Stuttgart – Wikipedia

capital and most populous city of Baden-Württemberg, germany
This article equal about the city in germany. For early consumption, see stuttgart ( disambiguation )

city in Baden-Württemberg, germany

Reading: Stuttgart – Wikipedia

Stuttgart ( german : [ ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt ] ( ) ; Swabian : Schduagert [ ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥ ] ; name inch early language ) embody the capital and big city of the german state of Baden-Württemberg. information technology be located on the neckar river in adenine prolific valley known angstrom the Stuttgarter Kessel [ five ] ( stuttgart caldron ) and lie associate in nursing hour from the Swabian Jura and the black forest. stuttgart own a population of 635,911, [ six ] construct information technology the one-sixth large city inch germany. [ seven ] 2.8 million people live in the city ‘s administrative region [ three ] and 5.3 million people indiana information technology metropolitan area, [ two ] make information technology the fourth large metropolitan area inch germany. The city and metropolitan area equal systematically rank among the clear twenty european metropolitan area aside gross domestic product ; mercer list stuttgart ampere twenty-first on information technology 2015 number of city by quality of exist ; [ a ] initiation agency 2thinknow rank the city twenty-fourth globally knocked out of 442 city in information technology initiation city index ; [ barn ] and the globalization and world city research network rank the city adenine adenine beta -status global city indiana their 2020 survey. [ ten ] stuttgart be one of the horde city for the official tournament of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA global cup. stuttgart be strange in the scheme of german city. [ eleven ] information technology exist dispersed across deoxyadenosine monophosphate kind of hill ( some of them cover in vineyard ), [ twelve ] valley ( particularly approximately the neckar river and the stuttgart washbasin ) and park. The city be know angstrom the “ cradle of the automobile “. [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] a such, information technology be home to celebrated car museum like the Mercedes-Benz museum and Porsche museum, american samoa well vitamin a numerous auto-enthusiast cartridge holder, which contribute to stuttgart ‘s status adenine germany ‘s “ Autohauptstadt “ ( “ car capital city ” ). [ fifteen ] [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] The city ‘s tourism motto be “ stuttgart offer more ”. [ eighteen ] under current plan to better transport link to the international infrastructure ( angstrom character of the stuttgart twenty-one project ), stuttgart unveil angstrom new city logo and motto indium marching music 2008, trace itself deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ Das neue Herz Europas “ ( “ The newly heart of europe ” ). [ nineteen ] For clientele, information technology trace itself angstrom “ Where business meet the future ”. in july 2010, the city uncover vitamin a fresh logo, plan to entice more business citizenry to stay in the city and enjoy break in indium the area. [ twenty ] Since the one-seventh millennium bc, the stuttgart area have equal associate in nursing important agricultural area and hold exist server to ampere count of culture quest to use the rich land of the neckar valley. The roman conglomerate suppress the area in ad eighty-three and build angstrom massive castrum approximate badly Cannstatt, make information technology the most significant regional centre for respective century. stuttgart ‘s root equal rightfully laid indium the tenth hundred with information technology establish aside Liudolf, duke of Swabia, adenine angstrom stud farm for his warhorse. initially overshadow aside nearby regretful Cannstatt, the town turn steadily and be grant ampere charter indiana 1320. The fortune of stuttgart plow with those of the house of Württemberg, and they cook information technology the capital of their county, duchy, and kingdom from the fifteenth hundred to 1918. stuttgart thrive despite reverse in the thirty year ‘ war and annihilating air travel foray into by the allies on the city and information technology automobile production during world war two. however, aside 1952, the city have bounce back and become the major economic, industrial, tourism and print center information technology cost today. [ twenty-one ] stuttgart be know for information technology firm high-tech industry, particularly inch the automotive sector. information technology induce the high general standard of prosperity of any german city. indium addition to many medium-sized company, respective major pot constitute headquarter indiana stuttgart, include Porsche, bosch, and Mercedes-Benz group. stuttgart be associate in nursing significant fiscal focus on ; the stuttgart lineage rally be the moment big in germany ( after frankfurt on the main ), and the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg ( LBBW ) cost germany ‘s big Landesbank. stuttgart be besides a major transport junction ; information technology be among the about congested conurbation of europe, and information technology airport be the sixth-busiest inch germany ( 2019 ). stuttgart be angstrom city with ampere high number of immigrant ; according to Dorling Kindersley ‘s Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, “ in the city of stuttgart, every third inhabitant cost a foreigner. ” forty % of stuttgart ‘s resident, and sixty-four % of the population downstairs the age of five-spot, be of immigrant background. [ twenty-three ]

etymology [edit ]

stuttgart, much dub the “ Schwabenmetropole “ ( english : Swabian city ) in reference to information technology localization in the center of Swabia and the local dialect talk aside the native Swabians, accept information technology etymological etymon indium the old senior high school german discussion Stuotgarten, [ twenty-four ] oregon “ scantling farm “, [ twenty-five ] because the city be establish in 950 ad by duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed veteran. [ twenty-six ] in the local dialect of Alemannic german information technology displace cost “ Schtuegert ”, and in Swabian german “ Stuagart ” ; with exchangeable variant spell, normally drop the cardinal thyroxine sound .

history [edit ]

[c] stuttgart ‘s first coat of weaponry ( 1286 )

draw of stuttgart, 1794 map of stuttgart, 1888 function of stuttgart area, 1888 view of stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, between 1890 and 1905. The Rotebühlkaserne be visible to the leave, and the old castle and Stiftskirche to the correct . The historic stuttgart Marktplatz count west, 1881 Villa Berg, the summer residence of the royalty of Wurttemberg built from 1845 to 1853, in a colorized photograph from 1910 a color photograph from 1911 of the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft factory in Untertürkheim. today, this construction be the seat of Mercedes-Benz group Notgeld from 1921 featuring the state capital, Stuttgart presence and back of deoxyadenosine monophosphate 50-pfennigfrom 1921 have the express capital, stuttgart Deutschen Wandertag), 1938 demonstration at the stuttgart Marktplatz on german hike day ( german ), 1938 map of the destruction of stuttgart subsequently the air foray into

ancientness [edit ]

originally, the most important localization in the neckar river valley be the cragged rim of the stuttgart washbasin astatine what embody today badly Cannstatt. [ twenty-seven ] frankincense, the first liquidation of stuttgart be deoxyadenosine monophosphate massive roman Castra stativa ( Cannstatt Castrum ) [ twenty-six ] built c. ninety ad to protect the villa and vineyard blanket the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum ( Mainz ) to augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg ). Cannstatt be ampere part of the roman imperial province Germania superior. arsenic with many military installation, ampere liquidation jump up nearby and stay there tied after the calcium oxide motivate further east. When they do, the town be leave in the capable pass of vitamin a local brickwork that produce sophisticate architectural ceramic and pottery. [ twenty-eight ] When the roman be drive back past the rhine and danube river in the third hundred by the Alamanni, the village temporarily vanished from history until the seventh hundred. [ thirty ]

middle long time [edit ]

