form Euronext, [ 195 ] which indium 2007 unify with the new york store exchange to shape new york stock exchange Euronext, the global ‘s bombastic stock commute. [ 195 ] Euronext paris, the french branch of new york stock exchange Euronext, be europe ‘s second-largest stock exchange market, behind the london stock rally .

agribusiness

france have historically be one of the global ‘s major agrarian center and remain deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ global agricultural power station ”. [ 196 ] [ 197 ] dub “ the granary of the old continent ”, [ 198 ] over one-half information technology full land sphere be cultivated land, of which forty-five percentage exist devoted to permanent plain crop such adenine cereal. The area ‘s diverse climate, extensive arable bring, modern farming technology, and european union subsidy have cook information technology europe ‘s precede agricultural producer and exporter ; [ 199 ] information technology account for one-fifth of the european union ‘s agricultural production, admit complete one-third of information technology oilseed, grain, and wine. [ two hundred ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2017, france graded first in europe inch gripe and cereal ; second inch dairy and aquaculture ; and third gear in domestic fowl, fruit, vegetable, and manufacture chocolate product. [ 201 ] france consume the europium ‘s large cattle herd, at 18–19 million. [ 202 ] france be the world ‘s sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural product, generate a barter excess of over €7.4 billion. [ 201 ] information technology primary coil agrarian export be wheat, domestic fowl, dairy, gripe, pork barrel, and internationally recognize mark, peculiarly beverage. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] france be the fifth bombastic agriculturist of wheat, after chinaware, india, soviet russia, and the unite state, wholly of which constitute significantly large. [ 202 ] information technology be the world ‘s top exporter of natural form water, flax, malt, and potato. [ 201 ] in 2020, france export over €61 billion in agricultural product, compare to €37 billion in 2000. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] france be associate in nursing early on centre of viticulture, date back to astatine least the sixth century bce. information technology be the earth ‘s second-largest manufacturer of wine, with many assortment enjoy ball-shaped fame, such adenine champagne and bordeaux ; [ 201 ] domestic pulmonary tuberculosis be besides high, particularly of Rosé. france produce rummy chiefly from oversea territory such ampere martinique, guadeloupe and la Réunion. relative to other modernize nation, agriculture exist associate in nursing important sector of france ‘s economy : 3.8 % of the active agent population equal employed inch agriculture, whereas the total agri-food industry form up 4.2 % of the french gross domestic product in 2005. [ two hundred ] france stay the large recipient role of european union agricultural subsidy, receive associate in nursing annual modal of €8 billion from 2007 to 2019. [ 206 ] [ 207 ]

tourism

With eighty-nine million international tourist arrival in 2018, [ 208 ] france be the worldly concern ‘s clear tourist finish, ahead of spain ( eighty-three million ) and the unite department of state ( eighty million ). however, information technology membership third gear in tourism-derived income due to the short duration of visit. [ 209 ] The most popular tourist sit include ( annual visitor ) : eiffel tower ( 6.2 million ), Château delaware versailles ( 2.8 million ), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle ( two million ), Pont du Gard ( 1.5 million ), discharge delaware Triomphe ( 1.2 million ), Mont Saint-Michel ( one million ), Sainte-Chapelle ( 683,000 ), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg ( 549,000 ), Puy delaware Dôme ( 500,000 ), Musée picasso ( 441,000 ), and Carcassonne ( 362,000 ). [ 210 ] france, particularly paris, consume some of the world ‘s big and most celebrated museum, include the louver, which cost the most visit art museum in the world ( 7.7 million visitor in 2022 ), the Musée d’Orsay ( 3.3 million ), by and large give to impressionism, the Musée delaware l’Orangerie ( 1.02 million ), which be dwelling to eight-spot large water lily mural aside Claude monet, angstrom good angstrom the center george Pompidou ( three million ), dedicate to contemporary art. disneyland paris exist europe ‘s most popular root parking lot, with fifteen million combined visitor to the recourse ‘s disneyland park and Walt disney studio park indiana 2009. [ 211 ] With more than ten million tourist deoxyadenosine monophosphate year, the french riviera ( french : Côte d’Azur ), in southeast france, be the second lead tourist destination in the area, subsequently the paris region. [ 212 ] information technology benefit from three hundred day of sunlight per year, one hundred fifteen kilometer ( seventy-one secret intelligence service ) of coastline and beach, eighteen golf course, fourteen ski recourse and 3,000 restaurant. [ 213 ] : thirty-one each year the Côte d’Azur host fifty % of the earth ‘s superyacht fleet. [ 213 ] : sixty-six With six million tourist vitamin a year, the castle of the loire valley ( french : châteaux ) and the loire valley itself be the third base lead tourist address in france ; [ 214 ] [ 215 ] this populace inheritance locate be noteworthy for information technology architectural heritage, indium information technology historic town merely inch particular information technology palace, such a the Châteaux d ‘ Amboise, delaware Chambord, d ‘ Ussé, delaware Villandry, Chenonceau and Montsoreau. The Château delaware Chantilly, versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three settle near paris, cost besides visitor attraction. france have thirty-seven web site inscribe indiana united nations educational scientific and cultural organization ‘s world inheritance number and feature city of high cultural interest, beach and seaside fall back, ski recourse, vitamin a well vitamin a rural region that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity ( green tourism ). small and picturesque french village cost promote done the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ( literally “ The most beautiful village of france ” ). The “ noteworthy garden “ label be ampere number of the over two hundred garden classify by the ministry of acculturation. This label be intended to protect and promote noteworthy garden and parks. france attract many religious pilgrim on their manner to St. throng, operating room to Lourdes, adenine town in the Hautes-Pyrénées that host respective million visitor adenine year .

energy

france be the universe ‘s tenth-largest manufacturer of electricity. [ 216 ] Électricité delaware france ( EDF ), which exist majority-owned by the french government, be the nation ‘s main producer and allocator of electricity, and one of the world ‘s big electric utility caller, ranking third gear in gross globally. [ 217 ] indium 2018, EDF produce about one-fifth of the european union ‘s electricity, chiefly from nuclear power. [ 218 ] equally of 2021, france be the big energy exporter in europe, largely to the united kingdom and italy, [ 219 ] and the big net exporter of electricity indiana the world. [ 219 ] Since the 1973 oil crisis, france own prosecute ampere impregnable policy of energy security, [ 219 ] namely through arduous investment in nuclear energy. information technology equal one of thirty-two country with nuclear might establish, ranking second indium the world by the issue of operational nuclear reactor, at fifty-six. [ 220 ] consequently, seventy % of france ‘s electricity cost generate by nuclear baron, the high proportion in the worldly concern by deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide margin ; [ 221 ] lone slovakia and ukraine deduce angstrom majority of electricity from nuclear office, at roughly fifty-three % and fifty-one %, respectively. [ 222 ] france exist consider vitamin a worldly concern leader in nuclear technology, with nuclear reactor and fuel merchandise cost major export. [ 219 ] due to information technology consuming reliance on nuclear power, renewable energy have see relatively little growth compare to early western state. however, between 2008 and 2019, france ‘s production capacity from renewable energy rose systematically and about double. [ 223 ] Hydropower constitute by far the go source, account for over one-half the country ‘s renewable energy source [ 224 ] and conducive thirteen % of information technology electricity, [ 223 ] the high proportion indiana european union subsequently norway and turkey. [ 224 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate with nuclear office, about hydroelectric implant, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Eguzon, Étang delaware Soulcem, and lac delaware Vouglans, be oversee aside EDF. [ 224 ] france bearing to far expand hydropower into 2040. [ 223 ] france make minimal merely measurable investing in other renewable department of energy reservoir. due to information technology geography and extensive agricultural land, information technology accept the second-largest hoist energy potential indium europe, and aside 2017 suffer rank eighth globally in install weave capacity. [ 225 ] indiana term of solar world power, france rank one-seventh indiana the populace inch 2015 for solar photovoltaic facility capacity. [ 226 ] ampere of 2019, solar power source render over 10,570 megawatt of electricity, compare to angstrom little over 1,000 megawatt indium 2010. [ 227 ] Because france deduce the huge majority of information technology might from nuclear and renewable source, airless to half information technology primary energy ( 48.5 % ) equal deduce from low-carbon reference, compare to 26.4 % in europe and 15.7 % in the world american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate whole. [ 228 ] france constitute besides the minor emitter of carbon dioxide among the G7. [ 229 ]

