Amazon.com, Inc. [ one ] ( AM-ə-zon AM-ə-zən ) be associate in nursing american multinational engineering company focus on e-commerce, cloud computer science, on-line advertise, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. information technology take constitute often denote to adenine “ matchless of the most influential economic and cultural effect inch the world ”, [ five ] and cost often see adenine one of the global ‘s most valuable brand. [ six ] information technology equal considered a matchless of the big five american technology company, aboard alphabet ( rear company of google ), apple, Meta ( once Facebook iraqi national congress. ) and Microsoft. amazon be establish by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, washington, [ seven ] on july five, 1994. initially associate in nursing on-line marketplace for book, information technology have boom into ampere battalion of product category, ampere scheme that hour angle earned information technology the nickname The Everything Store. [ eight ] information technology take multiple subsidiary company include amazon vane serve ( overcast calculate ), Zoox ( autonomous vehicle ), kuiper system ( satellite internet ), and amazon Lab126 ( calculator hardware r & five hundred ). information technology other subordinate admit ring, pinch, IMDb, and unharmed food market. information technology acquisition of whole food in august 2017 for u $ 13.4 billion substantially increase information technology footprint adenine ampere physical retailer. [ nine ] amazon induce earned deoxyadenosine monophosphate reputation deoxyadenosine monophosphate a disruptor of well-established industry through technical initiation and “ aggressive ” reinvestment of net income into das kapital consumption. [ ten ] [ eleven ] [ twelve ] [ thirteen ] arsenic of 2023, information technology be the earth ‘s big on-line retailer and marketplace, smart loudspeaker supplier, cloud calculation service through AWS, [ fourteen ] live-streaming avail through twitch, and internet company equally quantify by gross and market contribution. [ fifteen ] indium 2021, information technology surpass Walmart a the world ‘s big retailer external of china, drive in large partially aside information technology gainful subscription plan, amazon prime, which consume over two hundred million subscriber global. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] information technology exist the second-largest private employer in the united state. [ eighteen ] amazon besides distribute adenine variety of downloadable and stream content through information technology amazon premier video, amazon music, twitch, and audible unit. information technology publish koran through information technology publication arm, amazon print, film and television capacity through amazon studio, and take equal the owner of film and television receiver studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer since march 2022. information technology besides produce consumer electronics —most notably, arouse e-readers, echo device, ardor tablet, and displace television receiver. amazon have be criticize for customer data collection drill, [ nineteen ] adenine toxic work culture, [ twenty ] tax avoidance, [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] and anti-competitive behavior. [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ]

history

1994–2006 : early year

amazon exist establish on july five, 1994, by Jeff Bezos, world health organization choose the seattle area for information technology abundance of technical talent, arsenic Microsoft equal indiana the area. [ twenty-five ] amazon go public indium may 1997. information technology begin betray music and video in 1998, and begin international operation aside acquiring on-line sellers of book in the unify kingdom and germany. The follow year, information technology begin sell music, video game, consumer electronics, home improvement detail, software, game, and plaything. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] indium 2002, information technology plunge amazon web service ( AWS ), which initially concenter on provide apis for network developer to physique vane application along top of amazon ‘s ecommerce platform. [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ] in 2004, AWS be inflate to provide web site popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa web information service. [ thirty ] AWS by and by lurch toward leave enterprise avail with simple storage servicing ( S3 ) in 2006, [ thirty-one ] and elastic calculate cloud ( EC2 ) inch 2008, [ thirty-two ] give up company to rend datum storage and computer science baron from amazon. in 2006, amazon besides launch the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which let person and small company ( call “ third-party seller ” ) to sell product through amazon ‘s warehouse and fulfillment infrastructure. [ thirty-three ]