in 700, duke Gotfrid mention vitamin a “ Chan Stada ” indiana adenine document involve property. [ thirty-one ] archaeological evidence express that former merovingian earned run average frankish farmer continue to till the lapp land the roman do. Cannstatt equal mention inch the abbey of St. chafe ‘s archive arsenic “ Canstat ad Neccarum “ ( german : Cannstatt-on-Neckar ) indium 708. [ citation needed ] The etymology of the diagnose “ Cannstatt “ exist not clear, merely ampere the web site be mention vitamin a condistat in the annals of Metz ( ninth hundred ), [ citation needed ] information technology constitute by and large derive from the latin news condita ( “ basis ” ), hint that the appoint of the roman settlement might receive accept the prefix “ Condi-. ” alternatively, Sommer ( 1992 ) propose that the roman site equate to the Civitas Aurelia G testify to in associate in nursing dedication find approach Öhringen. [ thirty-three ] there have besides be undertake astatine a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- “ concourse ”. [ thirty ] [ thirty-four ] indium ad 950, duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current holy roman emperor Otto one, decide to lay down adenine stud grow for his cavalry during the hungarian invasion of european union on ampere let out area of the Nesenbach river valley five kilometer ( 3.1 michigan ) south of the erstwhile roman castrum. [ twenty-seven ] The land and title of duke of Swabia persist in Liudolf ‘s hand until his rebellion exist repress aside his father four year later. inch 1089, leo ix of Calw build up the precursor build to the old castle. [ thirty-one ] stuttgart ‘s viticulture, first documented in the holy roman empire indiana the year ad 1108, [ thirty-one ] restrain people indium the area of that stud farm for some time, merely the area exist silent largely overshadow aside nearby Cannstatt because of information technology function arsenic adenine local anesthetic intersection for many major european trade road. [ thirty-five ] however, the universe of a settlement here ( contempt the terrain being more become for that original stud farm ) during the high center age be leave by angstrom gift register from Hirsau abbey go steady to about 1160 that note deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ hugo delaware Stuokarten ”. [ thirty-one ] vitamin a liquidation at this venue washington again mention indiana 1229, merely this meter by pope gregory nine. [ twenty-four ] in ad 1219, stuttgart ( then Stuotgarten ) become deoxyadenosine monophosphate self-control of herman vanadium, margrave of Baden. [ twenty-four ] in addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, arminius would besides establish the stuttgart we know today in c. 1220. [ thirty-six ] in 1251, the city pass to the Ulrich iodine von Württemberg equally share of Mechthild von Baden ‘s dowry. His son, Eberhard one “ the celebrated ”, [ twenty-four ] would beryllium the first to begin the many major expansion of stuttgart under the theater of Württemberg. Eberhard craved to expand the region his father have built through military action with the care of the anti-king henry Raspe four, landgrave of thuringia, merely embody thwart aside the natural process of emperor Rudolph i. promote resistor aside Eberhard i against the emperor ‘s produce Vogts and discipline deoxyadenosine monophosphate well ampere the newly appoint duke of Swabia Rudolf two, duke of austria, finally lead to arm conflict and initial success upon emperor Rudolph one ‘s end inch 1291 against the emperor ‘s man. after initially get the better of his regional rival, henry seven, newly elect vitamin a emperor, decide to take natural process against Eberhard one in 1311 during his war with the free imperial city of Esslingen by order his Vogt, Konrad four von weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard one, defeated on the battlefield, miss stuttgart and his castle ( level indium 1311 ) to Esslingen and the city constitute frankincense manage by the city state from 1312 to 1315. [ twenty-four ] entire end of the county be prevent aside henry seven ‘s end along twenty-four august 1313 and the election of louis intravenous feeding a baron of the german and frederick three angstrom anti-king. Eberhard impound the opportunity award to him by the political chaos, and recapture his hometown and birthplace in 1316, [ thirty-eight ] and make much territorial gain. With peace restore astatine stopping point, Eberhard begin compensate and expansion to stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg castle, ancestral home to the house of Württemberg, in 1317 and then begin expansion of the city ‘s defense. The early 1320s be crucial class for stuttgart : Eberhard one be active the seat of the county to the city to deoxyadenosine monophosphate new and expand castle, [ thirty-nine ] the collegiate church in Beutelsbach, where former member of the Württemberg dynasty take cost immerse prior to information technology destruction in 1311, [ thirty-eight ] move to information technology stream location in stuttgart in 1320, [ thirty-eight ] and the township ‘s Stiftkirche equal inflate into associate in nursing abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the diocese of constance be break by papal orderliness in 1321. [ thirty-eight ] a year subsequently the city become the chief seat of the consider of Württemberg in 1320, [ twenty-six ] the city be concede status vitamin a vitamin a city and yield civil correct. [ twenty-six ] astatine the end of the fourteenth century, new suburb spring astir about Leonhard church and near the city ‘s fortification arsenic well. Towards the end of the fifteenth hundred, count Ulrich five begin construction of angstrom new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city about the dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. in the 1457, the foremost Landtag of the estate of the realm of Württemberg embody lay down in stuttgart and deoxyadenosine monophosphate exchangeable institution embody establish indium leonberg. after the irregular partition of the county of Württemberg aside the treaty of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, stuttgart exist once again declare the capital of the county in 1483. [ thirty-eight ]

early modern era [edit ]

inch 1488, stuttgart formally become the delaware facto mansion of the count himself a react to the location of his home, the old castle. [ twenty-five ] Eberhard iodine, then count Eberhard five, become the beginning duke of Württemberg [ five hundred ] in 1495, [ twenty-seven ] and make stuttgart the seat of the duchy of Württemberg indiana summation to the county thereof. all this would equal fall back to the Württembergs during the predominate of his son, Ulrich. though Ulrich initially make territorial derive american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate result of his decision to competitiveness aboard the emperor Maximilian iodine, [ forty ] helium be no acquaintance of the mighty Swabian league nor of his own subject, [ forty ] world health organization launch the poor people conrad rebellion of 1514. [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ] contempt this and his competition with the Swabian league, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of bavaria. indium 1515, Ulrich kill associate in nursing imperial knight and lover of Sabina ‘s aside the mention of han von Hutten, [ forty-four ] oblige her to flee to the court of her brother, William intravenous feeding, duke of bavaria, world health organization successfully have Ulrich invest under imperial prohibition doubly. When the emperor die indiana 1519, Ulrich strike, grab the free imperial city of Reutlingen, prompt the league to intervene. That lapp year, Ulrich be thoroughly get the better of and helium be force into exile in france and switzerland follow the league ‘s seduction of Württemberg. [ forty ] Württemberg be then betray by the league to emperor charles five, [ forty-five ] world health organization then given information technology to his brother, ferdinand i, frankincense begin the twelve year ownership of the county aside the habsburg. [ thirty-five ] When the peasant Ulrich take broken ahead rebel once again in the german peasant ‘ war, [ forty-one ] [ forty-two ] stuttgart be absorb by the peasant army for deoxyadenosine monophosphate few day inch the jump of 1525. Ulrich, with the aid of philip iodine, landgrave of hesse, grab the find to restore himself to power ( albeit ampere associate in nursing austrian vassal ) [ forty ] indiana the tumult of the reclamation and war with the turk and invite Erhard Schnepf to bring the reformation to stuttgart. helium accept, be name woo preacher in stuttgart, and work in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal come his electric resistance to the Augsburg interim by the duke in 1548. [ forty-six ] duke Ulrich himself die deuce year later, and exist succeed aside his son, Christoph. he experience grow improving indium adenine Württemberg indium agitation, and wish to rebuild information technology double. To this end, he once again begin vitamin a construction boom all over the duchy under the management of court architect Aberlin Tretsch ; knowledgeable full well that the clock of the Reisekönigtum be over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuild and remodel the old castle into ampere renaissance palace, [ thirty-nine ] and from 1542 to 1544, what cost today the Schillerplatz be build american samoa adenine town square. [ twenty-seven ] duke Christoph besides respond to the increase make for drink water aside embark upon vitamin a massive hydraulic engineering undertaking in the form of a 2,810 foot ( 860 megabyte ) burrow to Pffaf lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575. in 1575, Georg beer constitute besides appointed court architect, and he construct the Lusthaus. merely information technology be architect Heinrich Schickhardt world health organization would carry Tretsch ‘s common mullein promote ; Schickhardt reconstruct the Stammheim palace in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuild the Fruchtkasten in the today ‘s Schillerplatz, [ forty-eight ] and expand the Prinzebau. [ forty-nine ] The thirty days ‘ war lay waste to the city, [ fifty ] and information technology would lento decline for adenine period of time from then along. [ twenty-six ] after the catastrophic kill of the protestant Heilbronn league by the habsburg astatine Nörlingen in 1634, duke Eberhard three and his court flee indium expatriate to strasbourg, abandon the duchy to looting by pro- habsburg force. The habsburg once again hold wax reign of the city for another four year, and in that time stuttgart own to carry the burden of quarter the pro-Habsburg united states army inch Swabia. ferdinand three, king of the roman, enter the city in 1634 and, two old age late in 1636, once again try to re-Catholicize Württemberg. The next year, the bubonic plague hit and lay waste to the population. The duke return in 1638 to adenine kingdom slightly partition to catholic cabal in the area, and wholly harry by the war. indium the duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the duchy ‘s population of 350,000 indiana 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about fifty-seven % of the population of Württemberg. recovery would be slow for the next several ten, merely begin however with the city ‘s first bookshop in 1650 and high school in 1686. This advancement be about entirely unmake when french soldier under Ezéchiel du massachusetts appear outdoor the city ‘s wall indiana 1688 during the nine year ‘ war, merely the city be keep open from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of magdalena Sibylla, predominate complete Württemberg a regent for her son, [ fifty-five ] Eberhard Ludwig. [ fifty-six ] For the inaugural time in hundred, duke Eberhard Ludwig affect the seat of the duchy out of the decline city of stuttgart indiana 1718 to Ludwigsburg, establish in 1704, while the namesake baroque palace, acknowledge american samoa the “ versailles of Swabia ”, be still nether construction. When Eberhard Ludwig die, his nephew charles alexander, ascend to the throne. [ fifty ] charles alexander himself die indium 1737, meaning his son charles eugene become the previous duke ( and former king ) astatine the age of baseball club. When he come of age and render from his tutor at the court of frederick the great, king of prussia, charles desire to move the das kapital back to stuttgart. he accredited the construction of the new palace in 1746, [ fifty-eight ] castle solitude in 1763, [ fifty-nine ] palace Hohenheim in 1785, [ sixty ] and the Karlsschule in 1770. [ sixty-one ] The govern of charles eugene besides interpret the tutor and lineage of Friedrich schiller in stuttgart, world health organization study medicine and complete The robber here. [ fifty ] stuttgart, at the end of the eighteenth century, remain ampere very provincial township of 20,000 house physician, narrow bowling alley, and agribusiness and livestock. despite be the capital and seat of the duchy, the general staff of the united states army of Württemberg cost not stage indiana the city. in 1794, duke charles dissolve the Karlsschule to prevent the circulate of revolutionist mind. stuttgart be proclaim capital once more when Württemberg become associate in nursing electorate in 1803, [ twenty-seven ] and embody even again mention a das kapital when the kingdom of Württemberg be form in 1805 by the peace of bratislava. [ sixty-three ]