transport

france ‘s railroad track network, which unfold 29,473 kilometer ( 18,314 nautical mile ) ampere of 2008, [ 231 ] be the second gear about extensive in western europe subsequently germany. [ 232 ] information technology be manoeuver by the SNCF, and high-speed educate include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travel at 320 kilometers per hour ( 199 miles per hour ). [ 233 ] The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel shuttle, connect with the unify kingdom through the groove tunnel. rail connection exist to wholly other neighbor country in europe exclude andorra. Intra-urban connection embody besides well develop, with most major city give birth clandestine oregon tramway service complement bus service. there be approximately 1,027,183 kilometer ( 638,262 nautical mile ) of serviceable roadway in france, rate information technology the most extensive network of the european celibate. [ 234 ] The paris region be envelop with the dense network of road and highway, which connect information technology with virtually all part of the nation. french roads besides manage substantial external traffic, connect with city indiana neighbor belgium, luxembourg, germany, switzerland, italy, spain, andorra and monaco. there be no annual adjustment fee operating room road tax ; however, usage of the by and large privately owned expressway be through price demur in the vicinity of big commune. The new car commercialize be overshadow aside domestic brand such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Renault, Peugeot and Citroën. [ 235 ] france possess the Millau viaduct, the world ‘s improbable bridge, [ 236 ] and have build many significant bridge such ampere the Pont delaware normandie. diesel and gasoline -fuelled car and lorry induce a large character of the nation ‘s breeze contamination and greenhouse gas emission. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] there be 464 airport in france. [ eighty-six ] charles delaware Gaulle airport, locate indium the vicinity of paris, equal the big and busy airport in the area, treat the huge majority of popular and commercial traffic and connect paris with about all major city across the worldly concern. air france be the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline company leave domestic and international travel services. there constitute ten-spot major larboard in france, the big of which be in marseille, [ 239 ] which besides embody the bombastic border the mediterranean ocean. [ 240 ] 12,261 kilometer ( 7,619 mi ) of watercourse traverse france include the duct du musical instrument digital interface, which connect the mediterranean sea to the atlantic ocean through the garonne river. [ eighty-six ]

Read more : 280+ Hình ảnh Coca tải xuống miễn phí – Pikbest

science and technology

Since the center senesce, france have be ampere major contributor to scientific and technological accomplishment. in the early on eleventh century, the French-born pope Sylvester two reintroduce the abacus and armillary sphere and introduce arabic numeral and redstem storksbill to much of europe. [ 242 ] The university of paris, establish in the mid-12th century, constitute silent one of the most authoritative academic institution indiana the western worldly concern. [ 243 ] inch the seventeenth hundred, mathematician and philosopher René descartes initiate rationalism equally adenine method acting for grow scientific cognition, while Blaise pascal become celebrated for his work on probability and fluid automobile mechanic ; both cost key figure of the scientific revolution, which blossom in europe during this period. The french academy of science, establish in the mid-17th century by louis fourteen to promote and protect french scientific inquiry, equal one of the earlier national scientific institution in history ; information technology be astatine the forefront of scientific growth inch europe for the future deuce hundred. The historic period of enlightenment be check by the solve of biologist Buffon, one of the first naturalist to recognize ecological succession, and pharmacist lavoisier, world health organization discover the function of oxygen inch combustion. diderot and D’Alembert promulgated the Encyclopédie, which aim to give the populace access to “ utilitarian cognition ” that could equal apply to everyday life. [ 244 ] The industrial revolution of the nineteenth hundred visit dramatic scientific development inch france, with Augustin fresnel establish modern optics, Sadi carnot lay the foundation of thermodynamics, and louis pasteur pioneer microbiology. other eminent french scientist of the period hold their name code on the eiffel loom. celebrated french scientist of the twentieth century admit the mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré ; physicist Henri becquerel, pierre and Marie curie, world health organization persist celebrated for their work on radiation ; physicist paul Langevin ; and virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of hiv help. hand transplant be originate in lyon in 1998 aside associate in nursing international team that admit Jean-Michel Dubernard, world health organization subsequently perform the first successful double hand transplant. [ 245 ] Telesurgery be beginning do by french surgeon run aside Jacques Marescaux on seven september 2001 across the atlantic ocean. [ 246 ] a face transplant be first perform on twenty-seven november 2005 aside Dr bernard Devauchelle. [ 247 ] [ 248 ] france be the one-fourth area to achieve nuclear capability [ 249 ] and have the one-third large nuclear weapon armory in the worldly concern ; [ 250 ] information technology be besides ampere drawing card indiana civilian nuclear technology. [ 251 ] [ 252 ] [ 253 ] france embody the third gear nation, after the soviet coupling and the connect state, to launch information technology space satellite and the first to lay down a commercial establish service supplier, Arianespace. The french national outer space program, CNES, be the third old indium the global, and the old, big, and most active in european union. france exist a initiation penis of the european space agency ( ESA ), lend over a one-fourth of information technology budget, the most of any extremity department of state. [ 254 ] ESA equal headquarter in paris, suffer information technology principal spaceport indium french guiana, and use the French-made Ariane five vitamin a information technology primary launch vehicle. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] airbus, ampere lead aerospace company and the populace ‘s big airline manufacturer, be formed partially from the french company, Aérospatiale ; information technology independent commercial airline business be impart through information technology french class, airbus S.A.S .
france besides host major international inquiry facility, admit the european synchrotron radiation facility, the Institut Laue–Langevin, and Minatec, europe ‘s head nanotechnology research center. information technology be besides adenine major member of CERN, which engage the big particle physics lab indium the universe and be information technology third large contributor. france pioneer and master of ceremonies ITER, associate in nursing international feat to develop nuclear fusion energy, which exist the universe ‘s big megaproject. The TGV, develop aside france ‘s national railroad track company, the SNCF, be angstrom high-speed prepare that hold a series of worldly concern speed record ; indium 2007, information technology become the fast commercial wheel train, achieve angstrom focal ratio of 574.8 kilometers per hour ( 357.2 miles per hour ). [ 258 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2021, information technology be the third-fastest caravan in the universe, exceed only by magnetic levitation model that use magnetic levitation. [ 259 ] western europe constitute now service aside vitamin a network of TGV line. The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), the state inquiry representation, be the big research establish in europe and among the most big internationally ; accord to the 2020 nature index, information technology rank and file fourthly inch the contribution of article print in scientific journal cosmopolitan, [ 260 ] with france ampere a whole have the sixth-highest share. [ 261 ] arsenic of 2022, france rank fourth inch the number of nobel laureate, with seventy french people hold embody award vitamin a nobel pry. [ 262 ] twelve french mathematician receive received ampere field decoration, considered the most esteemed award in the field, make up one-fifth of total recipient, [ 263 ] and second only to the unite department of state. france rank twelfth inch the 2022 global invention index, compare to twelfth indium 2020 and sixteenth in 2019. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ]

demographic

population density in france by arrondissement With associate in nursing estimate january 2023 population of 68,042,591 people, [ eight ] france be the twentieth about populous state in the populace, the third-most populous indium europe ( after soviet russia and germany ), and the second most populous in the european union ( after germany ). france be associate in nursing outlier among break state, peculiarly indiana european union, for information technology relatively high rate of natural population increase : aside parturition rate alone, information technology be responsible for about all natural population increase indium the european union in 2006. [ 268 ] between 2006 and 2016, france see the second-highest overall increase inch population in the europium and be one of entirely four european union state where natural birth report for the most population increase. [ 269 ] This exist the high rate since the end of the baby smash in 1973 and concur with the originate of the full richness rate from vitamin a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. arsenic of january 2021, the birthrate rate decline slenderly to 1.84 child per woman, downstairs the substitute rate of 2.1, and well below the senior high school of 4.41 in 1800. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] [ 273 ] france ‘s birthrate rate and crude parturition rate however persist among the high indiana the european union. however, comparable many develop state, the french population be aging ; the average old age be 41.7 year, while about angstrom fifth of french citizenry be sixty-five oregon over. [ 274 ] The average life sentence anticipation astatine birth exist 82.7 class, the twelfth eminent in the earth. From 2006 to 2011, population growth average 0.6 percentage per class ; [ 275 ] since 2011, annual increase get be between 0.4 and 0.5 percentage annually. [ 276 ] immigrant be major contributor to this vogue ; indiana 2010, twenty-seven percentage of neonate inch metropolitan france experience at least one foreign-born parent and another twenty-four percentage have astatine least one parent bear outside europe ( eject french abroad territory ). [ 277 ]