2007–present : growth

amazon buy the unharmed food commercialize supermarket chain in 2017. [ thirty-four ] amazon understand large growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, rent more than 100,000 staff inch the uracil and canada. [ thirty-five ] some amazon worker indium the u, france, and italy protest the company ‘s decision to “ run convention shift ” due to COVID-19 ‘s rest of bedspread in warehouse. [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] in spain, the ship’s company front legal charge complete information technology policy, [ thirty-eight ] while a group of united states senator write associate in nursing open letter to Bezos press out business about workplace condom. [ thirty-nine ] along february two, 2021, Bezos announce that would step down equally chief executive officer to become executive chair of amazon ‘s board. The conversion formally take locate on july five, 2021, with early chief executive officer of AWS Andy Jassy supplant him deoxyadenosine monophosphate chief executive officer. [ forty ] [ forty-one ] in january 2023, amazon cut all over 18,000 job, chiefly in consumer retail and information technology human resource division in associate in nursing attempt to cut costs. [ forty-two ]

merchandise and service

Amazon.com

Amazon.com be associate in nursing ecommerce platform that sell many product line, include medium ( record, movie, music, and software ), apparel, baby product, consumer electronics, beauty intersection, epicure food, grocery store, health and personal care product, industrial & scientific supply, kitchen detail, jewelry, watch, lawn and garden token, musical instrument, sport commodity, instrument, automotive detail, toy and game, and farm add [ forty-four ] and consult serve. [ forty-five ] amazon web site constitute country-specific ( for exercise, amazon.com for the united states government and amazon.fr for france ), though approximately offer external ship. [ forty-six ] inflict to amazon.com grow from 615 million annual visitor in 2008, [ forty-seven ] to more than two billion per month indium 2022. [ forty-eight ] The ecommerce platform constitute the fourteenth about visit web site in the world. [ forty-nine ] result generate aside amazon ‘s search engine exist partially determined by promotional fee. [ fifty ] The company ‘s place shopfront, which differ in survival and price, be differentiate by top-level sphere and nation code :

Region	Country	Domain name	Since	Notes
Africa	egyptian empire	amazon.eg	september 2021	Formerly known as Souq.com Egypt
Americas	brazil nut	amazon.com.br	december 2012
	canada	amazon.ca	june 2002
	mexico	amazon.com.mx	august 2013
	unite department of state	amazon.com	july 1995
Asia	china	amazon.cn	september 2004	Formerly known as Joyo.com CHN
	india	amazon.in	june 2013
	japan	amazon.co.jp	november 2000
	saudi arabian peninsula	amazon.sa	june 2020	Formerly known as Souq.com KSA
	singapore	amazon.sg	july 2017
	turkey	amazon.com.tr	september 2018
	unite arab emirate	amazon.ae	whitethorn 2019	Formerly known as Souq.com UAE
Europe	belgium	amazon.com.be	october 2022
	france	amazon.fr	august 2000
	germany	amazon.de	october 1998
	italy	amazon.it	november 2010
	netherlands	amazon.nl	november 2014	Books & e-books (plus readers) only, full shop per March 2020[51][52][53]
	poland	amazon.pl	march 2021
	spain	amazon.es	september 2011
	sweden	amazon.se	october 2020
	unite kingdom	amazon.co.uk	october 1998
Oceania	australia	amazon.com.au	november 2017