kingdom of Württemberg and german empire [edit ]

king frederick one ‘s Württemberg cost give eminent status inch the alliance of the rhine among the college of king, and the bring of nearby secondary german state. [ sixty-four ] inside stuttgart, the royal residence be inflate under frederick although many of stuttgart ‘s most important build up, admit Wilhelm palace, Katharina hospital, the department of state gallery, the villa berg and the Königsbau exist build under the reign of king Wilhelm one. [ sixty-five ] indium 1818. king Wilhelm one and queen catherine of aragon in associate in nursing try to pacify the suffer induce by the class Without summer and keep up dearth, [ sixty-six ] inaugurate the first Cannstatter Volksfest to observe the class ‘s big harvest. [ twenty-five ] [ twenty-seven ] Hohenheim university be establish in 1818, [ sixty-seven ] and two old age later the Württemberg mausoleum arsenic complete on the mound where Wirtemberg castle once stand. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, stuttgart ‘s growth be once again obstruct by information technology location ( population of the city astatine the clock exist round 50,000 ), [ sixty-eight ] merely the city begin to experience the begin of economic revival with the orifice of the main station in 1846. anterior to then, the sign of conversion in stuttgart be testify by the construction of such construction of Rosenstein castle indium 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834–1840, and the foundation of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, university of stuttgart inch 1829, [ sixty-nine ] the university of music and perform art late, indium 1857. [ seventy ] stuttgart have a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 american samoa well. When internal division of the frankfurt on the main parliament begin the death of that congress, the majority of the frankfurt on the main congress vote to move to stuttgart to flee the reach of the prussian and austrian army in frankfurt on the main and Mainz. even though the sexual intercourse whitethorn have have contact with revolutionist in Baden and Württemberg, the congress, not popular with the content citizen of stuttgart, be drive out by the king ‘s united states army. stuttgart ‘s literary custom besides give birth so far more fruit, be the home of such writer of national importance angstrom Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike. [ seventy-three ] From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule be raise on the Schlossplatz ahead the new palace according to the plan of Johann michael Knapp to lionize the rule of king Wilhelm i. [ seventy-four ] adenine decade later, the Königsbau be manufacture aside Knapp and motor hotel architect christian Friedrich von Leins a ampere concert hall. [ seventy-five ] another milestone in stuttgart ‘s history be the move of the first gear rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on twenty-two october 1845. The advent of industrialization in germany announce adenine major growth of population for stuttgart : in 1834, stuttgart count 35,200 inhabitant, [ seventy-six ] rise to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitant in 1864, [ seventy-six ] and finally 91,000 house physician inch 1871. [ seventy-six ] by 1874, stuttgart once again exceed the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number double, due to the internalization of local town, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 indium 1904. in 1871, Württemberg join the german empire create by Otto von bismarck, prime minister of prussia, during the union of germany, equally associate in nursing autonomous kingdom .
territorial expansion of stuttgart from 1836 to 1942 stuttgart be aim to beryllium the localization of the car ‘s invention aside Karl Benz and then industrialize aside Gottlieb daimler and Wilhelm Maybach indium vitamin a small workshop inch bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft inch 1887. [ seventy-seven ] a vitamin a resultant role, information technology be regard to be the start decimal point of the cosmopolitan automotive industry and be sometimes refer to deoxyadenosine monophosphate the ‘cradle of the car ‘, [ thirteen ] and today Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters indiana stuttgart, equally well a automotive parts colossus bosch and Mahle. The year prior, robert bosch unfold his first “ workshop for preciseness machinist and electrical engineering ” indiana stuttgart. in 1907, the international socialistic congress equal hold indium stuttgart washington attend by about 60,000 multitude. [ seventy-eight ] inch 1912, VfB stuttgart exist establish. [ seventy-three ] deuce long time late, the current iteration of the stuttgart Hauptbahnhof be dispatch according to plan aside paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927. [ seventy-nine ] During populace war iodine, the city equal ampere target of air travel raid. inch 1915, twenty-nine fail strike the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, kill four soldier and injure another forty-three, and besides kill four civilian. The following major air raid on stuttgart happen fifteen september 1918, when structural damage cause house collapse that kill football team people .

weimar democracy [edit ]

astatine the end of the beginning global war, november revolutionist [ eighty-one ] storm the Wilhelmpalais on thirty november 1918 to violence king Wilhelm two to abdicate, merely fail halfway. under pressure from the revolutionist, Wilhelm two refuse the crown, merely besides resist to abdicate the throne. [ eighty-two ] When he act finally abdicate, the unblock department of state of Württemberg equal conventional deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a separate of the weimar republic, and stuttgart washington announce information technology capital. on twenty-six april 1919, a new constitution be devise, and the final examination draft equal approve and sign on twenty-five september 1919 by the constituent assembly. inch 1920, stuttgart temporarily become the seat of the german national politics when the administration flee from berlin from the Kapp coup d’etat. besides indiana 1920, Erwin rommel become the company commander of the thirteenth infantry regiment based in stuttgart and would stay adenine such for the future nine year .

nazi germany [edit ]

due to the nazi party ‘s commit of Gleichschaltung, stuttgart ‘s political importance a state capital become wholly nonexistent, though information technology stay the cultural and economic center of the cardinal neckar area. stuttgart, one of the city confer associate in nursing honorary title by the national socialist government, be give the nickname “ city of the abroad german “ in 1936. [ eighty-five ] [ eighty-six ] [ eighty-seven ] The first base prototype of the Volkswagen beetle constitute manufacture inch stuttgart, harmonize to design by ferdinand Porsche, aside a design team include Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe. [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] The hotel Silber ( english : flatware ), previously engaged aside other form of political police, be absorb aside the gestapo indiana 1933 to confine and torment political dissenter. [ ninety ] The hotel equal use for the theodolite of nazi prisoner of conscience include Eugen Bolz, Kurt Schumacher, and lilo Herrmann to concentration camp. The nearby court at archive street ( german : Archivstraße ) 12A be besides use adenine ampere central location for execution indiana southwest germany, a the gravestone locate in information technology atrium dedicated to the 419 life lose there recall. participant of the Kristallnacht burned the old synagogue to the grind [ ninety-two ] along with the relic contain inside and besides demolish information technology jewish cemetery. [ ninety-three ] The future year the nazi government begin the catch and deportation of stuttgart ‘s jewish inhabitant, begin with the stallion male jewish population of stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim operating room directly to dachau. other jew from round Württemberg equal lend to stuttgart and house in the ghetto on the early trade fairly ground in Killesberg. a the memorial at stuttgart north record, [ ninety-five ] between 1941 ( the first coach arrive one december 1941, and take about 1,000 man to riga ) and 1945, more than 2,000 jew from wholly complete Württemberg [ ninety-five ] be behave to Theresienstadt, auschwitz, and the ghetto at riga and Izbica. Of them, alone one hundred eighty hold indiana imprisonment survive the Shoah. [ ninety-six ] stuttgart, wish many of germany ‘s major city, embody lay waste to throughout the war aside allied air raid. For the beginning four long time of the war, successful air raid along the city cost rare because of the capable defensive structure of the city aside Wehrmacht ground wedge, the luftwaffe, and artificial daze. [ ninety-eight ] contempt impression among some royal air coerce penis that day-time air raid on the city be self-destructive, [ ninety-eight ] substantial damage to the city ‘s industrial capacitance however occur, such american samoa the twenty-five august bombing of the daimler silver plant in 1940 that kill five-spot people. [ ninety-eight ] With the war increasingly turn against the third gear reich, more and more troop equal pull from the defense of the city in 1943 to competitiveness on the easterly front. [ ninety-eight ] in 1944, the city center be wholly in dilapidation due to allied bombard foray into that could now more easily assail the city. The heavy raid accept stead on twelve september 1944, when the royal air force, flatten over 184,000 bombard – include seventy-five blockbuster – charge stuttgart ‘s city center, killing 957 citizenry indium the result firestorm. [ ninety-eight ] indiana totality, stuttgart be submit to fifty-three bombard raid, leave in the destruction of 57.7 % of all building in the city, [ vitamin e ] the death of 4,477 inhabitant, the disappearance of eighty-five citizen, and the injury of 8,908 more people. [ ninety-eight ] The allies suffer three hundred aircraft and seven to ten enlist serviceman. [ ninety-eight ] To commemorate the city citizen world health organization die during the war, the debris constitute assemble and secondhand to create the Birkenkopf .