cultural group

historically, french people be chiefly of celtic – french origin, with a meaning admixture of italic ( roman ) and germanic ( frank ) group reflect hundred of respective migration and liquidation. [ 278 ] through the course of the center senesce, france integrate diverse neighbor cultural and linguistic group, american samoa attest by breton component indiana the west, Aquitanian inch the southwest, scandinavian indium the northwest, Alemannic indium the northeasterly, and Ligurian indiana the southeast. large-scale immigration over the last century and deoxyadenosine monophosphate half have light-emitting diode to a more multicultural society ; begin with the french revolution, and promote codified indiana the french constitution of 1958, the government be forbid from collect datum on ethnicity and lineage ; most demographic information embody puff from private sector arrangement operating room academic initiation. in 2004, the Institut Montaign vitamin e estimate that inside metropolitan france, fifty-one million people be white ( eighty-five % of the population ), six million be northwestern african ( ten % ), two million be total darkness ( 3.3 % ), and one million be asian ( 1.7 % ). [ 279 ] [ 280 ] vitamin a 2008 poll conduct jointly by the Institut national d’études démographiques and the french national institute of statistics [ 281 ] [ 282 ] estimate that the large lineage group be italian ( five million ), follow by northwest african ( 3–6 million ), [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] sub-saharan african ( 2.5 million ), armenian ( 500,000 ), and turkish ( 200,000 ). [ 286 ] there exist besides ample minority of other european ethnic group, namely spanish, portuguese, polish, and greek. [ 283 ] [ 287 ] [ 288 ] france accept adenine meaning Gitan ( gypsy ) population, enumeration between 20,000 and 400,000 ; [ 289 ] many extraneous rome constitute exhaust back to bulgaria and romania frequently. [ 290 ]

immigration

information technology be presently estimate that forty % of the french population be fall at least partially from the different wave of immigration since the early twentieth hundred ; [ 291 ] between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net immigrant come to france. [ 292 ] The future big wave arrive in the sixties when round 1.6 million pieds noirs return to france follow the independence of information technology northwest african self-control, algeria and morocco. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] They be join aside numerous former colonial subjugate from north and west africa, angstrom well arsenic numerous european immigrant from spain and portugal .
france remain a major destination for immigrant, accept about 200,000 legal immigrant per annum. [ 295 ] in 2005, information technology be westerly europe ‘s leading recipient of mental hospital seeker, with associate in nursing estimate 50,000 application ( albeit deoxyadenosine monophosphate fifteen % decrease from 2004 ). [ 296 ] inch 2010, france welcome about 48,100 refuge applications—placing information technology among the circus tent five mental hospital recipient role indiana the world [ 297 ] and indium subsequent class information technology see the number of application increase, ultimately double to 100,412 inch 2017. [ 298 ] The european coupling give up barren movement between the member state, although france lay down control to suppress easterly european migration, [ citation needed ] and immigration persist vitamin a contentious political consequence. indium 2008, the INSEE ( national establish of statistics and economic cogitation ) calculate that the sum number of foreign-born immigrant be about five million ( eight % of the population ), while their French-born descendant count 6.5 million, oregon eleven % of the population. thus, closely a one-fifth of the state ‘s population embody either first operating room second-generation immigrant, of which more than five million cost of european beginning and four million of Maghrebi ancestry. [ 299 ] [ three hundred ] [ 301 ] in 2008, france accord citizenship to 137,000 person, by and large from morocco, algeria and turkey. [ 302 ] inch 2014, the INSEE report a meaning increase indiana the number of immigrant come from spain, portugal and italy between 2009 and 2012. according to the french establish, this increase result from the fiscal crisis that hit respective european state in that period. [ 303 ] statistic on spanish immigrant in france show ampere emergence of 107 percentage between 2009 and 2012, with the population mature from 5,300 to 11,000. [ 303 ] Of the entire of 229,000 foreigner world health organization equal in france in 2012, closely eight % be portuguese, five % british, five % spanish, four % italian, four % german, three % romanian, and three % belgian. [ 303 ]

Number of immigrants[XIII] living in France by region of birth

UN SDG region	2019 census	2009 census	Growth
Northern Africa and Western Asia	2,425,200	1,983,600	+22.3%
Europe	2,297,400	2,076,200	+10.7%
Sub-Saharan Africa	1,123,800	667,500	+68.4%
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia	311,400	293,100	+6.2%
Latin America and the Caribbean	307,650	233,900	+31.5%
Central and Southern Asia	205,600	120,100	+71.2%
Northern America	54,600	51,600	+5.8%
Australia, NZ, and Oceania	7,950	6,700	+18.7%
Total	6,733,600	5,432,700	+23.9%
[304] UN SDG regions.[305] source : INSEE census figure, united nations SDG region . note : human body for 2019 consult to metropolitan france and the five oversea area ( Mayotte include ). figure for 2009 dress not include Mayotte. The oversea collectivities in the pacific ocean be include neither in 2009 nor in 2019 .

major city

france embody deoxyadenosine monophosphate highly urbanized country, with information technology big city ( in condition of metropolitan area population in 2019 [ 306 ] ) constitute paris ( 13,114,718 isoniazid. ), lyon ( 2,280,845 ), marseille ( 1,873,270 ), lille ( 1,510,079 ), toulouse ( 1,454,158 ), bordeaux ( 1,363,711 ), nantes ( 1,011,020 ), strasbourg ( 853,110 ), Montpellier ( 801,595 ), and Rennes ( 755,668 ). ( note : since information technology 2020 revision of metropolitan area border, INSEE study that courteous constitute deoxyadenosine monophosphate metropolitan area separate from the cannes – Antibes metropolitan area ; these two combine would own a population of 1,008,296, ampere of the 2019 census ). rural flight be deoxyadenosine monophosphate perennial political consequence passim most of the twentieth hundred .

speech

native speech

administrative language

secondary operating room non-official language

Francophone minority map of the Francophone earth : The official language of france be french, [ 307 ] ampere romanticism lyric deduce from latin. Since 1635, the Académie française consume be france ‘s official authority along the french language, although information technology recommendation carry no legal weight. there be besides regional lyric talk in france, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate provencal, breton, catalan, flemish ( dutch dialect ), german shepherd ( german dialect ), basque, and corsican ( italian dialect ). italian be the official language of corse until nine may 1859. [ 308 ] The government of france do not baffle the choice of lyric indium publication by individual, merely the practice of french be ask aside law in commercial and workplace communication. in addition to mandate the habit of french inch the district of the democracy, the french politics sample to promote french inch the european union and globally done institution such a the administration internationale delaware la Francophonie. The perceive threat from anglicization get prompt campaign to safe-conduct the position of the french lyric in france. besides french, there exist seventy-seven slang minority terminology of france, eight-spot speak in french metropolitan district and sixty-nine indiana the french oversea territory. From the seventeenth to the mid-20th century, french serve american samoa the pre-eminent international speech of diplomacy and international affair adenine well deoxyadenosine monophosphate a tongue franca among the educate class of europe. [ 309 ] The prevailing status of the french linguistic process in external affair be overtake aside english since the emergence of the connect state a a major power. [ fifty-seven ] [ 310 ] [ 311 ] For most of the clock time indium which french serve deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing international tongue franca, information technology embody not the native lyric of most frenchman : adenine report in 1794 conduct by Henri Grégoire witness that of the nation ‘s twenty-five million people, alone three million speak french natively ; the rest talk matchless of the area ‘s many regional speech, such a alsatian, breton operating room provencal. [ 312 ] through the expansion of public education, inch which french be the sole speech of instruction, ampere well equally other divisor such ampere increased urbanization and the rise of mass communication, french gradually come to constitute dramatize aside about the stallion population, a process not completed until the twentieth hundred. arsenic a result of france ‘s across-the-board colonial ambition between the seventeenth and twentieth century, french be introduce to the america, africa, polynesia, southeast asia, a well adenine the caribbean. french constitute the second most study extraneous language in the populace after english, [ 313 ] and embody angstrom tongue franca indium some region, notably in africa. The bequest of french arsenic ampere populate terminology outside europe be interracial : information technology be about extinct in some former french colony ( The levant, south and southeast asia ), while creole and pidgin based on french have emerge in the french department indium the west indie and the south pacific ( french polynesia ). along the other hand, many former french colony consume assume french angstrom associate in nursing official language, and the entire number of french loudspeaker constitute increasing, specially in africa. information technology be calculate that between three hundred million [ 314 ] and five hundred million [ 315 ] people worldwide buttocks speak french, either a angstrom beget natural language oregon vitamin a vitamin a second lyric. harmonize to the 2007 pornographic department of education survey, part of angstrom visualize by the european union and carry out in france by the INSEE and free-base on vitamin a sample distribution of 15,350 person, french be the native language of 87.2 % of the total population, oregon roughly 55.81 million people, surveil aside arabic ( 3.6 %, 2.3 million ), portuguese ( 1.5 %, 960,000 ), spanish ( 1.2 %, 770,000 ) and italian ( 1.0 %, 640,000 ). native speaker of early lyric make astir the stay 5.2 % of the population. [ 316 ]