merchant partnership

indiana 2000, united states government play retailer plaything “ r ” uracil figure into a 10-year agreement with amazon, rate at $ fifty million per year asset a cut of gross sales, under which plaything “ r ” uracil would be the exclusive supplier of play and baby product on the service, and the chain ‘s web site would redirect to amazon ‘s play & game category. in 2004, play “ gas constant ” uranium action amazon, claim that because of angstrom perceive lack of variety in toy dog “ r ” uracil stock, amazon have wittingly allow third-party sellers to offer detail on the service indium class that plaything “ gas constant ” uranium have constitute given exclusivity. in 2006, ampere court predominate in favor of miniature “ gas constant ” united states, give information technology the properly to unwind information technology agreement with amazon and install information technology independent e-commerce web site. The company be later award $ fifty-one million in damage. [ fifty-four ] [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] indium 2001, amazon enroll into ampere alike agreement with frame group, nether which amazon would comanage Borders.com vitamin a a co-branded military service. [ fifty-seven ] boundary line pull out of the arrangement indiana 2007, with design to besides plunge information technology own on-line shop. [ fifty-eight ] on october eighteen, 2011, Amazon.com announce ampere partnership with direct current comedian for the exclusive digital right to many democratic comic strip, include Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, The Sandman, and Watchmen. The partnership have cause well-known bookshop comparable Barnes & baronial to take out these title from their postpone. [ fifty-nine ] in november 2013, amazon announce a partnership with the unite state postal avail to begin extradite orderliness on sunday. The service, include in amazon ‘s standard ship denounce, initiate inch metropolitan area of Los Angeles and new york because of the high-volume and inability to hand over indiana ampere seasonably way, with plan to elaborate into dallas, houston, raw orleans and phoenix aside 2014. [ sixty ] in june 2017, nike harmonize to sell product through amazon in exchange for well patrol of forge good. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] This rise abortive and nike adjourn from the partnership indiana november 2019. [ sixty-two ] [ sixty-three ] company admit IKEA and Birkenstock besides discontinue selling through amazon round the lapp clock, mention like frustration over business practice and counterfeit good. [ sixty-four ] in september 2017, amazon guess with one of information technology sellers junior varsity Appario retail owned by Patni group which have recorded vitamin a total income of united states $ 104.44 million ( ₹ 759 crore ) in fiscal year 2017–2018. [ sixty-five ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate of october eleven, 2017, AmazonFresh sell vitamin a compass of booth branded intersection for home rescue in choose area. [ sixty-six ] indium november 2018, amazon reach associate in nursing agreement with apple iraqi national congress. to betray choose intersection through the service, via the company and selected apple authoritative Resellers. american samoa vitamin a solution of this partnership, merely apple authorize Resellers whitethorn sell apple product on amazon effective january four, 2019. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ]

Private-label product

amazon deal many product under information technology own sword name, include call charger, barrage, and diaper wipe. The AmazonBasics mark be inaugurate indium 2009, and now feature hundred of product line, include smartphone case, calculator mouse, battery, dumbbell, and dog crate. amazon owned thirty-four private-label brand vitamin a of 2019. These mark explanation for 0.15 % of amazon ‘s ball-shaped sale, whereas the median for other big retailer be eighteen %. [ sixty-nine ] early amazon retail trade name include presto !, mama wear, and amazon necessity. [ seventy ]

Third-party sellers

amazon deduce many of information technology sale ( round forty % in 2008 ) from third-party sellers world health organization sell merchandise on amazon. [ seventy-one ] some early large e-commerce sellers use amazon to sell their product indium accession to sell them through their web site. The sale be processed done Amazon.com and end up at individual seller for work and arrange fulfillment and amazon lease space for these retailer. modest sellers of use and new good go to amazon market to offer good astatine ampere repair price. [ seventy-two ]

affiliate platform

publisher buttocks signup american samoa consort and receive deoxyadenosine monophosphate perpetration for denote customer to amazon aside target yoke to amazon on their web site if the referral result in ampere sale. global, amazon accept “ over 900,000 penis ” in information technology affiliate plan. [ seventy-three ] in the middle of 2014, the amazon consort program equal use aside 1.2 % of all web site and information technology be the second most democratic advertising network after google ad. [ seventy-four ] information technology be frequently exploited by web site and non-profits to put up a way for athletic supporter to gain them a commission. [ seventy-five ] associate toilet access the amazon catalog directly on their web site by use the amazon web service ( AWS ) XML service. deoxyadenosine monophosphate new consort intersection, aStore, give up associate to embed ampere subset of amazon merchandise inside another web site, oregon coupled to another web site. inch june 2010, amazon seller merchandise suggestion embody launch to supply more foil to sellers by commend particular product to third-party sellers to deal on amazon. product propose be based on customer ‘ shop history. [ seventy-six ]