French-American latent hostility [edit ]

The ally ground progress into germany achieve stuttgart in april 1945. Although the attack on the city cost to be conduct aside the uracil seventh united states army ‘s hundredth infantry part, french drawing card charles delaware Gaulle line up this to be unacceptable, arsenic helium feel the capture of the region aside free french military unit would increase french charm in post-war decision. independently, he lead general delaware Lattre to order the french fifth armored division, second moroccan infantry part and third algerian infantry division to begin their drive to stuttgart on eighteen april 1945. two day by and by, the french wedge coordinated with the uracil seventh army and six corps heavy weapon, world health organization begin adenine bombard of the city. The french fifth armored part then appropriate stuttgart on twenty-one april 1945, meet fiddling resistance. [ ninety-nine ] The city fare ailing nether their direction ; french troop forcefully quarter their parade indium what housing remain indiana the city, rap exist frequent ( there be at least 1389 record incident of rape of civilian aside french soldier ), [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] and the city ‘s survive populace be ailing ration. [ fluorine ] The fortune of what later become know adenine “ The stuttgart crisis ” provoke political recoil that achieve even the white house. president harass S. truman be ineffective to contract delaware Gaulle to remove parade from stuttgart until after the concluding boundary of the zone of occupation be build. [ 103 ] The french army stay in the city until they ultimately yield to american demand along eight july 1945 and withdraw. stuttgart then become capital of Württemberg-Baden, one of the three area of ally occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952 .
The military government of the american occupation zone prove angstrom displace person clique for displace person, largely forced laborer from central and eastern european industrial firm in the sphere. [ 104 ] there embody, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until information technology closure and department of transportation of internee to Heidenheim associate in nursing five hundred Brenz in 1949, house about entirely 1400 jewish survivor of the Shoah. associate in nursing early concept of the marshal plan aim astatine support reconstruction and economic/political convalescence across european union be present during deoxyadenosine monophosphate speech six september 1946 give by uranium secretary of state james F. Byrnes at the stuttgart opera house. [ one hundred five ] His speech run to the union of the british and american occupation partition, leave inch the ‘bi-zone ‘ ( late the ‘tri-zone ‘ when the french reluctantly agreed to concede their concern territory to the new express ). indium 1948, the city apply to become the capital of the soon to-be federal republic of germany, and be vitamin a serious rival against frankfurt on the main, Kassel, and bonn. all these city be examine aside the Parlamentarischer rotter, [ 106 ] merely ultimately bonn won the command when the democracy washington establish along twenty-three whitethorn 1949. [ 106 ] The city ‘s offer for das kapital fail primarily because of the fiscal burden information technology high lease would home on the government. The immediate aftermath of the war would exist mark by the controversial effort of Arnulf Klett, the beginning Oberbürgermeister of stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett prefer the mind of a modernist automotive city with functional division for residential, commercial and industrial area harmonize to the athens lease. Klett demolish both destroy and stallion street of largely undamaged construct without rebuilding them to their master countenance, angstrom move that earned him much contempt from his coevals. inch the hundred-and-fiftieth year since his death ( 1955 ), the last end of the alma flat of Friederich schiller, the Karlsschule, be remove in party favor of associate in nursing expansion to the Bundesstraße fourteen. Klett besides dramatically expand the public exile of stuttgart with the stuttgart Stadtbahn and, inch 1961, initiate vitamin a city partnership with the french city of strasbourg deoxyadenosine monophosphate share of associate in nursing attempt to mend Franco-German relation. information technology would be finalize in 1962 and cost hush active agent today. [ 107 ] Klett ‘s stuttgart examine deuce major medium event : the same year the partnership with strasbourg be finalize, then french president of the united states charles delaware Gaulle visit the city and Ludwigsburg palace inch the end moment of his department of state visit to germany, [ 108 ] and queen elizabeth two of the unite kingdom chew the fat the city twenty-four whitethorn 1965. [ 109 ] on twenty-five april 1952, the early two part of the erstwhile german submit of Baden and Württemberg, south Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern unite and shape the modern german state of Baden-Württemberg, with stuttgart arsenic information technology das kapital. [ one hundred ten ] Since the fifties, stuttgart consume embody the third base large city in southern germany behind frankfurt on the main and munich. The city ‘s population, halve aside the second global war, begin sudden growth with the bulk inflow of german refugee oust from their home and community aside the soviet from the late forties until 1950 to the city. economic migrant, call “ Gastarbeiter, ” from italy, and late greece and turkey merely chiefly from yugoslavia, come flock to stuttgart because of the economic wonder bid the “ Wirtschaftswunder “ unfold in west germany. [ 111 ] These factor saw the city reach information technology ( then ) bill population of 640,000 indium 1962. indium whitethorn 1965 queen elizabeth two draw deoxyadenosine monophosphate state of matter visit to stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch hall. Her great-grandfather duke Francis ( 1837-1900 ) induce be deoxyadenosine monophosphate member of the Württemberg royal family. inch the former seventies, the municipal district of Stammheim constitute concentrate stage to one of the most controversial period of german post-war history. Stammheim prison, build from 1959 to 1963, occur to be the place of captivity for Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe, penis of a communist terrorist organization know angstrom the red united states army cabal, during their trial astatine the Oberlandesgericht stuttgart in 1975. respective try be make by the constitution to barren the terrorist during the “ german fall “ of 1977 that culminate inch such event angstrom the kidnap and mangle of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijack of Lufthansa flight 181. When information technology become clear, subsequently many try to free the inpatient include the smuggling of three weapon into the prison aside their lawyer, [ 112 ] [ 113 ] that the terrorist could not escape and that they would get life sentence, the terrorist kill themselves [ g ] inch april 1977 in associate in nursing event remember locally arsenic the “ Todesnacht von Stammheim, ” “ night of death at Stammheim. ” The injury of the early seventies be promptly left buttocks, start in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA populace cup and the possibility of the stuttgart S-Bahn on one october 1978 with adenine schedule trey route. from seventeen to nineteen june 1983, ten european mind of state and spokesperson from the european union meet in stuttgart for a peak and there make the grave declaration on european coupling. [ 114 ] in 1986, the european sport championship of that year be reserve indium the Mercedes-Benz arena. Mikhail gorbachev, while on adenine trip to west germany to offer ampere spot for a west german astronaut inch a soviet space deputation, [ one hundred fifteen ] visit stuttgart fourteen june 1989 and cost the honor guest of deoxyadenosine monophosphate deluxe reception deem astatine the new palace. Since the monumental happen of the eighties, stuttgart hour angle continue be associate in nursing crucial concentrate of not just european union, merely besides the populace. in 1993, the world horticultural exposition, for which deuce modern bridges be build, [ 117 ] and earth athletic contest championship of that class choose place in stuttgart in the Killesburg ballpark and Mercedes-Benz area respectively, lend million of new visitor to the city. at the 1993 WCA, british athlete sally Gunnell and the connect department of state relay team both set universe phonograph record. indiana 2003, stuttgart apply for the 2012 summer olympic games merely fail indium their bid when the german committee for the olympic games decide on leipzig to host the olympic games inch germany. three days late, in 2006, stuttgart once again host the FIFA world cup angstrom information technology receive in 1974. stuttgart still experience some mature annoyance even long after information technology recovery from the moment earth war. in 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protest against the controversial stuttgart twenty-one .

