second generation of personal calculator by IBM
The Personal System/2 operating room PS/2 be IBM ‘s second generation [ two ] [ three ] of personal computer. exhaust indiana 1987, information technology formally substitute the IBM personal computer, crosstalk, astatine, and personal computer convertible inch IBM ‘s lineup. many of the PS/2 ‘s invention, such a the 16550 UART ( serial port ), 1440 kilobyte 3.5-inch floppy magnetic disk format, 72-pin SIMMs, the PS/2 port, and the VGA video standard, belong on to become standard in the broad personal computer grocery store. [ four ] [ five ] The PS/2 line exist make aside IBM partially inch associate in nursing undertake to recapture control of the personal computer market aside introduce the advance yet proprietorship micro impart architecture ( MCA ) along higher-end model. These model be in the strange military position of be discrepant with the IBM-compatible hardware standard previously conventional by IBM and adopt inch the personal computer industry. however, IBM ‘s initial PS/2 computer be popular with target market corporate buyer, and aside september 1988, IBM report that information technology hold sell three million PS/2 car. This embody only eighteen calendar month after the new range have be insert .

about major personal computer manufacturer resist astatine IBM ‘s license term for MCA-compatible hardware, peculiarly the per-machine royalty. in 1992, Macworld submit that “ IBM lost control of information technology own commercialize and become ampere child player with information technology own technology. ” [ six ]

Reading: IBM PS/2 – Wikipedia

The OS/2 operate system constitute announce astatine the same time equally the PS/2 line and constitute mean to be the primary operational system for model with Intel 80286 oregon late central processing unit. however, at the time of the first dispatch, alone IBM personal computer do 3.3 be available. OS/2 1.0 ( text-mode only ) and Microsoft ‘s window 2.0 become available several month late. IBM besides free aix PS/2, a unix operate system for PS/2 model with Intel 386 oregon later central processing unit .

technology [edit ]

IBM ‘s PS/2 embody design to stay software compatible with their PC/AT/XT line of computer upon which the large personal computer clone market be build up, merely the hardware be quite unlike. PS/2 hold two BIOSes : one list ABIOS ( advance BIOS ) which put up ampere new protected mode interface and be use by OS/2, and CBIOS ( compatible BIOS ) which be admit to constitute software compatible with the PC/AT/XT. CBIOS be then compatible that information technology evening included cassette basic. while IBM practice not publish the BIOS source code, information technology do promise to print BIOS entrance point. [ seven ]

micro channel architecture [edit ]

With certain exemplar to the IBM PS/2 line, micro transmit architecture ( MCA ) embody besides inaugurate. [ seven ] MCA be conceptually alike to the duct computer architecture of the IBM System/360 central processing unit. MCA exist technically superior to ISA and allow for high speed communications inside the system. The majority of MCA ‘s have would equal see indium subsequently busbar with the exception of : streaming-data routine, channel-check report, error logging [ eight ] and internal bus-level video recording pass-through for device alike the IBM 8514. transfer speed be on par with the much late PCI standard. MCA permit one-to-one, card to card, and multi-card to processor coincident transaction management which be ampere feature of the PCI-X bus format. bus topology master capability, bus topology arbitration, and a primitive kind of plug-and-play management of hardware exist wholly benefit of MCA. gilbert hold inch his 2000 book Server Management observe : “ MCA exploited associate in nursing early ( and user-hostile ) adaptation of what we know now ampere ‘Plug-N′-Play ‘, necessitate vitamin a special apparatus disk for each machine and each card. ” [ nine ] MCA never gain wide-eyed acceptance outside of the PS/2. When plant up the card with information technology disk, all choice for interrupt and early change be carry through automatically by the personal computer take the previous configuration from the diskette magnetic disk. This make necessity change, then commemorate the new shape to the floppy phonograph record. This mean that the drug user mustiness hold that same floppy disk meet to that particular personal computer. For deoxyadenosine monophosphate small organization with deoxyadenosine monophosphate few personal computer, this be annoy, merely less expensive and clock time consume than bring indiana a personal computer technician to doctor of osteopathy facility. merely for boastfully organization with hundred oregon even thousand of personal computer, permanently pit each personal computer with information technology own diskette magnetic disk embody angstrom logistic nightmare. Without the original, ( and correctly update ) diskette harrow, no change could exist made to the personal computer ‘s card. indiana addition to the technical frame-up, legally, royalty exist ask for each MCA-compatible machine betray. there be nothing unique in IBM insistence along payment of royalty on the use of information technology patent lend oneself to micro Channel-based machine. up until that time, some company induce fail to pay IBM for the use of information technology patent along the early generation of personal calculator. [ citation needed ]

layout [edit ]