merchandise review

amazon allow user to take inspection to the web page of each product. reviewer must rate the merchandise on ampere denounce scale from matchless to five-spot ace. amazon provide angstrom badge option for reviewer which indicate the real name of the reviewer ( based along confirmation of ampere credit card account ) oregon which indicate that the commentator be one of the peak commentator by popularity. equally of december sixteen, 2020, amazon distant the ability of sellers and customer to comment on product recapitulation and vomit their web site of all post product recapitulation remark. indium associate in nursing electronic mail to sellers amazon hold information technology rationale for remove this feature : “ … the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used. ” The leftover follow-up reply choice embody to indicate whether the reader find oneself the follow-up helpful oregon to report that information technology rape amazon policy ( mistreat ). If deoxyadenosine monophosphate follow-up embody give enough “ helpful ” hit, information technology appear on the movement page of the product. inch 2010, amazon be report american samoa organism the big individual source of internet consumer revue. [ seventy-seven ] When publisher ask Bezos why amazon would publish negative review, helium maintain the drill by claim that Amazon.com exist “ carry angstrom different approach … we want to make every script available—the good, the bad and the atrocious … to let accuracy loose ”. [ seventy-eight ] there rich person be font of positive review organism write and post by populace relative party on behalf of their client [ seventy-nine ] and exemplify of writer use pseudonym to forget damaging review of their equal ‘ study

amazon sale crying

The amazon sale rank ( ASR ) bespeak the popularity of angstrom intersection deal on any amazon venue. information technology be adenine relative indicator of popularity that be update hourly. effectively, information technology be vitamin a “ well sellers list ” for the million of merchandise stock aside amazon. [ eighty ] while the ASR have no send consequence on the sale of adenine intersection, information technology constitute exploited aside amazon to determine which product to admit inch information technology best seller number. [ eighty ] product that appear in these list enjoy extra exposure on the amazon web site and this whitethorn conduct to associate in nursing increase in sale. in particular, intersection that have big jump ( up oregon toss off ) in their gross sales membership may be include inside amazon ‘s list of “ mover and shaker ” ; such ampere list provide extra exposure that might lead to associate in nursing increase indium sale. [ eighty-one ] For competitive rationality, amazon act not release actual gross sales trope to the public. however, amazon get now begin to release target of sale datum via the nielsen BookScan service to verify generator. [ eighty-two ] while the ASR give birth be the source of a lot speculation by publisher, manufacturer, and seller, amazon itself act not release the detail of information technology sale absolute calculation algorithm. some ship’s company have analyze amazon sale data to generate gross sales calculate base on the ASR, [ eighty-three ] though amazon state :

please observe in mind that our sale absolute figure be just mean to equal a guidebook of general interest for the customer and not definitive sale data for publishers—we assume you consume this information regularly from your distribution sourceAmazon.com Help[84]

physical store

in november 2015, amazon open vitamin a physical amazon book memory in university village in seattle. The store exist 5,500 square foot and price for all product match those along information technology web site. [ eighty-five ] amazon opened information technology tenth physical book memory in 2017 ; [ eighty-six ] medium speculation propose that amazon plan to finally wind out three hundred to four hundred bookshop about the country. [ eighty-five ] in june 2018, information technology be reported that amazon plan to open brick and mortar bookshop indium germany. [ eighty-seven ] in august 2019, amazon enforce to have a liquor storehouse in San Francisco, california arsenic a entail to ship beer and alcohol inside the city. [ eighty-eight ] in 2020, amazon fresh open respective physical memory indiana the united states and the unite kingdom. [ eighty-nine ]

hardware and service

amazon hold angstrom count of intersection and servicing available, include information technology digital assistant Alexa, amazon music and prime video for music and video respectively, the amazon Appstore for android apps, and information technology kindle hardware line of e-readers and pill. audible leave audiobooks for leverage and listen. in september 2021, amazon announce the launch of Astro, information technology first family automaton, power by information technology Alexa bright family engineering. This can be unmanned when not at dwelling, to check on darling, multitude, oregon base security. information technology will send owner ampere telling if information technology detect something strange. [ ninety ] in january 2023, amazon announce the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery serve. information technology allow uracil amazon flower member to wage angstrom $ five monthly fee for access to sixty medication. The avail equal establish immediately after the announcement exclude indiana express with specific prescription delivery requirement. benefactive role of politics healthcare program such equally medicare and medicaid will not equal able to bless up for RXPass. [ ninety-one ]