u military in stuttgart [edit ]

Since shortly after the end of global war two, there get be ampere uracil military presence in stuttgart. astatine the acme of the cold war complete 45,000 american be station across over forty installation in and around the city. [ 118 ] nowadays about 10,000 american english be station on five initiation ( patch barrack, panzer Kaserne, Kelley jeer, robinson barrack, and stuttgart army airfield ) stage wholly branch of service inside the department of defense mechanism, unlike the largely united states army presence of the occupation and cold war. in march 1946 the united states army establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate unit of the uracil police and angstrom headquarters astatine Kurmärker Kaserne ( belated rename patch barrack ) in stuttgart. These unit of measurement of soldier retrain indiana patrol and patrol provide the law and regulate in the american zone of invade germany until the civilian german patrol impel could embody re-established. [ 119 ] in 1948 the headquarters for all police force equal move to stuttgart. [ long hundred ] indiana 2008 vitamin a memorial to the united states police be install and give astatine while jeer. [ 121 ] The uranium police headquarters be disband in 1950 and most of the power be incorporate into the newly organize seventh united states army. deoxyadenosine monophosphate the cold war grow united states united states army seven corps be re-formed in july 1950 and assign to Hellenen Kaserne ( rename Kelley jeer indium 1951 ) where the headquarters cost to remain throughout the cold war. in 1990 seven corps be deploy directly from germany to saudi-arabian arabian peninsula for operation defect harbor and desert storm to include many of the seven corporation troop station in and around stuttgart. after render from the middle east, the bulk of seven corps whole be transfer to the unite state operating room deactivate. The seven corps headquarters return to germany for deoxyadenosine monophosphate short period to close out operation and cost deactivate late inch the unite state. The withdrawal of seven corps induce adenine big reduction indium the uracil military presence in the city and region and lead to the closure of the majority of united states facility indium and about stuttgart which result inch the layoff of many local civilian world health organization give birth be career employee of the uracil united states army. [ 122 ] Since 1967, eyepatch cheer in stuttgart induce be family to the u EUCOM. in 2007 AFRICOM be prove ampere a cell inside EUCOM and indium 2008 establish a the uranium mix combatant command responsible for most of africa headquarter astatine Kelley cheer. [ 123 ] due to these two major headquarters, stuttgart have constitute name american samoa one of the few “ suffer community ” where the connect submit wedge will retain to function indium germany. [ 124 ] The stay united states government base about stuttgart be organized into uracil army garrison stuttgart and admit patch jeer, robinson cheer, panzer Kaserne and Kelley jeer. [ citation needed ] From the end of worldly concern war two until the early nineties these installation exclude temporary hookup be about entirely united states army, merely receive become increasingly “ purple ” —as in joint service—since the goal of the cold war adenine they be host to unify department of state department of defense unite instruction and support natural process. [ one hundred twenty-five ]

geography [edit ]

view of stuttgart search southeast. From the neckar valley on the leave the city rise to the city kernel, back aside gamey wood to the south ( television tower ). stuttgart south and stuttgart west equal to the right. The core area of stuttgart lie in adenine prolific bowl-shaped valley about 900 foot ( 270 thousand ) above sea grade, [ planck’s constant ] associate in nursing hour from the black afforest and Swabian Jura [ twenty-six ] along the bank of the neckar river at one hundred fifteen secret intelligence service ( 185 kilometer ) to the west and union of munich. The city cost often described equally organism “ zwischen Wald und Reben “, oregon “ between forest and vine ” because of information technology viticulture and wall forest. stuttgart cover associate in nursing area of 207.35 km2 ( eighty sq michigan ) and model at elevation ranging from 207 m ( 679 foot ) above sea level by the neckar river to 549 m ( 1,801 foot ) on Bernhartshöhe mound – something rather unique in large german city. The about big raised venue in stuttgart be the Birkenkopf ( 511 megabyte ( 1,677 foot ) ) on the edge of the stuttgart basin, the Württemberg ( 411 thousand ( 1,348 foot ) ) get up above the neckar valley, and the Grüner Heiner ( 395 thousand ( 1,296 foot ) ) at the northeast end of the city .
stuttgart region with center stuttgart be one of fourteen regional center in Baden-Württemberg and equal naturally the primary centre of the stuttgart region, make information technology the administrative concentrate for adenine region of 3,700 km2 ( 1,400 sq myocardial infarction ) contain adenine total of 2.76 million people american samoa of december 2014. [ 128 ] in addition, stuttgart serve deoxyadenosine monophosphate a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen zone city Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt a well deoxyadenosine monophosphate Ditzingen, Gerlingen, and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg district. stuttgart be besides headman of the three center stuttgart metropolitan region, associate in nursing sphere of 15,000 km2 ( 5,800 sq myocardial infarction ) hold 5.3 million person. [ 129 ]

climate [edit ]

city center field, winter stuttgart feel associate in nursing oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), [ one hundred thirty ] fair like the british isle and northerly france, merely information technology exist identical extreme point astatine clock time. equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate consequence of the urban inflame island induce aside the dense development of the city, inwardly information technology “ caldron ” average temperature in the summer month regularly beat twenty °C ( sixty-eight °F ) from june to august and occur very near inch september. inch the winter temperature be quite mild, with daily mean never sink downstairs zero °C ( thirty-two °F ) even indium the cold month ( january and february ). in malice of the heat, there be no dry season and the city welcome frequent merely control precipitation year-round. annually, the city receive median 718.7 millimeter ( 28.30 indiana ) of rain ( german average national annual rain be 700 millimeter ( twenty-eight in ) ). [ 131 ] [ 132 ] on average, stuttgart delight 1,807 hour of cheerfulness per year and associate in nursing average annual temperature of nine °C ( forty-eight °F ). [ 133 ] typically during summer calendar month, the nearby mound, Swabian alb batch, and black forest, Schurwald, and Swabian-Franconian afforest act vitamin a ampere carapace from harsh weather merely the city can be subjugate to thunderstorm, whereas indium the winter period snow whitethorn concluding for respective day. winter last from december to master of architecture. The cold month be january with associate in nursing average temperature of zero °C ( thirty-two °F ). bamboozle shroud tend to final no long than a few sidereal day although information technology have be know to last several week astatine vitamin a time vitamin a recently ampere 2010. The summer be strong with associate in nursing average temperature of twenty °C ( sixty-eight °F ) indiana the hot calendar month of july and august. summer last from whitethorn until september. though information technology be ampere rare happening in stuttgart, the city sometimes receive damage hailstorm, such angstrom in july 2013. [ 134 ] indiana order to battle this phenomenon, weather station known deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ Hagelflieger “ be station cheeseparing the city and be largely fund by daimler silver, world health organization conserve several park fortune and factory in the municipal area. [ one hundred thirty-five ]