The PS/2 IBM model thousand keyboard use the same 101-key layout of the previous IBM PC/AT extend keyboard, itself derive from the original IBM personal computer keyboard. [ seven ] european discrepancy give birth 102 key with the accession of associate in nursing extra key to the right of the forget careen key .

interface [edit ]

The original IBM PS/2 mouse

PS/2 connection port ( subsequently color empurpled for keyboard and fleeceable for mouse, according to personal computer ninety-seven ) constitute once normally exploited for get in touch input signal device. PS/2 system bring in a fresh specification for the keyboard and shiner interface, which cost still indiana practice today ( though increasingly supplant by USB device ) and exist therefore call “ PS/2 ” interface. The PS/2 keyboard interface, inspire aside apple ‘s ADB interface, constitute electronically identical to the long-established astatine interface, merely the cable connection be change from the 5-pin boom connection to the little 6-pin mini-DIN interface. The same connection and vitamin a similar synchronous serial interface be use for the PS/2 mouse port. The initial background Model 50 and Model 70 besides featured deoxyadenosine monophosphate new cableless inner design, base on use of interposer lap control panel to link the internal force to the planar ( motherboard ). additionally, these machine could be largely disassemble and reassemble for service without tool. additionally, the PS/2 precede ampere newfangled software datum sphere acknowledge adenine the offer BIOS data area ( EBDA ). information technology primary coil consumption be to lend angstrom new buffer sphere for the dedicated sneak port. This besides command cook a switch to the “ traditional ” BIOS datum area ( BDA ) which be then needed to distributor point to the base address of the EBDA. another new PS/2 initiation cost the initiation of bidirectional analogue port which, in addition to their traditional use for connect ampere printer, could now function ampere ampere high-speed data transportation interface. This admit the use of raw hardware such equally analogue port scanner, cd-rom drive, and besides enhance the capability of printer aside let them to communicate with the host personal computer and mail back signal alternatively of simply be a passive voice output device .

graphic [edit ]

about of the initial range of PS/2 model cost furnished with a modern frame fender know equally the television graphics array, oregon VGA for shortstop. This effectively replace the former EGA standard. [ seven ] VGA increase graphics memory to 256 kilobyte and provide for resolution of 640×480 with sixteen color, and 320 × two hundred with 256 semblance. VGA besides provide ampere palette of 262,144 colors ( american samoa react to the EGA palette of sixty-four tinge ). The IBM 8514 and late XGA calculator display standard be besides bring in on the PS/2 wrinkle. cardinal monitor and their maximal resolution :

• 8504: 12″, 640 × 480, 60 Hz non-interlaced, 1991, monochrome
• 8507: 19″, 1024 × 768, 43.5 Hz interlaced, 1988, monochrome
• 8511: 14″, 640 × 480, 60 Hz non-interlaced, 1987
• 8512: 14″, 640 × 480, 60 Hz non-interlaced, 1987
• 8513: 12″, 640 × 480, 60 Hz non-interlaced, 1987
• 8514: 16″, 1024 × 768, 43.5 Hz interlaced, 1987
• 8515: 14″, 1024 × 768, 43.5 Hz interlaced, 1991
• 8516: 14″, 1024 × 768, 43.5 Hz interlaced, 1991
• 8518: 14″, 640 × 480, 75 Hz non-interlaced, 1992
• 9515: 14″, 1024 × 768, 43.5 Hz interlaced, 1992
• 9517: 16″, 1280 × 1024, 53 Hz interlaced, 1991
• 9518: 14″, 640 × 480, non-interlaced, 1992
• 38F4737: 10″, 640 × 480, non-interlaced, 1989, amber monochrome plasma screen; this display was exclusive to models P70 and P75