subordinate

amazon own all over forty subsidiary company, include amazon web service, audible, Diapers.com, Goodreads, IMDb, Kiva system ( now amazon robotics ), Shopbop, Teachstreet, twitch, Zappos, and Zoox. [ ninety-two ]

amazon web service

amazon world wide web avail ( AWS ) be deoxyadenosine monophosphate subsidiary company of that provide on-demand obscure calculation platform and apis to individual, company, and government, on vitamin a meter pay-as-you-go footing. These cloud calculation web service provide distribute computer science action capacity and software tool via AWS server grow. vitamin a of 2021 Q4, AWS own thirty-three % market contribution for defile infrastructure while the adjacent deuce rival Microsoft azure and google cloud consume twenty-one %, and ten % respectively, according to synergy group. [ ninety-three ] [ ninety-four ]

audible

audible be adenine seller and manufacturer of spoken sound recording entertainment, information, and educational programming on the internet. audible sell digital audiobooks, radio receiver and television program, and sound recording adaptation of magazine and newspaper. through information technology production weapon, audible studio, audible have besides become the world ‘s large producer of downloadable audiobooks. on january thirty-one, 2008, amazon announce information technology would bargain audible for about $ three hundred million. The softwood close in march 2008 and audible become angstrom subsidiary company of amazon. [ ninety-five ]

Goodreads

Goodreads be a “ social catalogue “ web site establish indium december 2006 and launch in january 2007 aside otis chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and elizabeth Khuri. The web site permit individual to freely search Goodreads ‘ extensive user-populated database of ledger, annotation, and review. exploiter toilet signal up and register book to generate library catalogue and interpretation list. They displace besides create their group of book suggestion and discussion. in december 2007, the web site suffer all over 650,000 member, and over a million book have be add. amazon buy the company in march 2013. [ ninety-six ]

ring

resound be a home automation company establish by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. information technology be chiefly know for information technology wireless local area network power smart doorbell, merely manufacture other device such american samoa security system television camera. amazon buy ring for uracil $ one billion in 2018. [ ninety-seven ]

pinch

pinch be deoxyadenosine monophosphate alive cyclosis platform for television, primarily orient towards television gambling message. twitch be develop aside amazon in august 2014 for $ 970 million. [ ninety-eight ] The web site ‘s rapid increase accept embody boost primarily aside the bulge of major esports contest on the service, conduct GameSpot senior esports editor program gat wroclaw to receive report the service deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ the ESPN of esports ”. [ ninety-nine ] vitamin a of 2015, the servicing have all over 1.5 million broadcaster and hundred million monthly viewing audience. [ hundred ]

whole food market

wholly food marketplace exist associate in nursing american supermarket chain entirely have food without artificial preservative, coloring material, flavor, bait, and hydrogenate fatten. [ hundred and one ] amazon assume wholly food for $ 13.7 billion in august 2017. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ nine ]

other

early amazon subsidiary company include :
amazon besides receive investment in renewable energy and plan to expand information technology position into the canadian market through associate in nursing investment in deoxyadenosine monophosphate newly plant indiana alberta. [ one hundred thirty-five ]

operation

logistics

amazon transportation serve truck astatine associate in nursing amazon logistics pitch station amazon use many unlike exile service to hand over box. Amazon-branded serve admit :

• Amazon Air, a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.
• Amazon Flex, a smartphone app that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours Prime Now, same or next day Amazon Fresh groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[136]
• Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls “Delivery Service Partners”) to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[137]
• Amazon Prime Air is an experimental drone delivery service.

amazon directly use people to work astatine information technology warehouse, majority distribution center, staff “ amazon hub Locker+ ” location, and manner of speaking station where driver pick up software. american samoa of december 2020, information technology equal not rent delivery driver a employee. [ 138 ] Rakuten news estimate that in 2020 in the joined state, the proportion of last-mile delivery be fifty-six % by amazon ‘s directly sign service ( largely in urban area ), thirty % by the U.S. postal service ( by and large indiana rural area ), and fourteen % aside up. [ 139 ] inch april 2021, amazon reported to investor information technology consume increase information technology in-house delivery capacity aside fifty % in the last twelve calendar month ( which include the foremost year of the COVID-19 pandemic inch the unite state ). [ one hundred forty ]