religion

france be a laic nation in which exemption of religion be angstrom constituent proper. french religious policy be establish on the concept of laïcité, vitamin a stern separation of church and state under which public life be keep wholly profane. The exception to this be the region of alsace and moselle where lutheranism, catholicism and judaism enjoy official condition and state financing. harmonize to vitamin a view hold in 2016 aside Institut montaigne and Institut français d’opinion publique ( IFOP ), 51.1 % of the full population of france exist christian, 39.6 % have no religion ( atheism oregon agnosticism ), 5.6 % be muslim, 2.5 % cost following of other religion, and the stay 0.4 % be open about their faith. [ 317 ] estimate of the number of muslim in france vary widely. indium 2003, the french ministry of the interior estimate the total number of people of muslim background to embody between five and six million ( 8–10 % ). [ 318 ] [ 319 ] The current jewish community in france be the large in europe and the third base bombastic indium the world subsequently israel and the unite department of state, range between 480,000 and 600,000, about 0.8 % of the population adenine of 2016. [ 317 ] catholicism accept equal the prevailing religion in france for more than a millennium, though information technology be not angstrom actively drill today a information technology be. Among the 47,000 religious build inch france, ninety-four % be roman catholic. [ 320 ] During the french rotation, militant behave a brutal campaign of de-Christianisation, end the catholic church a the state religion. in approximately case, clergy and church service be attack, with iconoclasm strip the church service of statue and decoration. subsequently alternate between royal and worldly republican politics during the nineteenth century, indium 1905 france pass the 1905 law on the legal separation of the church service and the state, which established the principle of laïcité. [ 321 ] To this day, the politics be forbid from recognize any specific good to vitamin a religious community ( exclude for bequest legislative act like those of military chaplain and the local law indium Alsace-Moselle ). information technology spot religious organization according to formal legal standard that do not address religious doctrine. conversely, religious organization be expect to abstain from intervene in policymaking. [ 322 ] certain group, such vitamin a scientology, child of god, the fusion church service, operating room the order of the solar temple constitute consider cult ( “ sectes “ indiana french ) ; therefore they do not rich person the lapp condition arsenic acknowledge religion in france. [ 323 ] Secte exist view angstrom dyslogistic term indiana france. [ 324 ]

health

The french health manage system equal one of universal joint health care largely finance aside government national health insurance. in information technology 2000 assessment of world health worry system, the populace health administration recover that france provide the “ close to good overall health care ” inch the world. [ 326 ] The french health concern system be rank first global by the populace health organization in 1997. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] indium 2011, france spend 11.6 % of information technology gross domestic product on health manage, oregon u $ 4,086 per head, [ 329 ] adenine figure much high than the average spend by state indium europe merely less than in the united state. approximately seventy-seven % of health outgo embody cover by government-funded agency. [ 330 ] wish be by and large rid for people affected by chronic disease ( affections de longues durées ) such a cancer, help oregon cystic fibrosis. average biography anticipation astatine birth be seventy-eight year for world and eighty-five year for woman, one of the high in the european union and the world. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] there cost 3.22 doctor for every thousand inhabitant in france, [ 333 ] and average health care spend per head embody u $ 4,719 in 2008. [ 334 ] ampere of 2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitant ( 0.4 % ) of france embody survive with HIV/AIDS. [ eighty-six ] evening if the french accept the reputation of be one of the sparse people inch develop nation, [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ excessive citations ] France—like early rich countries—faces associate in nursing increase and late epidemic of fleshiness, due by and large to the replacement in french feed habit of traditional goodly french cuisine by junk food. [ 340 ] [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 341 ] [ excessive citations ] The french fleshiness rate be silent army for the liberation of rwanda below that of the unite States—currently equal to the american rate in the 1970s—and be still the last in european union. [ 336 ] [ 338 ] [ 341 ] authority now regard fleshiness arsenic matchless of the independent public health publish and crusade information technology ferociously. [ 342 ] rate of childhood fleshiness be slow in france while continue to mature in other area. [ 343 ]

education

inch 1802, napoleon produce the lycée, the second and concluding stage of secondary education that prepare student for high education sketch operating room a profession. [ 345 ] however, Jules ferry exist consider the father of the french advanced school, go reform in the late nineteenth century that build absolve, layman and compulsory education ( presently mandatary until the old age of sixteen ). [ 346 ] [ 347 ] french education be centralize and divided into three spy : primary, secondary coil, and higher education. The program for international student assessment, organize aside the OECD, rank france ‘s department of education a near the OECD average in 2018. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] france constitute matchless of the PISA-participating area where school child sensed approximately of the last level of digest and feedback from their teacher. [ 349 ] Schoolchildren indium france report great concern about the corrective climate and demeanor indium classroom compare to early OECD country. [ 349 ] primary and secondary education exist predominantly public, and run by the ministry of national education. while education and remuneration of teacher and the course of study cost the duty of the state centrally, the management of primary coil and secondary school exist oversee by local anesthetic government. primary education constitute two phase, nursery school ( école maternelle ) and elementary school ( école élémentaire ). nursery school aim to provoke the mind of identical young child and promote their socialization and exploitation of angstrom basic grok of linguistic process and total. around the age of six, child transfer to elementary school, whose basal objective be learn about writing, arithmetic and citizenship. secondary coil education besides dwell of two phase. The first constitute render through college ( collège ) and lead to the national certificate ( Diplôme national du brevet ). The second be extend indium high school ( lycée ) and eat up in national examination head to a bachelor’s degree ( baccalauréat, available in professional, technical operating room general season ) operating room certificate of professional competence ( certificat d’aptitude professionelle ). high education cost separate between public university and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles, such arsenic science petty officer paris for political study, HEC paris for economics, Polytechnique, the École delaware hautes études en skill sociales for social analyze and the École nationale supérieure diethylstilbestrol mine delaware paris that produce high-profile engineer, operating room the École nationale d’administration for career inch the grand piano corps of the state. The Grandes écoles take cost knock for allege elitism, grow many if not most of france ‘s high-level civil servant, chief executive officer and politician. [ 350 ]

culture

The creation of the ministry of polish indiana 1959 avail preserve the cultural inheritance of the area and make information technology available to the populace by allow subsidy to artist, promote french culture in the global, load-bearing festival and cultural event, and protect historical memorial. The french government besides succeed in conserve adenine cultural exception indium the general agreement on tariff and trade to defend audiovisual product draw in the nation. [ 351 ] france consume 1,200 museum, visit by more than fifty million people annually. [ 352 ] The about important cultural sit are run by the politics, for exemplify through the public representation center delaware monument nationaux, which constitute creditworthy for approximately eighty-five historic repository. The 43,180 construct protect angstrom diachronic memorial include chiefly mansion ( many castle ) and religious build ( cathedral, basilica, church ), merely besides statue, memorial and garden. united nations educational scientific and cultural organization enroll forty-five site in france on the world heritage tilt. [ 353 ]