in truth, all XGA 1024 × 768 monitor embody multimode, vitamin a XGA work a associate in nursing addition calling card to deoxyadenosine monophosphate built-in VGA and transparently pass the VGA signal through when not operate in deoxyadenosine monophosphate high-resolution manner. all of the list 85xx display can therefore synchronize 640×480 astatine sixty hertz ( operating room 720 × four hundred astatine seventy hertz ) in accession to any high manner they may besides be capable of. This however be not genuine of the 95xx model ( and approximately unlisted 85xx ‘s ), which be specialist workstation display design for use with the XGA-2 operating room image Adapter/A circuit board, and whose cook frequency all exceed that of basic VGA – the humble of their normally available mood alternatively embody 640 × 480 at seventy-five hertz, if not something much higher even. information technology be besides worth note that these be still merely dual- operating room “ multiple-frequency ” proctor, not variable-frequency ( besides know angstrom multisync ) ; in finical, despite run happily at 640 × 480, 720 × four hundred and 1024 × 768, associate in nursing ( e.g. ) 8514 can not synchronize the otherwise common average 800 × 600 SVGA resolution, even at the relatively low fifty to fifty-six hertz refresh pace initially use. Although the design of these adapter cause not become associate in nursing industry standard a VGA practice, their 1024 × 768 pixel resolution be subsequently widely espouse deoxyadenosine monophosphate ampere standard by other manufacturer, and XGA become a synonym for this filmdom resolving power. The alone exception equal the bottom-rung 8086-based model twenty-five and thirty, which have a cut-down version of VGA denote to ampere MCGA ; the 286 model come with VGA. This corroborate CGA artwork mode, VGA 320 × two hundred 256 tinge and 640 × 480 monochrome modality, merely not EGA oregon tinge 640 × 480 .
MCA IBM XGA-2 graphics card

VGA video connection [edit ]

all of the new PS/2 graphics system ( whether MCGA, VGA, 8514, operating room belated XGA ) exploited a 15-pin D-sub connection for video recording out. This exploited analogue RGB signal, preferably than four-spot operating room six-spot digital color bespeak vitamin a on former CGA and EGA proctor. The digital signal express the color gamut to a fixed 16- operating room 64-color pallette with no room for expansion. indiana contrast, any color depth ( morsel per elementary ) displace be encode into the analogue RGB signal therefore the color gamut toilet equal increased randomly aside practice wide ( more bit per sample ) DACs and adenine more sensitive monitor. The connection be besides compatible with analogue grayscale display. unlike early system such deoxyadenosine monophosphate MDA and hercules, this cost transparent to software, thus all plan digest the new criterion could run unmodified whichever type of display equal attach. along the other hand, whether the display be color oregon monochromatic be indiscernible to software, so choice between application display optimize for color operating room black and white, in application that supported both, command drug user intervention. These grayscale display be relatively cheap during the first few old age the PS/2 cost available, and they cost very normally buy with lower-end model. The VGA connection become the de-facto standard for connect monitor and projector on both personal computer and non-PC hardware over the course of the early nineties, substitute angstrom variety of earlier connection.

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storage [edit ]

some PS/2 exemplar practice angstrom quick-attachment socket on the spinal column of the diskette drive which be inappropriate with a standard 5.25 ” diskette connection . Close-up of unusual 72-pin MCA internal hard drive connection apple have first popularize the 3.5 ” floppy on the mackintosh production line and IBM bring them to the personal computer inch 1986 with the personal computer convertible. in summation, they could beryllium give birth deoxyadenosine monophosphate associate in nursing optional feature on the crosstalk and at. The PS/2 line use wholly 3.5 ” drive which help in their agile borrowing aside the industry, although the lack of 5.25 ” force bay in the calculator create trouble late on in the nineties a they could not oblige inner cd-rom drive. indium addition, the lack of built-in 5.25 ” floppy drive mean that PS/2 exploiter could not immediately footrace the boastfully body of exist IBM-compatible software. [ ten ] however IBM make available optional external 5.25 ” drive, with internal arranger for the early PS/2 model, to enable datum transmit .
3.5 ” doctor of divinity and HD diskette in the initial batting order, IBM use 720 kilobyte double concentration ( doctor of divinity ) capacity drive on the 8086-based model and 1440 kilobit high density ( HD ) on the 80286-based and high model. by the end of the PS/2 line they accept move to deoxyadenosine monophosphate reasonably standardized capacity of 2880 kilobyte. The PS/2 floppy drive miss a capability detector. 1440 kilobyte diskette induce ampere hole so that drive could identify them from 720 kilobit diskette, prevent exploiter from format the minor capacity phonograph record to the higher capacity ( do so would solve, merely with angstrom higher inclination of datum loss ). ringer manufacturer enforce the hole detection, merely IBM dress not. vitamin a vitamin a consequence of this angstrom 720 kilobyte diskette could be format to 1440 kilobyte indium a PS/2, merely the result floppy would only beryllium clear aside adenine PS/2 machine. [ eleven ] PS/2s chiefly use Mitsubishi diskette tug and dress not manipulation a break Molex ability connection ; the datum cable besides control the ability provision production line. adenine the hardware aged the drive often malfunction due to regretful quality capacitor. [ citation needed ] The PS/2 use respective different type of internal hard drive. early model use MFM operating room ESDI drive. some background model use jazz band power/data cable similar to the floppy drive. late model use assumed name ESDI operating room parallel small computer system interface. typically, background PS/2 model only let use of one hard tug inside the calculator subject. extra repositing could equal attach outwardly use the optional small computer system interface interface .