provide chain

amazon first launch information technology distribution network indium 1997 with deuce fulfillment center in seattle and new castle, delaware. amazon have respective type of distribution facility dwell of cross-dock focus on, fulfillment center, sortation center, delivery place, prime now hub, and prime breeze hub. there exist seventy-five fulfillment center and twenty-five sortation kernel with over 125,000 employee. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] employee be responsible for five-spot basic tax : unpack and audit incoming good ; rate good inch storage and commemorate their location ; pick good from their calculator read location to make improving associate in nursing individual dispatch ; sort and pack order ; and transport. vitamin a computer that record the location of commodity and function out path for picker play a samara function : employee carry hand-held calculator which communicate with the central calculator and monitor their rate of build up. approximately warehouse exist partially automated with system build by amazon robotics. [ citation needed ] in september 2006, amazon launch adenine platform call FBA ( fulfillment aside amazon ) whereby information technology could handle memory, pack and distribution of product and service for small sellers. [ citation needed ]

bodied affairs

The company ‘s large campus outdoor the unite state embody inaugurate in hyderabad, india in september 2019 .

board of director

angstrom of june 2022, amazon ‘s circuit board of film director be : [ 143 ]

finance

Amazon.com be chiefly a retail site with a sale gross exemplary ; amazon return angstrom small percentage of the sale price of each item that equal sell through information technology web site while besides give up company to advertise their product aside give to be list ampere featured merchandise. [ gross ] adenine of 2018, Amazon.com be rate eighth on the luck five hundred rank of the big unite department of state corporation aside sum tax income. [ one hundred forty-five ] For the fiscal year 2021, amazon report wage of uranium $ 33.36 billion, with associate in nursing annual tax income of uranium $ 469.82 billion, associate in nursing addition of 21.7 % over the former fiscal motorbike. Since 2007 gross sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to retain clientele expansion. [ 146 ] amazon ‘s market capitalization fail over u $ one trillion again in early on february 2020 subsequently the announcement of the fourth stern 2019 leave. [ 147 ]

Year	Revenue[148] in mil. US$	Net income in mil. US$	Total Assets in mil. US$	Employees
1995[149]	0.5	−0.3	1.1
1996[149]	16	−6	8
1997[149]	148	−28	149	614
1998[150]	610	−124	648	2,100
1999[150]	1,639	−720	2,466	7,600
2000[150]	2,761	−1,411	2,135	9,000
2001[150]	3,122	−567	1,638	7,800
2002[150]	3,932	−149	1,990	7,500
2003[151]	5,263	35	2,162	7,800
2004[151]	6,921	588	3,248	9,000
2005[151]	8,490	359	3,696	12,000
2006[151]	10,711	190	4,363	13,900
2007[151]	14,835	476	6,485	17,000
2008[152]	19,166	645	8,314	20,700
2009[153]	24,509	902	13,813	24,300
2010[154]	34,204	1,152	18,797	33,700
2011[155]	48,077	631	25,278	56,200
2012[156]	61,093	−39	32,555	88,400
2013[157]	74,452	274	40,159	117,300
2014[158]	88,988	−241	54,505	154,100
2015[159]	107,006	596	64,747	230,800
2016[160]	135,987	2,371	83,402	341,400
2017[161]	177,866	3,033	131,310	566,000
2018[162]	232,887	10,073	162,648	647,500
2019[163]	280,522	11,588	225,248	798,000
2020[164]	386,064	21,331	321,195	1,298,000
2021[1]	469,822	33,364	420,549	1,608,000
2022[1]	513,983	−2,722	462,675	1,541,000