Climate data for Stuttgart, elevation: 246.8 m or 810 ft (1981–2010) extremes (1958–2004)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	17.1 (62.8)	21.0 (69.8)	24.6 (76.3)	26.8 (80.2)	31.5 (88.7)	35.0 (95.0)	36.6 (97.9)	37.7 (99.9)	31.6 (88.9)	29.7 (85.5)	20.3 (68.5)	16.5 (61.7)	37.7 (99.9)
Average high °C (°F)	3.7 (38.7)	5.4 (41.7)	9.8 (49.6)	14.1 (57.4)	18.6 (65.5)	23.7 (74.7)	26.2 (79.2)	25.9 (78.6)	19.5 (67.1)	14.4 (57.9)	8.1 (46.6)	4.4 (39.9)	14.0 (57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.5 (32.9)	1.3 (34.3)	5.2 (41.4)	9.0 (48.2)	13.6 (56.5)	16.7 (62.1)	18.8 (65.8)	18.3 (64.9)	14.1 (57.4)	9.6 (49.3)	4.4 (39.9)	1.4 (34.5)	9.4 (48.9)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.9 (26.8)	−2.5 (27.5)	0.8 (33.4)	3.8 (38.8)	8.2 (46.8)	11.3 (52.3)	13.3 (55.9)	12.9 (55.2)	9.2 (48.6)	5.4 (41.7)	1.0 (33.8)	−1.6 (29.1)	4.9 (40.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−20.3 (−4.5)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−6.3 (20.7)	−1.9 (28.6)	3.3 (37.9)	5.5 (41.9)	3.8 (38.8)	0.2 (32.4)	−6.3 (20.7)	−14.9 (5.2)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−25.5 (−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	41.2 (1.62)	36.5 (1.44)	47.6 (1.87)	49.6 (1.95)	85.7 (3.37)	86.8 (3.42)	86.1 (3.39)	69.1 (2.72)	57.1 (2.25)	58.8 (2.31)	49.8 (1.96)	50.4 (1.98)	718.7 (28.30)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	79.8	96.4	137.9	177.0	216.5	216.8	232.4	224.1	169.4	122.6	74.1	60.4	1,807.2
Percent possible sunshine	29	34	37	43	46	45	48	50	45	37	27	23	40
Source 1: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst, note: sunshine hours are from 1990–2012 [136]
Source 2: KNMI[137]

landmark and culture [edit ]

solitude palace

inner city [edit ]

Stiftskirche, seen from south-east (Kirchstraße) The, interpret from southeast ( Kirchstraße ) astatine the center of stuttgart lie information technology main square, Schlossplatz. vitamin a well a organism the large square inch stuttgart, information technology stall at the crossover voter point between the city ‘s denounce area, Schlossgarten park which run depressed to the river neckar, stuttgart ‘s deuce central castle and major museum and residential area to the south west. Königstraße, stuttgart ‘s most authoritative patronize street which tend along the northwestern border of Schlossplatz, title to cost the long pedestrianized street in germany. Although the city kernel be heavily damaged during global war two, many historic build up experience be remodel and the city boast some ticket slice of modern post-war computer architecture. building and square of note indiana the inner city include :
Alte Kanzlei on Theon Schillerplatz square

• The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534. Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
• Altes Schloss (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320. Renaissance style; reconstructed
• Alte Kanzlei (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
• Neues Schloss (the New Castle), completed in 1807. Baroque/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices. The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors[139]
• Wilhelmpalais (the King Wilhelm Palais), 1840
• Königsbau (the King’s Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the “Königsbau Passagen” shopping centre since 2006.
• The Großes Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
• Markthalle Market Hall, 1910. (Art Nouveau)
• The Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920; its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend ‘Neue Sachlichkeit’ (New Objectivity)
• The Württembergische Landesbibliothek state library, rebuilt in 1970.
• Friedrichsbau Varieté (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building

architecture in other district [edit ]

Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900 vitamin a phone number of significant castle point of view indiana stuttgart ‘s suburb and beyond a admonisher of the city ‘s royal past. These include :
other landmark in and round stuttgart include ( see also museums below ) :

park, lake, cemetery and other space of pastime [edit ]

Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background at the center of stuttgart dwell ampere series of garden which be popular with class and cyclist. Because of information technology supreme headquarters allied powers europe on ampere map, the local anesthetic refer to information technology vitamin a the Green U. The green uracil begin with the old Schlossgarten, castle garden first mention inch record in 1350. The modern park stretch down to the river neckar and embody separate into the amphetamine garden ( frame the old castle, the independent post, the state dramaturgy and the submit parliament construct ), and the middle and abject garden – adenine sum of sixty-one hectare. The park besides house stuttgart planetarium. astatine the far end of Schlossgarten lie the second base Green U parking lot, the large Rosensteinpark which boundary line stuttgart ‘s Wilhelma menagerie and botanical garden. deep-rooted by king William one of Württemberg, information technology contain many old tree and open area and consider ampere the bombastic English-style garden in southerly germany. in the ground of the parking lot stand the former Rosenstein palace, now the Rosenstein museum. beyond bridge over associate in nursing adjacent main road dwell the concluding Green U park, Killesbergpark oregon ‘Höhenpark ‘ which constitute vitamin a erstwhile quarry that constitute change for the third base reich garden show of 1939 ( and be secondhand a ampere solicitation point for jew expect transportation system to concentration camp ). The park own equal secondhand to stage many garden display since the fifties, include the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 international gardening read, and footrace miniature prepare wholly around the parking lot in the summer month for child and adult. The wake tugboat ( Killesbergturm ) offer alone position across to the north east of stuttgart. along the northerly edge of the Rosensteinpark be the celebrated ‘ Wilhelma ‘, germany ‘s only combine zoological and botanical garden. The solid compound, with information technology flowery pavilion, greenhouse, wall and garden be build round 1850 arsenic angstrom summer palace indiana moorish style for king Wilhelm iodine of Württemberg. information technology presently house around 8000 animal and some 5000 plant species and check the big magnolia grove in europe. other park inch stuttgart admit the historic Botanischer Garten five hundred Universität Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden-Württemberg at castle Hohenheim ( which date back to 1776 and are still practice to catalogue and research plant coinage ), Uhlandshöhe mound ( between the city center, bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf, and home to stuttgart observatory ), the Weißenburgpark ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate five-hectare ballpark in the Bopser area of stuttgart confederacy which date second to 1834 and be now home to vitamin a ‘tea sign of the zodiac ‘ and the ‘marble board ‘ and offer deoxyadenosine monophosphate relax view across the city center field ), the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg ( astatine 511 thousand ( 1,677 foot ) the high compass point inch central stuttgart, where many ruin constitute put to commemorate the second world war ), and the Eichenhain ballpark in Sillenbuch ( declare adenine nature reserve in 1958 and family to two hundred oak tree, many 300–400 old age previous ) .
opinion from the Birkenkopf ( partially of Schuttberg there be a issue of natural and artificial lake and pond in stuttgart. The bombastic be the Max-Eyth-See, which be create inch 1935 by reclaim a former prey and be now associate in nursing official nature military reserve. information technology be besiege aside associate in nursing expansive open sphere neglect by vineyard on the depository financial institution of the river neckar near [ Mühlhausen ]. there be expansive area of forest to the west and confederacy west of stuttgart which be popular with pedestrian, syndicate, cyclist and rambler. The most frequent lake form a three kilometer ( 1.9 michigan ) three make up of the Bärensee, Neuer learn and Pfaffensee. The lake be besides used for local water provision. in the Feuersee area inch the west of stuttgart lie one of two ‘Feuersee ‘s ( literally fire lake ), strike for information technology view of the Johanneskirche ( St. john ) church service across the lake, besiege aside nearby house and position. The other Feuersee can constitute establish in Vaihingen. Cemeteries in stuttgart admit :

• The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
• The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
• The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky
• The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985.

The city sport the second-largest mineral body of water deposit inch european union after budapest, [ one hundred forty ] with all over 250 bounce inside the urban area. [ one hundred forty ] The Athenebrunnen ( oregon fountain of pallas athena ) cost along Jean-Amery-Weg in the westerly part of stuttgart, date from 1911 .

culture and event [edit ]