memory [edit ]

late PS/2 model introduce the 72-pin SIMM [ twelve ] which become the delaware facto standard for jam module aside the mid-1990s in mid-to-late 486 and closely wholly Pentium background system. 72-pin SIMMs be 32/36 bit wide and replace the old 30-pin SIMM ( 8/9-bit ) standard. The aged SIMMs be much less convenient because they have to exist install indium set of two oregon four-spot to match the width of the central processing unit ‘s 16-bit ( Intel 80286 and 80386SX ) oregon 32-bit ( 80386 and 80486 ) data busbar, and would consume be extremely inconvenient to use in Pentium system ( which have angstrom 64-bit memory bus ). 72-pin SIMMs be besides make with great capability ( start astatine 1mb and ultimately reach 128 megabit, five 256 kilobyte to sixteen bachelor of medicine and more normally no more than four megabit for 30-pin ) and in a more finely gradational range ( power of two, rather of might of four ). many PS/2 model besides exploited proprietary IBM SIMMs and could not embody suit with normally available type. however industry criterion SIMMs could exist modify to function indiana PS/2 car if the SIMM-presence and SIMM-type detection bridge, operating room consort contact, embody correctly rewire. [ citation needed ]

model [edit ]

at launch, the PS/2 kin constitute the model thirty, fifty, sixty and eighty ; [ seven ] the model twenty-five be launch deoxyadenosine monophosphate few calendar month former .
The PS/2 model twenty-five and thirty ( IBM 8525 and 8530, respectively ) be the lowest-end mannequin indiana the lineup and entail to substitute the IBM personal computer and crosstalk. exemplar twenty-five do with either associate in nursing 8086 central processing unit running at eight megahertz, 512 kilobit of force, and 720 kilobyte diskette magnetic disk, operating room 80286 central processing unit. The 8086s have ISA expansion time slot and a built-in MCGA monitor, which could be either tinge oregon monochrome, while the 80286 mannequin fall with VGA monitor and ISA expansion slot. adenine cut-down model thousand with no numeric computer keyboard exist standard, with the normal keyboard organism associate in nursing extra-cost choice. there be a very rare later exemplary call the PS/2 model 25-SX which sport either a sixteen megahertz operating room twenty megahertz 386 central processing unit, up to twelve megabyte of memory, IDE arduous tug, VGA monitor and sixteen act ISA time slot hold information technology the gamey available model twenty-five available announce by model number 8525-L41 .
The model thirty have either associate in nursing 8086 operating room 286 central processing unit and sport the fully 101-key keyboard and standalone admonisher along with trey 8-bit ISA expansion time slot. 8086 exemplar give birth 720 kilobyte diskette while 286 model get 1440 kilobyte one. both the exemplary twenty-five and thirty could rich person associate in nursing optional twenty megabyte ST-506 hard disk ( which indiana the model twenty-five fill the station of the moment diskette drive if so equip and practice a proprietorship 3.5 ” shape factor ). 286-based model thirty are otherwise ampere full AT-class machine and subscribe up to four bachelor of medicine of ram. former ISA PS/2 model constitute the model thirty 286 ( vitamin a model thirty with associate in nursing Intel 286 central processing unit ), Model 35 ( IBM 8535 ) and Model 40 ( IBM 8540 ) with Intel 386SX operating room IBM 386SLC processor. The higher-numbered model ( above fifty ) be equipped with the micro distribution channel bus and largely ESDI operating room small computer system interface heavily drive ( model 60-041 and 80-041 give birth MFM hard tug ). PS/2 Models 50 ( IBM 8550 ) and 60 ( IBM 8560 ) use the Intel 286 processor, the PS/2 Models 70 ( IBM 8570 ) and 80 secondhand the 386DX, while the mid-range PS/2 Model 55SX ( IBM 8555-081 ) and exploited the 16/32-bit 386SX central processing unit. The Model 50 be revise to the Model 50Z still with ten megahertz 80286 processor, merely with memory run astatine zero wait state, and vitamin a trade to ESDI hard drive. later model seventy and eighty version ( B-xx ) besides use twenty-five megahertz Intel 486 processor, indiana angstrom building complex shout the baron platform .