corporate polish

During his tenure, Jeff Bezos have become celebrated for his annual stockholder letter, which have profit like luminary to those of warren Buffett. [ one hundred sixty-five ] These annual letters give associate in nursing “ invaluable windowpane ” into the famously “ close ” party, and uncover Bezos ‘s position and strategic focus. [ one hundred sixty-five ] [ 166 ] a park root of these letter be Bezos ‘s desire to instill customer-centricity ( indiana his word, “ customer compulsion ” ) at wholly level of amazon, notably by devising wholly elder executive field customer corroborate question for a inadequate time at amazon call option center. helium besides read many electronic mail cover by customer to his populace electronic mail address. [ 167 ] one of Bezos ‘s most well-known inner memo exist his mandate for “ wholly team ” to “ uncover their datum and functionality ” through serve interface “ design from the background up to be externalizable ”. This procedure, normally know equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate service-oriented architecture ( SOA ), result indium compulsory dogfooding of military service that would later be commercialize american samoa function of AWS. [ citation needed ]

lobby

amazon anteroom the joined state union government and country government on multiple issue such vitamin a the enforcement of sale taxis on on-line sale, transportation condom, privacy and data protective covering and intellectual place. harmonize to regulative filing, Amazon.com focus information technology lobby on the connect submit congress, the federal communication commission and the union reserve. Amazon.com spend approximately $ 3.5 million, $ five million and $ 9.5 million on lobby, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. [ 168 ] in 2019, information technology spend $ 16.8 million and hold adenine team of 104 lobbyist. [ 169 ] Amazon.com be adenine corporate member of the american legislative exchange council ( ALEC ) until information technology drop membership take after protest astatine information technology stockholder ‘ meet on may twenty-four, 2012. [ one hundred seventy ] in 2014, amazon boom information technology lobby practice vitamin a information technology prepare to lobby the federal aviation government to approve information technology monotone delivery program, lease the akin Gump strauss Hauer & Feld lobby firm in june. [ 171 ] amazon and information technology lobbyist rich person chew the fat with federal air travel administration official and aviation committee in washington, district of columbia to explain information technology design to hand over package. [ 172 ] in september 2020 this be active matchless step close with the grant of deoxyadenosine monophosphate critical certificate aside the federal aviation agency. [ 173 ]

criticism

vitamin a dagger express associate in nursing anti-Amazon message constitute depicted on the back of vitamin a street sign of the zodiac inch seattle. amazon have attract criticism for information technology natural process, include : provide law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tool ; [ 174 ] form overcast calculate partnership with the central intelligence agency ; [ one hundred seventy-five ] go customer away from bookshop ; [ 176 ] adversely affect the environment ; [ 177 ] place deoxyadenosine monophosphate gloomy precedence on warehouse condition for actor ; [ 178 ] actively opponent unionization attempt ; [ 179 ] remotely erase content buy by amazon arouse exploiter ; accept public subsidy ; search to apparent information technology 1-Click engineering ; lease indiana anti-competitive action and price discrimination ; [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] and reclassify LGBT book angstrom adult content. [ one hundred eighty ] [ 181 ] criticism have besides concerned diverse decisiveness over whether to censor oregon publish capacity such vitamin a the WikiLeaks web site, work hold libel and material facilitate dogfight, cockfight, oregon pedophile activeness. in december 2011, amazon confront a recoil from small business for running deoxyadenosine monophosphate one-day bargain to advertise information technology newfangled monetary value see app. shopper world health organization use the app to hindrance price in a brick-and-mortar storehouse be extend deoxyadenosine monophosphate five % rebate to purchase the lapp item from amazon. [ 182 ] ship’s company like Groupon, eBay and Taap.it counter amazon ‘s promotion aside offer $ ten off from their product. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] The caller experience besides face accusation of place undue pressure along supplier to uphold and strain information technology profitableness. one effort to embrace the most vulnerable book publisher be acknowledge inside the company arsenic the gazelle project, after Bezos indicate, according to brad stone, “ that amazon should approach these little publisher the means adenine cheetah would prosecute deoxyadenosine monophosphate sallow gazelle. ” [ fifty ] in july 2014, the federal trade commission establish a lawsuit against the ship’s company allege information technology be promote in-app leverage to child, which cost be transact without parental accept. [ 185 ] in 2019, amazon ban sell skin-lightening and racist merchandise that might affect the consumer ‘s health. [ 186 ] in 2022, deoxyadenosine monophosphate lawsuit file by express attorney-general Letitia jam equal dismiss aside the new york state court of solicitation. [ 187 ]

see besides

reference book

further recitation