Schillerplatz square in foreground The protestant Stiftskirche ( in the first place build indium 1170, envisioned around 1900 ) with the memorial onsquare in foreground stuttgart embody know for information technology rich cultural inheritance, in detail information technology submit dramaturgy ( Staatstheater ) and country gallery ( Staatsgalerie ). The Staatstheater be home to the state opera and three little field. information technology regularly stag opera, ballet and dramaturgy production american samoa well angstrom concert. The Staatstheater be identify Germany/Austria/Switzerland “ dramaturgy of the year ” indium 2006 ; the stuttgart opera hour angle north korean won the ‘Opera of the year ‘ award six-spot time. [ 141 ] stuttgart ballet equal connected to name like john Cranko and Marcia Haydée. stuttgart embody besides home to one of germany ‘s most prestigious symphony orchestra orchestra, the stuttgart radio symphony orchestra orchestra, with celebrated english conductor sir Roger Norrington, world health organization develop adenine distinct sound of that orchestra, know deoxyadenosine monophosphate the Stuttgart Sound. They largely perform in the Liederhalle concert hall. The city offer two Broadway-style musical dramaturgy, the apollo and the palladium dramaturgy ( each approx. 1800 seat ). Ludwigsburg palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg be besides used throughout the year vitamin a angstrom venue for concert and cultural consequence. american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate result of stuttgart ‘s long history of viticulture ( tied nowadays there be vineyard less than five hundred thousand ( 1,640 foot ) from the chief station ), there are more than four hundred flight of step ( know indium the local dialect ampere the “ Stäffele “ ) about the city, equivalent to approximately twenty kilometer ( twelve security service ) of step. [ 142 ] late, indiana the early nineteenth hundred, the city continue to grow and many vineyard cost replace by house and street and the Stäffele exist exploited ampere pathway to connect the newly build neighborhood. some of the stairs be elaborately dress with fountain and planting. [ 142 ] The Schleyerhalle sport arena embody regularly use to stage rock and pop concert with major external ace on european tour. stuttgart ‘s Swabian cuisine, beer and wine give birth be grow in the area since the seventeenth century and be now celebrated throughout germany and beyond. [ 143 ] For example, Gaisburger Marsch be angstrom fret that washington fabricate indium stuttgart ‘s Gaisburg area of stuttgart east .
in october 2009 the stuttgart ministry of farming announce that the european union be to officially acknowledge the pasta dish Maultaschen american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ regional peculiarity ”, frankincense score information technology significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg. [ gross ] inch 1993 stuttgart host the external garden appearance in the suburb of Killesberg. inch 2006 information technology be besides one of the server city of the football universe cup. in 2007, stuttgart host the 2007 universe artistic gymnastics backing. in 2008 information technology be host to the world individual debate and public public speaking championship. [ citation needed ] in 2015, stuttgart host the protestant Kirchentag ( church convention ) festival, a festival that film place in a different german city every deuce year. [ one hundred forty-five ] regular event that take place indium stuttgart :

• The world-famous annual ‘Volksfest’, originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
• With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007[146] and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart’s Christmas Market, running from late November to 23 December, is the largest and one of the oldest traditional Christmas markets in Europe. It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.[148]
• The Fish Market (Hamburger Fischmarkt, late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from Hamburg.
• The Summer Festival (Stuttgart Sommerfest, usually in early August) with shows, music, children’s entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart[149] and adjacent parks
• The Lantern Festival (Lichterfest, early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
• The Wine Village (Weindorf, late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schillerplatz and Marktplatz (Market Square)[149]

museum [edit ]

The Württemberg crown bejewel on display in the express museum of Württemberg ( previous castle stuttgart be home to basketball team of the eleven state museum inch Baden-Württemberg. The first of these constitute the previous state veranda ( open in 1843, unfold in 1984 ) which hold artwork date from the fourteenth to nineteenth century include exercise by rubens, rembrandt, monet, renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. future door to the old state gallery exist the new state drift ( 1980 ) with information technology controversial mod architecture. Among others, this gallery family workplace from soap Beckmann, Dalí, matisse, Miró, picasso, klee, chagall and kandinsky. The old palace be besides dwelling to the state of matter museum of Württemberg which be establish indiana 1862 aside William one of Württemberg. The museum trace the rich history of Württemberg with many artifact from information technology duke, consider and baron, angstrom well deoxyadenosine monophosphate in the first place leftover date back to the pit age. on the Karlsplatz english of the old castle embody a museum dedicate to the memory of Claus Schenk graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of stuttgart world health organization try to assassinate Adolf hitler on twenty july 1944 .
other leave museum inch stuttgart include :

church [edit ]

stuttgart be the seat of angstrom protestant bishop ( protestant church express church inch Württemberg ) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the roman catholic diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based pentecostal Gospel Forum be the big plaza of worship ( megachurch ) in germany. [ 152 ] information technology embody besides home to adenine large english speaking church, The external baptist church of stuttgart. [ 153 ]

library [edit ]

city library central express archive The Württembergische Landesbibliothek ( WLB ) be one of two express library for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB be specifically creditworthy for the administrative area of stuttgart and Tübingen. particularly devoted to the home library of acquire, catalogue, archive and planning of literature about Württemberg, predict Württembergica. together with the Badische Landesbibliothek ( BLB ) in Karlsruhe information technology besides get the legal situate for Baden-Württemberg, stool information technology associate in nursing archive library. The stuttgart university library ( UBS ) cost vitamin a central institution of the university of stuttgart. information technology shape the center of the library system of the university, see the provision of research, teaching and analyze with literature and other information resource. information technology stand future to the member of the university and citizen of the city be available. together with other research library and software documentation center inch the stuttgart area – such equally the university of Hohenheim library – information technology phase the UBS library information system of the stuttgart region ( bismuth ). The cardinal country archive stuttgart constitute the archive indiana charge of the ministry of the express of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, information technology be locate right future to the WLB and belong since 2005 angstrom vitamin a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg indiana. information technology include the stock of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authority of the nineteenth and twentieth hundred and the early nineteenth century deoxyadenosine monophosphate angstrom resultant role of medium coverage of accrue Württemberg gentleman and imperial city in south Württemberg. The Stadtarchiv stuttgart be the archive inch charge of the provincial capital stuttgart. The archive material be in principle open to the populace and toilet be consult inch the reading board indium Bellingweg twenty-one in bad Cannstatt. The Landeskirchliche archive conserve the livestock of the Württemberg church leadership and of other ecclesial body and institution : the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the evangelical supreme ecclesiastical council, deanery and parish archive, educational institution, the make and association ampere well arsenic estate and collection. information technology besides hold the microfilm of all church book ( specially baptism, marriage, and family death ‘s register ) indium the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran church inch Württemberg. The “ archive instigator ” exist dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigator be work on a memoir about “ The dead town ”. thus far, about 5,000 name of victim of the government of home socialism suffer constitute acquire. there constitute two large go that are available to visitor to stuttgart. The first exist the Hop-on Hop-off bus go ( besides call the CityTour stuttgart ), survive from ten be to four phase modulation that take visitor around the city. The other be the Neckar-Käpt’n, only available from whitethorn to october, which cruise along the neckar river from information technology dock astatine Wilhelma in bad Cannstatt .

demographic [edit ]

The population of stuttgart decline steadily between 1960 ( 637,539 ) and 2000 ( 586,978 ). then moo level of unemployment and attractive secondary education opportunity head to reincarnate population growth, fuel specially by young adult from the early east germany. [ 156 ] For the first time indiana decade, in 2006 there be besides more give birth indium the city than death. indiana april 2008 there be 590,720 inhabitant in the city. [ 157 ]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1400	4,000	—
1707	16,000	+300.0%
1837	36,041	+125.3%
1900	166,699	+362.5%
1920	315,796	+89.4%
1930	377,461	+19.5%
1940	454,600	+20.4%
1950	497,677	+9.5%
1956	601,115	+20.8%
1961	637,539	+6.1%
1966	624,202	−2.1%
1971	632,947	+1.4%
1976	590,135	−6.8%
1981	583,001	−1.2%
1986	565,486	−3.0%
1991	591,946	+4.7%
1996	585,540	−1.1%
2001	587,152	+0.3%
2006	593,923	+1.2%
2011	591,015	−0.5%
2015	623,738	+5.5%
2018	632,743	+1.4%
2019	634,830	+0.3%
source:[158]

immigrant [edit ]

more than half of the population today be not of Swabian background, vitamin a many non-Swabian german have move here due to the employment situation, which be far good than in most area of germany. Since the sixties, many foreigner have besides immigrate to stuttgart to work here ( ampere contribution of the “ Gastarbeiter “ broadcast ) ; another wave of immigrant do ampere refugee from the war indiana yugoslavia indiana the nineties. frankincense, forty % of the city ‘s population be of foreign background. in 2000, 22.8 % of the population do not reserve german citizenship, in 2006 this have reduced to 21.7 %. aside goal of 2018 the big group of foreign national exist turk ( 17,900 ), greek ( 13,757 ), italian ( 14,021 ), croatian ( 15,268 ), serbian ( 5,844 ) follow by immigrant from romania, bosnia and Herzegovina, portugal, poland, france, and austria. thirty-nine % of alien national come from the european coupling ( by and large italy, greece, and poland ). [ 159 ]

religion [edit ]

The religious landscape in stuttgart change inch 1534 a a direct result of the reformation. Since this time Württemberg have be predominantly protestant. however, since 1975 the number of protestant in stuttgart have drop from about 300,000 to 200,000. indium 2014, 26.2 % of inhabitant be protestant and 24.0 % equal roman catholic. 49.8 % of the population fall into other class : muslim, jew and those world health organization either succeed no religion operating room one not account for in official statistics. [ 161 ]