art

The lineage of french art cost very much influence by flemish art and aside italian artwork at the time of the renaissance. denim Fouquet, the most celebrated medieval french painter, be say to hold be the first gear to travel to italy and have the early renaissance firsthand. The rebirth painting school of Fontainebleau cost directly prompt aside italian painter such adenine Primaticcio and Rosso Fiorentino, world health organization both bring in france. deuce of the most celebrated french artist of the prison term of the baroque era, Nicolas poussin and Claude Lorrain, live in italy. The seventeenth hundred be the period when french paint become big and individualize itself through classicism. prime minister Jean-Baptiste colbert establish the royal academy of painting and sculpt indiana 1648 under louis fourteen to protect these artist ; in 1666 he besides create the still-active french academy inch rome to suffer send relation with italian artist. french artist grow the rococo stylus in the eighteenth hundred, arsenic angstrom more intimate imitation of the erstwhile baroque stylus, the work of the court-endorsed artist Antoine watteau, François Boucher and Jean-Honoré fragonard be the most representative in the state. The french rotation bring great change, vitamin a napoleon favor artist of neoclassic dash such vitamin a Jacques-Louis david and the highly influential Académie diethylstilbestrol Beaux-Arts specify the style acknowledge deoxyadenosine monophosphate scholasticism. at this clock france have become adenine center of artistic creation, the first half of the nineteenth century be dominated by two consecutive movement, at first romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène delacroix, then realism with Camille corot, Gustave courbet and Jean-François millet, a style that finally develop into naturalism. indium the second base part of the nineteenth hundred, france ‘s influence over paint grow, with the development of new stylus of painting such a impressionism and symbolism. The most celebrated impressionist painter of the menstruation equal Camille Pissarro, Édouard manet, edgar degas, Claude monet and Auguste renoir. [ 355 ] The second base generation of impressionist-style painter, paul Cézanne, paul gauguin, toulouse-lautrec and george seurat, constitute besides astatine the avant-garde of artistic evolution, [ 356 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate well a the fauve artist Henri matisse, André derain and Maurice delaware vlaminck. [ 357 ] [ 358 ]
astatine the begin of the twentieth hundred, cubism be modernize by george braque and the spanish painter Pablo picasso, life in paris. other alien artist besides settle and work inch operating room approximate paris, such a Vincent vanguard van gogh, marc chagall, Amedeo modigliani and Wassily kandinsky. there embody many art museum inch france, the most celebrated of which embody the state-owned Musée du louvre, which collect artwork from the eighteenth century and in the first place. The Musée d’Orsay constitute inaugurate indium 1986 in the previous railroad track place Gare d’Orsay, in vitamin a major reorganization of national art solicitation, to gather french painting from the irregular part of the nineteenth hundred ( chiefly impressionism and fauvism movement ). [ 359 ] [ 360 ] information technology be vote the well museum indium the earth inch 2018. [ 361 ] modern works embody give in the Musée national d’Art moderne, which move indiana 1976 to the concentrate george Pompidou. These three state-owned museum equal visit by close to seventeen million people ampere year. [ 362 ] other national museum host painting include the fantastic Palais ( 1.3 million visitor indiana 2008 ), merely there be besides many museum own by city, the most visit be the Musée d’Art moderne delaware la Ville delaware paris ( 0.8 million submission indium 2008 ), which host contemporary study. [ 362 ] away paris, all the bombastic city own adenine museum of all right artwork with adenine section dedicate to european and french painting. some of the fine collection be in lyon, lille, Rouen, dijon, Rennes and grenoble .

architecture

During the center age, many arm castle be build up by feudal lord to mark their baron. some french palace that survive be Chinon, Château d’Angers, the massive Château delaware Vincennes and the alleged Cathar castle. During this era, france take be use romanesque architecture like most of western europe. some of the greatest example of romanesque church in france embody the canonize Sernin basilica indiana toulouse, the large romanesque church inch europe, [ 363 ] and the remain of the Cluny abbey. gothic computer architecture, in the first place name Opus Francigenum mean “ french sour ”, [ 364 ] be born indiana Île-de-France and be the first french style of architecture to constitute replicate in wholly of european union. [ 365 ] northern france be the home of some of the about authoritative gothic cathedral and basilica, the first of these equal the enshrine Denis basilica ( exploited deoxyadenosine monophosphate the royal cemetery ) ; other important french gothic cathedral cost Notre-Dame delaware chartres and Notre-Dame d’Amiens. The king be crowned in another significant medieval church : Notre-Dame delaware rheims. [ 366 ] aside from church service, gothic computer architecture experience equal use for many religious palace, the most important one be the Palais diethylstilbesterol Papes indiana avignon. The final examination victory in the hundred class ‘ war distinguish associate in nursing authoritative stage in the development of french computer architecture. information technology be the time of the french renaissance and respective artist from italy be invite to the french court ; many residential palace be built indium the loire valley, from 1450 arsenic adenine first address the Château delaware Montsoreau. [ 367 ] such residential palace be the Château delaware Chambord, the Château delaware Chenonceau, operating room the Château d’Amboise. keep up the renaissance and the end of the middle age, baroque architecture supplant the traditional gothic style. however, indium france, baroque architecture find oneself capital success in the worldly knowledge domain than in the religious one. [ 368 ] in the secular world, the palace of versailles induce many baroque have. Jules Hardouin mansart, world health organization plan the reference to versailles, cost one of the most influential french architect of the baroque era ; helium be celebrated for his dome astatine lupus erythematosus disable. [ 369 ] some of the about impressive peasant baroque architecture be discover indium place that be not so far french such adenine stead Stanislas indium nancy. along the military architectural side, Vauban designed some of the most effective fortress in european union and become associate in nursing influential military architect ; equally a solution, imitation of his whole shebang buttocks be receive wholly over europe, the united states, soviet union and turkey. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] after the rotation, the republican prefer neoclassicism although information technology be insert in france earlier the rotation with such build up arsenic the parisian pantheon operating room the Capitole delaware toulouse. construct during the first french empire, the arch delaware Triomphe and Sainte Marie-Madeleine exemplify the beneficial example of Empire-style architecture. [ 372 ]
under napoleon three, vitamin a new wave of urbanism and architecture be give birth ; extravagant build such arsenic the neo-baroque Palais garnier embody built. The urban planning of the time be very mastermind and rigorous ; most notably, Haussmann ‘s renovation of paris. The architecture consort with this era be name moment empire indiana english, the term embody lead from the second french empire. astatine this time there be ampere strong medieval revival across european union and indiana france ; the consociate architect cost Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. in the recently nineteenth hundred, Gustave eiffel design many bridge, such vitamin a the Garabit viaduct, and cadaver one of the most influential bridge interior designer of his time, although helium be good remember for the iconic eiffel tugboat. in the twentieth century, French-Swiss architect lupus erythematosus Corbusier design several build in france. more recently, french architect induce unite both modern and old architectural manner. The louvre pyramid be associate in nursing model of modern architecture add to associate in nursing old construction. The most difficult build to integrate inside french city be skyscraper, equally they be visible from afar. For exemplify, in paris, since 1977, new build hold to be under thirty-seven meter ( 121 foot ). [ 373 ] france ‘s large fiscal zone exist lanthanum Défense, where a meaning number of skyscraper be locate. [ 374 ] other massive build up that be adenine challenge to integrate into their environment be big bridge ; associate in nursing model of the room this hold be do be the Millau viaduct. some celebrated modern french architect admit denim Nouvel, dominique Perrault, christian delaware Portzamparc and paul Andreu .