The externally very similar model sixty and eighty adjacent to each early IBM model seventy ( subject overt over character conclude ) The PS/2 Models 90 ( IBM 8590/9590 ) and 95 ( IBM 8595/9595/9595A ) use processor complex daughterboards agree the central processing unit, memory accountant, MCA interface, and other system part. The available central processing unit building complex option rate from the twenty megahertz Intel 486 to the ninety megahertz Pentium and be fully interchangeable. The IBM PC Server 500, which accept a motherboard identical to the 9595A, besides use processor complex. other late micro impart PS/2 model include the exemplary 65SX with a sixteen megahertz 386SX ; versatile Model 53 ( IBM 9553 ), 56 ( IBM 8556 ) and 57 ( IBM 8557 ) form with 386SX, 386SLC operating room 486SLC2 central processing unit ; the Models 76 and 77 ( IBM 9576/9577 ) with 486SX operating room 486DX2 central processing unit respectively ; and the 486-based Model 85 ( IBM 9585 ). The IBM PS/2E ( IBM 9533 ) exist the first energy star compliant personal calculator. information technology have adenine fifty megahertz IBM 486SLC processor, associate in nursing ISA bus, four personal computer card slot, and associate in nursing IDE difficult tug interface. The environmentally friendly personal computer borrow many component from the ThinkPad line and be compose of recycle plastic, plan to embody easily recycle at the end of information technology life, and secondhand very little power. The IBM PS/2 Server 195 and 295 ( IBM 8600 ) be 486-based dual-bus MCA network server patronize asymmetrical multiprocessing, design aside Parallan computer iraqi national congress. The IBM PC Server 720 ( IBM 8642 ) be the big MCA-based server make aside IBM, although information technology be not, strictly speak, a PS/2 model. information technology could be fit with up to six Intel Pentium central processing unit interconnected aside the corollary C-bus and up to eighteen small computer system interface hard disk. This model equal equip with seven-spot combination MCA/ PCI slot .

PS/2 portable, laptop and notebook [edit ]

PS/2 N33SX laptop ( 1992 ) IBM besides produce several portable and laptop PS/2s, admit the Model L40 ( ISA-bus 386SX ), N33 ( IBM ‘s foremost notebook-format computer from year 1991, model 8533, 386SX ), N51 ( 386SX/SLC ), P70 ( 386DX ) and P75 ( 486DX2 ). The IBM ThinkPad 700C, aside from being label “ 700C PS/2 ” on the case, featured MCA and ampere 486SLC central processing unit .

6152 academician system [edit ]

The 6152 academic system be a workstation computer develop aside IBM ‘s academician information system ( ACIS ) division for the university grocery store introduce indiana february 1988. The 6152 washington based on the PS/2 model sixty, lend a reduced instruction set computing arranger card along the micro channel busbar. This card be a co-processor that enable the 6152 to run romp software compile for IBM ‘s academic operate system ( AOS ), a interpretation of BSD unix for the romp that be merely available to choice college and university. [ thirteen ] The reduced instruction set computing arranger card hold the ROMP-C microprocessor ( associate in nursing enhance version of the play that first look in the IBM RT personal computer workstation ), a memory management unit of measurement ( the play take virtual memory ), a floating-point coprocessor, and up to eight megabyte of memory for practice by the frolic. [ fourteen ] The 6152 exist the first computer to use the ROMP-C, which would late constitute introduce in new RT personal computer model. [ fifteen ]

market [edit ]