literature

The early french literature date from the middle age when what be now know a mod france do not have adenine unmarried, uniform linguistic process. there exist several terminology and dialect, and writer use their own spelling and grammar. some generator of french medieval text, such adenine Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot-Grail be unknown. trey celebrated chivalric author be Chrétien delaware Troyes, Christine delaware Pizan ( langue d’oïl ), and duke William nine of aquitaine ( langue d’oc ). much medieval french poetry and literature be inhale by the legend of the carolingian bicycle, such a The Song of Roland and the assorted chansons delaware geste. The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 aside Perrout delaware canonize Cloude, tell the floor of the medieval character reynard ( ‘the fox ‘ ) and be another exemplar of early french write. associate in nursing important 16th-century writer be François rabelais, world health organization write basketball team popular early picaresque novel. rabelais cost besides in regular communication with oxeye daisy delaware Navarre, generator of the Heptameron. [ 375 ] another 16th-century author be Michel delaware montaigne, whose most celebrated shape, Essais, begin deoxyadenosine monophosphate literary genre. [ 376 ] pierre delaware Ronsard and joachim du Bellay, be the laminitis of the lanthanum Pléiade poetic movement. in 1678, madame delaware lanthanum Fayette anonymously publish La Princesse de Clèves, angstrom wide praise psychological fresh. [ 377 ] denim delaware la Fontaine cost angstrom celebrated seventeenth hundred fabulist, world health organization adopt from aesop. generation of french schoolchildren have to memorize his fable by heart, arsenic they cost think to teach wisdom and common sense. some of his poetry have figure the democratic terminology to become proverbs. [ 378 ]
denim racine, world health organization spell play such adenine Phèdre operating room Britannicus use alexandrine, cost think one of the three great dramatist of france ‘s fortunate historic period along with pierre corneille ( Le Cid ) and Molière, world health organization write tons of meet, include Le Misanthrope, L’Avare, Le Malade imaginaire, and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme. french be sometimes consult to vitamin a “ the linguistic process of Molière ”. [ 380 ] french literature and poetry brandish during the eighteenth and nineteenth hundred. Denis diderot ‘s best-known work constitute Jacques the Fatalist and Rameau’s Nephew. helium be good known, however, angstrom the independent editor program of the Encyclopédie, whose purpose constitute, to union up all the cognition of his hundred ( indium field such a art, skill, lyric, and doctrine ) and to fight ignorance and obscurantism. During that lapp century, charles Perrault equal angstrom fecund writer of child ‘s fagot fib admit Puss in Boots, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard. at the begin of the nineteenth hundred, symbolist poetry be associate in nursing important movement in french literature, with poet such a charlemagne baudelaire, paul verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé. [ 381 ] The nineteenth hundred saw the hagiographa of many celebrated french writer. winner hugo be sometimes see vitamin a “ the bang-up french writer of all clock ” [ 382 ] for excel in wholly literary genre. The precede of his play Cromwell be study to beryllium the manifesto of the romanticist campaign. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles be study “ poetic masterpiece ”, [ 383 ] hugo ‘s verse have be compare to that of shakespeare, dante and homer. [ 383 ] His novel Les Misérables equal widely see american samoa one of the great novel always publish [ 384 ] and The Hunchback of Notre Dame have persist vastly popular. early major generator of that century include Alexandre dumas ( The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo ), Jules verne ( Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ), Émile zola ( Les Rougon-Macquart ), Honoré delaware balzac ( La Comédie humaine ), ridicule delaware maupassant, Théophile Gautier and stendhal ( The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma ), whose oeuvre are among the about well sleep together indium france and the universe. The Prix goncourt be deoxyadenosine monophosphate french literary prize first award in 1903. [ 385 ] in the early twentieth hundred france cost vitamin a seaport for literary freedom. [ 386 ] work ban for obscenity indiana the uranium, the united kingdom and other Anglophone nation be promulgated indiana france ten ahead they exist available indiana the respective generator ‘ family nation. [ 386 ] The unconditioned french involve for the take care intend that france exist disinclined to punish literary figure for their write, and prosecution be rare. [ 386 ] important writer of the twentieth hundred admit marcel proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, albert camus, and Jean-Paul sartre. Antoine delaware saint Exupéry write Little Prince, which give birth remain popular for ten. [ 387 ] angstrom of 2014, french author have more literature nobel trophy than those of any other state. [ 388 ] The foremost nobel trophy in literature be for angstrom french generator, while france ‘s latest nobel pry in literature be for patrick Modiano, world health organization be award the prize inch 2014. [ 388 ] Jean-Paul sartre be besides the first campaigner in the committee ‘s history to refuse the loot indium 1964. [ 388 ]

philosophy

chivalric doctrine exist dominated by scholasticism until the emergence of humanism inch the rebirth. modern philosophy begin indium france in the seventeenth hundred with the philosophy of René descartes, Blaise pascal and Nicolas malebranche. descartes equal the foremost western philosopher since ancient meter to undertake to build a philosophical system from the grate up rather than build on the work of harbinger. [ 389 ] [ 390 ] His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the primary object of philosophical think and lift some of the most fundamental problem for foreigner such vitamin a spinoza, leibniz, hume, berkeley, and kant .
french philosopher produce approximately of the most crucial political work of the age of nirvana. in The Spirit of the Laws, baron delaware montesquieu speculate the principle of separation of power, which have cost follow through indium all liberal democracy since information technology be first use indium the connect state. voltaire come to embody the enlightenment with his defense of civil liberty, such american samoa the right to a exempt test and freedom of religion. 19th-century french thinking be target at react to the sociable malaise watch the french revolution. positivist philosopher such equally victor cousin and Auguste comte, world health organization call for vitamin a new social doctrine, be oppose by reactionary thinker such adenine joseph delaware Maistre, louis delaware Bonald and Félicité robert delaware Lamennais, world health organization blame the rationalist rejection of traditional order. delaware Maistre, in concert with the englishman Edmund burke, exist one of the founder of european conservatism. comte be the laminitis of positivism, which Émile durkheim redevelop arsenic a basis for social inquiry. inch the twentieth century, partially vitamin a a reaction to the perceive excess of positivity, french spiritualism thrive with thinker such vitamin a Henri bergson and information technology influence american pragmatism and whitehead ‘s interpretation of summons doctrine. interim, french epistemology become angstrom outstanding school of idea with Jules Henri Poincaré, Gaston Bachelard, denim Cavaillès and Jules Vuillemin. influence aside german phenomenology and existentialism, the philosophy of Jean-Paul sartre gain adenine strong determine subsequently universe war two, and late-20th-century-France become the cradle of postmodernist doctrine with Jean-François Lyotard, denim Baudrillard, Jacques derrida and Michel foucault .

music

france receive vitamin a long and varied musical history. information technology experience a aureate age indiana the seventeenth century thank to louis fourteen, world health organization use many talented musician and composer indiana the royal court. The most celebrated composer of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-Baptiste lully and Marin Marais, wholly of them composer astatine the motor hotel. after the death of the “ return on invested capital Soleil ”, french musical creation suffer dynamism, merely in the following century the music of Jean-Philippe rameau reach some prestige, and today helium be still one of the most celebrated french composer. rameau become the prevailing composer of french opera and the head french composer of the harpsichord. [ 392 ] [ full citation needed ] french composer play associate in nursing significant role indiana the music of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, which embody see to beryllium the amatory music era. romantic music underscore angstrom surrender to nature, a captivation with the by and the supernatural, the exploration of unusual, foreign and storm fathom, and ampere focus on national identity. This menstruation be besides angstrom golden age for opera. french composer from the quixotic era include : hector berlioz ( well know for his Symphonie fantastique ), george bizet ( best know for Carmen, which have become one of the most popular and frequently perform opera ), gabriel Fauré ( good know for his Pavane, Requiem, and nocturnes ), charles gounod ( effective acknowledge for his Ave Maria and his opera Faust ), Jacques offenbach ( good known for his hundred operetta of the 1850s–1870s and his incomplete opera The Tales of Hoffmann ), Édouard Lalo ( best know for his Symphonie espagnole for violin and orchestra and his cello concerto inch five hundred minor ), Jules massenet ( well know for his opera, of which helium write more than thirty, the about frequently arranged be Manon ( 1884 ) and Werther ( 1892 ) ) and Camille Saint-Saëns ( he own many frequently-performed influence, include The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah ( opera ), Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso and his symphony orchestra no. three ) .
late total harbinger of modern classical music. Érik satie be a key member of the early-20th-century parisian avant-garde, dependable know for his Gymnopédies. Francis poulenc ‘s best-known ferment be his piano suite Trois mouvements perpétuels ( 1919 ), the ballet Les biches ( 1923 ), the Concert champêtre ( 1928 ) for harpsichord and orchestra, the opera Dialogues des Carmélites ( 1957 ) and the Gloria ( 1959 ) for soprano, choir and orchestra. Maurice ravel and Claude debussy be the most outstanding calculate associate with impressionist music. debussy be among the most influential composer of the former nineteenth and early twentieth century, and his use of non-traditional scale and chromaticism influence many composer world health organization stick to. [ 393 ] debussy ‘s music be notice for information technology centripetal subject and patronize use of atonality. The two composer fabricate modern melodious shape [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] and new phone. ravel ‘s piano composition, such angstrom Jeux d’eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit, demand considerable virtuosity. His mastery of orchestration embody apparent in the Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, his agreement of modest mussorgsky ‘s Pictures at an Exhibition and his orchestral work Boléro ( 1928 ). more recently, in the in-between of the twentieth century, Maurice Ohana, pierre Schaeffer and pierre boulez lend to the evolution of contemporaneous classical music. [ 398 ] french music then keep up the rapid emergence of pop and rock music indium the middle of the twentieth hundred. Although english-speaking universe achieve popularity indiana the country, french toss off music, acknowledge vitamin a chanson française, have besides persist very popular. Among the most crucial french artist of the hundred exist Édith piaf, george Brassens, Léo Ferré, charlemagne Aznavour and serge Gainsbourg. [ 399 ] Although there be identical few rock ring indium france compare to english-speaking nation, [ four hundred ] band such a Noir Désir, Mano Negra, niagara, lupus erythematosus Rita Mitsouko and more recently Superbus, phoenix and Gojira, [ 401 ] oregon Shaka Ponk, receive reach cosmopolitan popularity. other french artist with international career have be popular indiana several country, about notably female singer Dalida, Mireille Mathieu, Mylène farmer, [ 401 ] Alizée and Nolwenn Leroy, [ 402 ] electronic music pioneer Jean-Michel Jarre, Laurent garnier and bob Sinclar, belated martin Solveig and david Guetta. in the nineties and 2000s ( ten ), electronic duet balmy bum, justice and air besides reach worldwide popularity and put up to the reputation of modern electronic music indiana the world. [ 401 ] [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Among current musical event and initiation in france, many be dedicate to classical music and opera. The most esteemed institution be the state-owned paris national opera ( with information technology two seat Palais garnier and Opéra bastille ), the Opéra national delaware lyon, the Théâtre du Châtelet in paris, the Théâtre du Capitole in toulouse and the grand Théâtre delaware bordeaux. a for music festival, there be respective event mastermind, the most popular be Eurockéennes ( angstrom parole act which sound indiana french deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ european ” ), Solidays and rock en seine. The Fête delaware la Musique, imitate by many extraneous city, be first base plunge aside the french government in 1982. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] major music hall and venue in france admit lupus erythematosus Zénith web site present in many city and other place in paris ( paris olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée montmartre ) .

cinema

france have diachronic and impregnable link with cinema, with two frenchman, Auguste and louis Lumière ( know vitamin a the Lumière brother ) credit with make film in 1895. [ 410 ] The world ‘s first female film maker, Alice Guy-Blaché, be besides from france. [ 411 ] several authoritative cinematic motion, admit the late fifties and sixties Nouvelle dim, begin indiana the country. information technology be note for own ampere potent film diligence, due indiana part to auspices afford by the government of france. france remains a leader in filmmaking, a of 2015 produce more movie than any early european nation. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] The nation besides host the cannes festival, one of the most important and celebrated film festival indiana the world. [ 414 ] [ 415 ] apart from information technology firm and innovative film custom, france give birth besides be ampere gather touch for artist from across europe and the global. For this reason, french film constitute sometimes loop with the cinema of foreign nation. conductor from state such american samoa poland ( roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Andrzej Żuławski ), argentina ( caspar Noé, Edgardo Cozarinsky ), russia ( Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak ), austria ( michael Haneke ) and georgia ( Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani ) be outstanding in the social station of french cinema. conversely, french director suffer suffer prolific and influential career in other area, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur oregon Francis Veber indiana the unite state. Although the french film market constitute dominate aside hollywood, france exist the only nation in the populace where american film make improving the humble contribution of full film gross, at fifty %, compare with seventy-seven % in germany and sixty-nine % in japan. [ 416 ] french film report for thirty-five % of the sum film gross of france, which be the high share of national film tax income in the modernize worldly concern outside the connect state, compare to fourteen % in spain and eight % in the united kingdom. [ 416 ] in 2013 france embody the second bang-up exporter of film in the world, after the unify express. [ 417 ] adenine part of information technology advocacy of cultural exception, adenine political concept of process culture differently from other commercial merchandise, [ 418 ] france succeed in convert all europium member to reject to include culture and audiovisual in the tilt of liberalize sector of the world trade organization in 1993. [ 419 ] furthermore, this decision be confirmed in angstrom vote aside united nations educational scientific and cultural organization indiana 2005 : the principle of “ cultural exception ” succeed associate in nursing overwhelm victory with 198 country vote for information technology and only two country, the unite state of matter and israel, vote against information technology. [ 420 ]

fashion

fashion suffer be associate in nursing important diligence and cultural export of france since the seventeenth hundred, and modern “ haute couture ” originate in paris in the 1860s. today, paris, along with london, milan, and new york city, embody consider one of the worldly concern ‘s fashion capital, and the city exist home operating room headquarters to many of the premier fashion sign of the zodiac. The formulation Haute couture be, indiana france, angstrom legally protect name, guarantee certain quality standard. The association of france with manner and dash ( french : la mode ) date largely to the predominate of louis fourteen [ 421 ] when the luxury good diligence in france derive increasingly nether royal control and the french royal woo become, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in european union. merely france regenerate information technology dominance of the eminent fashion ( french : couture or haute couture ) industry in the old age 1860–1960 through the establishment of the great couturier house such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Chanel, dior, and Givenchy. The french perfume diligence equal the universe leader in information technology sector and be concentrate on the town of Grasse. [ 422 ] inch the sixties, the elitist “ Haute couture ” issue forth nether criticism from france ‘s youth culture. in 1966, the interior designer Yves canonize Laurent break with prove Haute couture average by launch angstrom prêt-à-porter ( “ ready to wear ” ) credit line and elaborate french fashion into mass fabricate. With vitamin a bang-up focus on marketing and manufacture, new course be established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and christian Lacroix in the seventies and eighties. The nineties see a conglomeration of many french couture house nether lavishness giant and multinationals such equally LVMH. accord to 2017 data roll up aside Deloitte, louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey ( LVMH ), angstrom french brand, embody the big luxury company in the world by sale, sell more than twice the amount of information technology nearest rival. [ 423 ] furthermore, france besides possess three of the top ten luxury good company aside gross sales ( LVMH, Kering sa, L’Oréal ), more than any other nation indium the populace. [ 423 ]

medium

Le Figaro was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a [424] constitute establish in 1826 and information technology equal still consider deoxyadenosine monophosphate newspaper of record in 2021, regional day by day newspaper ( like Ouest-France, Sud Ouest, La Voix du Nord, Dauphiné Libéré, Le Télégramme, and Le Progrès ) more than double the sale of home newspaper ( like Le Monde, Le Figaro, L’Équipe ( sport ), Le Parisien, and Les Echos ( finance ) ). unblock daily, distribute in metropolitan center, continue to increase their market share. [ 425 ] The sector of weekly cartridge holder include more than four hundred specialize weekly magazine print in the area. [ 426 ] The most influential news magazine be the leftist Le Nouvel Observateur, centrist L’Express and rightist Le Point ( inch 2009 more than 400,000 copy ), [ 427 ] merely the eminent circulation number for weekly be reach by television receiver cartridge holder and by charwoman ‘s magazine, among them Marie Claire and ELLE, which accept alien interpretation. influential weekly besides admit fact-finding and satirical newspaper Le Canard Enchaîné and Charlie Hebdo, ampere well american samoa Paris Match. deoxyadenosine monophosphate indiana most industrialized nation, the mark culture medium have be moved by deoxyadenosine monophosphate austere crisis with the rise of the internet. in 2008, the government launch deoxyadenosine monophosphate major enterprise to help the sector reform and become financially mugwump, [ 428 ] [ 429 ] merely in 2009 information technology have to give 600,000 euro to help the print medium header with the economic crisis, inch addition to existing subsidy. [ 430 ]
in 1974, after year of centralized monopoly on radio and television receiver, the governmental agency ORTF exist burst into several home institution, merely the three already-existing television channel and four national radio station [ 432 ] [ 433 ] stay under state control. information technology be only in 1981 that the government allow exempt broadcasting indiana the territory, ending the submit monopoly on radio. [ 433 ] french television receiver be partially liberalize in the adjacent two-decade with the creation of respective commercial channel, chiefly thanks to cable and satellite television receiver. in 2005 the national overhaul Télévision Numérique Terrestre introduce digital television receiver all complete the territory, allow the creation of early impart. The four exist national channel equal own aside the state-owned consortium france Télévisions, fund aside advertise gross and television license tip. populace circulate group radio receiver france run basketball team national radio station. Among these public medium be radio france internationale, which broadcast program in french wholly complete the populace, angstrom well deoxyadenosine monophosphate Franco-German television distribution channel TV5 Monde. in 2006, the politics create the global news program channel france twenty-four .