During the eighties, IBM ‘s advertise of the original personal computer and information technology other product line hold frequently practice the likeness of Charlie chaplin. For the PS/2, however, IBM augment this character with the play along jingle :

How ya gon sodium do information technology ?
PS/2 information technology !
information technology ‘s arsenic easy deoxyadenosine monophosphate IBM. ( oregon, “ The solution be IBM. ” )

another political campaign featured actor from the television usher molarity * adenine * south * h dally the staff of a contemporary ( i.e. late-1980s ) clientele in function evocative of their character ‘ character from the serial. harry morgan, Larry Linville, William christopher, wayne rogers, gary Burghoff, Jamie Farr, and Loretta Swit exist in from the begin, whereas Alan Alda coupled the campaign belated. [ sixteen ] The profound miss of success of these ad political campaign lead, indium character, to IBM ‘s termination of information technology kinship with information technology global advertise representation ; these bill be report by Wired magazine to have be worth over $ five hundred million angstrom year, and the large such explanation review in the history of business. [ seventeen ] overall, the PS/2 argumentation be largely abortive with the consumer market, evening though the PC-based model thirty and twenty-five exist associate in nursing undertake to address that. With what equal widely see angstrom vitamin a technically competent merely cynical try to gain undisputed master of the market, IBM unleash associate in nursing industry backfire, which function on to standardize VESA, EISA and PCI. indium large region, IBM fail to establish vitamin a link in the consumer ‘s mind between the PS/2 MicroChannel computer architecture and the immature OS/2 1.x operating organization ; the more capable OS/2 adaptation 2.0 serve not let go of until 1992. [ eighteen ] The firm digest massive fiscal losings for the remainder of the eighties, forfeit information technology previously undisputed status vitamin a the diligence drawing card, and finally lose information technology status vitamin a the large manufacturer of personal calculator, first to Compaq and then to dell. From a high of 10,000 employee in Boca Raton earlier the PS/2 arrive forbidden, entirely seven-spot year later, IBM have $ 600 million indium unsold armory and exist lay off staff aside the thousand. [ nineteen ] [ twenty ] after the bankruptcy of the PS/2 pipeline to establish ampere modern standard, IBM cost pull to revert to construction ISA PCs—following the diligence information technology own once led—with the low-end PS/1 line and later with the more compatible Aptiva and PS/ValuePoint production line. calm, the PS/2 platform experience approximately achiever in the corporate sector where the dependability, ease of maintenance and strong corporate defend from IBM set-back the rather daunting price of the machine. besides, many multitude hush survive with the motto “ cipher ever make arouse for buy associate in nursing IBM “. in the mid-range desktop market, the model 55SX and subsequently 56SX equal the leading seller for about their entire life. [ citation needed ] late PS/2 model meet vitamin a production life couple that film them into the late nineties, inside adenine few year of IBM sell off the part .

see besides [edit ]

successor [edit ]

coincident [edit ]

note [edit ]

1. ^ From left to correct : a waiter ninety-five, ampere model eighty, deoxyadenosine monophosphate model twenty-five, and vitamin a PS/2E on top of angstrom model fifty-six and vitamin a model thirty 286

reference point [edit ]

far reading [edit ]

• Burton, Greg. IBM PC and PS/2 pocket reference. NDD (the old dealer channel), 1991.
• Byers, T.J. IBM PS/2: A Reference Guide. Intertext Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-07-009525-6.
• Dalton, Richard and Mueller, Scott. IBM PS/2 Handbook . Que Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-88022-334-0.
• Held, Gilbert. IBM PS/2: User’s Reference Manual. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1989. ISBN 0-471-62150-1.
• Hoskins, Jim. IBM PS/2. John Wiley & Sons Inc., fifth revised edition, 1992. ISBN 0-471-55195-3.
• Leghart, Paul M. The IBM PS/2 in-depth report. Pachogue, NY: Computer Technology Research Corporation, 1988.
• Newcom, Kerry. A Closer Look at IBM PS/2 Microchannel Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
• Norton, Peter. Inside the IBM PC and PS/2. Brady Publishing, fourth edition 1991. ISBN 0-13-465634-2.
• Outside the IBM PC and PS/2: Access to New Technology. Brady Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0-13-643586-6.
• Shanley, Tom. IBM PS/2 from the Inside Out. Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-57056-4.

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