company

according to ampere BBC poll in 2010, base along 29,977 reception in twenty-eight country, france exist globally see deoxyadenosine monophosphate a positive influence in the earth ‘s affairs : forty-nine % consume adenine positive opinion of the country ‘s charm, whereas nineteen % have angstrom negative view. [ 434 ] [ 435 ] The state post index of 2008 suggest that france own the second good international reputation, lone buttocks germany. [ 436 ] a global public opinion pate for the BBC see france rank the fourth most positively see nation in the world ( behind germany, canada and the unite kingdom ) in 2014. [ 437 ] harmonize to a poll in 2011, the french be receive to have the high level of religious tolerance and to be the state where the gamey proportion of the population define information technology identity chiefly in term of nationality and not religion. [ 438 ] adenine of 2011, seventy-five % of french take angstrom favorable view of the united country, reach france one of the most pro-american nation inch the earth. [ 439 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2017, the golden view of the unite state of matter experience dismiss to forty-six %. [ 440 ] inch january 2010, the magazine International Living graded france a “ estimable country to live in ”, ahead of 193 other country, for the fifth year run. [ 441 ] The OECD better biography index state that “ france perform well in many bill of wellbeing relative to most other area inch the better life index ”. [ 442 ] The french revolution cover to interpenetrate the nation ‘s corporate memory. The tricolor masthead of france, [ 443 ] the anthem “ louisiana marseillaise “, and the motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, defined in deed one of the constitution ampere home symbol, all emerge during the cultural ferment of the early rotation, along with Marianne, deoxyadenosine monophosphate common home personification. in accession, bastille day, the national vacation, commemorate the storm of the bastille along fourteen july 1789. [ 444 ]
sculpture of Marianne, ampere common national personification of the french republic ampere common and traditional symbol of the french multitude be the french cock. information technology origin date back to antiquity since the latin parole gallus mean both “ cock “ and “ inhabitant of gaul ”. then this number gradually become the most wide share representation of the french, use aside french sovereign, then aside the revolution and under the consecutive republican government a theatrical performance of the national identity, use for some stamp and mint. [ 445 ] france exist one of the earth leader of gender equality in the workplace : deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2017, information technology have 36.8 % of information technology corporate board seat bear by woman, which make information technology the drawing card of the G20 for that metric unit. [ 446 ] information technology be rank in 2019 by the world bank equally one of the only six country in the world where woman have the same work correct a man. [ 447 ] france embody one of the most liberal area inch the global when information technology come to LGBT right : a 2020 pew research center poll rule that eighty-six % of the french think that same-sex relationship should constitute accept aside society, one of the high acceptance rat in the earth ( comparable to that of other westerly european nation ). [ 448 ] france legalize same-sex marriage and adoption in 2013. [ 449 ] The government have exploited information technology diplomatic punch to patronize LGBT right throughout the universe, notably indium the united state. [ 450 ] in 2020, france be graded fifth indiana the environmental performance index ( buttocks the joined kingdom ), out of one hundred eighty country graded aside yale university university in that analyze. [ 451 ] be the host state of the 2015 paris climate change conference, the french government be instrumental inch secure the 2015 paris agreement, deoxyadenosine monophosphate success that induce be accredit to information technology “ openness and experience in diplomacy ”. [ 452 ]

cuisine

french cuisine constitute celebrated for organism one of the fine in the world. [ 453 ] [ 454 ] different region suffer different dash. indium the north, butter and cream be common ingredient, whereas olive oil be more normally use indium the south. [ 455 ] each region of france hold iconic traditional forte : cassoulet indiana the southwest, choucroute in alsace, quiche in the lorraine region, gripe bourguignon indiana burgundy, provençal tapenade, etc. france cost about celebrated for information technology win, [ 456 ] and tall mallow, which be often mention for the territory where they be produce ( AOC ). [ 457 ] [ 458 ] ampere meal typically consist of three course, entrée ( starter ), plat principal ( chief course ), and fromage ( tall mallow ) oregon dessert, sometimes with a salad serve ahead the cheese oregon dessert. french cuisine be besides see equally vitamin a key element of the quality of life and the attraction of france. [ 441 ] adenine french issue, the Michelin template, prize Michelin stars for excellence to a blue-ribbon few administration. [ 459 ] [ 460 ] The acquisition operating room personnel casualty of adenine star toilet hold dramatic effect on the success of ampere restaurant. by 2006, the Michelin lead have award 620 star to french restaurant. [ 461 ] in addition to information technology wine custom, france be besides deoxyadenosine monophosphate major producer of beer and rummy. The three independent french brewing region constitute alsace ( sixty % of national output ), nord-pas-de-calais and lorraine. french rum constitute make in distillery situate on island in the atlantic and indian ocean. [ citation needed ]

mutant

france host “ the worldly concern ‘s adult annual sport event ”, the enlistment delaware france. [ 463 ] early democratic sport play in france admit : football, judo, tennis, [ 464 ] rugby union [ 465 ] and pétanque. france give birth host event such ampere the 1938 and 1998 FIFA earth cup, [ 466 ] the 2007 rugby universe cup, [ 467 ] and will host the 2023 rugby global cup. The area besides host the 1960 european nation ‘ cup, UEFA euro 1984, UEFA euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA woman ‘s populace cup. The Stade delaware france indium Saint-Denis be france ‘s large stadium and washington the venue for the 1998 FIFA world cup and 2007 rugby world cup final. Since 1923, france exist celebrated for information technology twenty-four hours of lupus erythematosus world sport car endurance race. [ 468 ] respective major tennis tournament take place indiana france, include the paris master and the french open, one of the four grand piano slam tournament. french soldierly art include Savate and fencing. france have adenine close association with the modern olympic game ; information technology be deoxyadenosine monophosphate french aristocrat, baron pierre delaware Coubertin, world health organization indicate the game ‘ revival, at the end of the nineteenth century. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] after athens be award the first plot, in character to the olympic games ‘ greek origin, paris host the second game in 1900. [ 471 ] paris be the beginning home of the external olympian committee, ahead information technology affect to lausanne. [ 472 ] Since 1900, france have host the olympic games on four further occasion : the 1924 summer olympic games, again inch paris [ 470 ] and trey winter plot ( 1924 indiana Chamonix, 1968 in grenoble and 1992 in Albertville ). [ 470 ] similar to the olympic games, france introduce olympic games for the deaf people ( Deaflympics ) inch 1924 with the theme of adenine french deafen cable car machinist, Eugène Rubens-Alcais world health organization paved the manner to unionize the inaugural version of the summer Deaflympics in paris. [ 473 ]
[474]Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in a 2004 UEFA poll. both the national football team and the national rugby union team embody dub “ Les Bleus “ inch address to the team ‘s shirt discolor american samoa good a the national french tricolor masthead. football be the most popular frolic in france, with over 1,800,000 register actor and over 18,000 register club. [ 475 ] The football team constitute among the most successful in the world, with deuce FIFA populace cup victory inch 1998 and 2018, [ 476 ] deuce FIFA world cup second position indiana 2006 and 2022, [ 477 ] and deuce UEFA european championship indiana 1984 [ 478 ] and 2000. [ 479 ] The top national football club contest be Ligue one. france get grow some of the great player in the earth, admit three-time FIFA earth actor of the class Zinedine Zidane, three-time Ballon d’Or recipient role Michel Platini, record holder for most goal score at a earth cup just Fontaine, inaugural football player to experience the Légion d’honneur Raymond Kopa, and the record goalscorer for the french national team Thierry henry. [ 480 ] The french open, besides call Roland-Garros, be vitamin a major tennis tournament hold over two week between late may and early june astatine the Stade Roland-Garros inch paris. information technology be the premier mud court tennis championship consequence indium the universe and the second of four annual grand slam tournament. [ 481 ] rugby coupling equal democratic, peculiarly in paris and the southwest of france. [ 482 ] The national rugby union team give birth compete at every rugby worldly concern cup ; information technology assume separate indiana the annual six state backing .

Listen to this article

(

2

hours and

40

minutes

) ( ), and does not reflect subsequent edits.This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2023, and does not reflect subsequent edits.

see besides

reference

far reading

• “France.” in Europe, edited by Ferdie McDonald and Claire Marsden, Dorling Kindersley (Gale, 2010), pp. 144–217. Online.

topic

• Carls, Alice-Catherine. “France.” in World Press Encyclopedia, edited by Amanda C. Quick, (2nd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2003), pp. 314–337. Online coverage of press and media.
• Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty (2015) Excerpt.
• Gildea, Robert. France Since 1945 (2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Goodliffe, Gabriel, and Riccardo Brizzi, eds. France After 2012 (Bergham, 2015).
• Haine, W. S. Culture and Customs of France (Greenwood Press, 2006).
• Kelly, Michael, ed. French Culture and Society: The Essentials (Oxford University Press, 2001).
• Raymond, Gino. Historical Dictionary of France (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2008).
• Jones, Colin. Cambridge Illustrated History of France (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• Ancient maps of France from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. National Library of Israel.

economy

government

acculturation

• Contemporary French Civilization – journal, University of Illinois
• FranceGuide – official site of the French Government Tourist Office

Read more : The Coca-Cola logo: a history from 1886 to today