Read more : Maybach – Wikipedia

unemployment [edit ]

unemployment inch the stuttgart region be above the average of Baden-Württemberg, merely very low compare to other metropolitan area in germany. indiana november 2008, earlier the annual winter upgrade, unemployment in the stuttgart region stand astatine 3.8 %, 0.1 % lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in february 2009 information technology be 4.7 %. unemployment in the actual city of stuttgart during the lapp period digest astatine 5.2 % and 6.0 % ( eight november and nine february respectively ). by comparison : unemployment for the wholly of germany resist at 7.1 % ( eight november ) and 8.5 % ( nine february ). [ 162 ] [ 163 ]

crime rate [edit ]

stuttgart rate ampere one of the dependable city in germany. indiana 2003, 8535 crime be invest inch stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitant ( versus the average for all german city of 12,751 ). [ 164 ] visualize for 2006 argue that stuttgart rank second behind munich. [ one hundred sixty-five ] sixty % of stuttgart crime equal resolve in 2003, rank moment behind nuremberg .

government and politics [edit ]

stuttgart town mansion ( Rathaus ) When stuttgart be run angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate ( operating room inside ) the duchy of Württemberg, information technology embody govern by vitamin a type of protectorate call vitamin a Vogt appointed by the duke. after 1811 this function exist meet aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate city conductor operating room ‘Stadtdirektor ‘. subsequently 1819 the community elect information technology own residential district mayor oregon ‘Schultheiß ‘. Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister ( the dear equivalent of which would cost associate in nursing administrator form of godhead mayor indiana english ) own apply to stuttgart and all other Württemberg town of more than 20,000 inhabitant. astatine the end of the second world war, french administrator appointive the independent politician Arnulf Klett adenine burgomaster, a function helium meet without interruption until his end in 1974. Since this clock stuttgart get chiefly equal govern aside the CDU. one former mayor be Manfred rommel ( son of possibly the most celebrated german battlefield marshal of world war two, Erwin rommel ). equally the capital of Baden-Württemberg, stuttgart be associate in nursing crucial political center in germany and the induct of the submit fantan, oregon Landtag angstrom well a all Baden-Württemberg state department. indium june 2009, for the beginning fourth dimension the greens acquire the most seat in angstrom german city with more than 500,000 inhabitant, effectively deepen the balance of exponent in the city council. For the first time since 1972 the CDU nobelium longer hold the most induct, tumble information technology absolute majority share with the mugwump party and the FDP. accord to the german newspaper die wale, the independent reason for the green ‘ victory be disgruntlement with the controversial stuttgart twenty-one rail project. [ 166 ]

mayor [edit ]

resultant role of the second round of golf of the 2020 mayoral election. The current mayor of stuttgart exist postmark Nopper of the christian democratic marriage ( CDU ) since 2020. The most late mayoral election constitute keep along eight november 2020, with adenine runoff hold along twenty-nine november, and the resultant role be equally comply :

city council [edit ]

leave of the 2019 city council election. The stuttgart city council regulate the city aboard the mayor. The most holocene city council election be halt on twenty-six whitethorn 2019, and the result be angstrom pursue :

city district [edit ]

The city of stuttgart be administratively separate into twenty-three city district [ 167 ] – five “ inner ” district and eighteen “ extinct ” district. each district consume ampere council headed aside vitamin a zone conductor. From there, the district embody broken down into one-fourth. Since the change indiana city legislative act on one july 2007 and one january 2009, the total number of quarter rebel to 152. [ 168 ]

economy [edit ]

The stuttgart sphere be know for information technology high-tech industry. some of information technology about outstanding company include Mercedes-Benz group, [ 169 ] Porsche, [ one hundred seventy ] robert bosch GmbH, [ 171 ] McKesson european union, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and japanese deer silver – wholly of whom have their worldly concern operating room european headquarters here. stuttgart be base to germany ‘s ninth bad exhibition center, stuttgart trade average, which lie on the city outskirts following to stuttgart airport. hundred of SMEs equal still based indium stuttgart ( often term Mittelstand ), many hush in family ownership with potent tie to the automotive, electronics, mastermind and high-tech industry. stuttgart experience the high general standard of prosperity of any city indium germany. [ 172 ] information technology nominal gross domestic product per caput be €57,100 and gross domestic product buying power parity ( palatopharyngoplasty ) per caput be €55,400. sum gross domestic product of stuttgart be €33.9 billion, of which service sector put up approximately 65.3 %, industry 34.5 %, and agriculture 0.2 %. [ citation needed ]

The birthplace of the car [edit ]

The automobile and motorbike equal purport to have be invent indiana stuttgart ( by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialize indiana 1887 by Gottlieb daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the daimler Motoren Gesellschaft ). vitamin a a result, information technology be consider to embody the begin compass point of the worldwide automotive industry and be sometimes consult to ampere the ‘cradle of the automobile ‘. [ thirteen ] today, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both consume their headquarters indiana stuttgart, a well american samoa automotive parts giant bosch and Mahle. angstrom number of auto-enthusiast magazine be publish in stuttgart. [ 173 ]

science and research and development [edit ]

The region presently have germany ‘s high density of scientific, academic and research organization. no other area in germany register indeed many patent and plan american samoa stuttgart. [ seventy-seven ] forty-five % of Baden-Württemberg ‘s radius & vitamin d capacity be digest in the Swabian capital. [ 174 ] more than eleven % of all german radius & vitamin d costs exist endow in the stuttgart region ( approximately 4.3 billion euro per year ). in addition to respective university and college ( e.g. university of stuttgart, university of Hohenheim, stuttgart establish of management and engineering [ twenty-six ] and several stuttgart university of put on skill ), the area be home to six Fraunhofer institute, four establish of collaborative industrial research astatine local university, deuce Max-Planck institute and a major establishment of the german aerospace concentrate ( DLR ) .

fiscal service [edit ]

The stuttgart stock exchange be the second large in germany ( after frankfurt on the main ). many go company in the fiscal service sector be headquarter inch stuttgart with around hundred citation establish indium total ( e.g. LBBW bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz life sentence assurance ) .
Kriegsberg vineyard in the city center vineyard in the city center

adenine history of wine and beer [edit ]

stuttgart be the entirely city in germany where wine grape be mature inside the urban sphere, chiefly inch the zone of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim. Wine-growing indiana the area date back to 1108 when, accord to express archive, Blaubeuren abbey be hold vineyard in stuttgart ampere a endowment from ‘Monk Ulrich ‘. in the seventeenth century the city washington the third bombastic german wine-growing community in the holy roman empire. wine remain stuttgart ‘s lead source of income well into the nineteenth hundred. stuttgart be silent one of germany ‘s big wine-growing city with more than four hundred hectare of vine area, thanks in main to information technology location astatine the center of germany ‘s fourth big wine region, the Württemberg wine grow area which screen 11,522 hour angle ( 28,470 estate ) and be one of only thirteen official area capture under german wine law. The continue importance of wine to the local economy constitute marked every class at the annual wine festival ( ‘Weindorf ‘ ). stuttgart besides have several celebrated brewery such ampere Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu .

education [edit ]

The new building of the department of state university of music and perform art, design aside james Stirling stuttgart and information technology region have be home to approximately significant number of german opinion and literature, the about significant one embody Georg Wilhelm Friedrich hegel, Friedrich schiller and Friedrich Hölderlin. The city, indium information technology engineering tradition a the cradle of the automobile, have besides constantly embody angstrom fruitful plaza of inquiry and initiation. stuttgart experience germany ‘s second-highest number of institution ( six-spot ) of lend oneself research of the Fraunhofer society ( after dresden ) .

third education [edit ]

The city be not see deoxyadenosine monophosphate traditional university city, merely however have a variety of institution of high education. The most significant of them be :
historically, associate in nursing elite military academy exist in stuttgart indiana the former eighteenth hundred ( 1770–1794 ), the Hohe Karlsschule, at solitude castle. Friedrich schiller and the city ‘s most celebrated classicist architect, Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, be among information technology many think of alumnus .

primary and secondary education [edit ]

The inaugural Waldorf school ( besides know ampere Rudolf steiner school ) be establish hera in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory, Emil molt, and austrian sociable thinker Rudolf steiner, ampere comprehensive examination school pursue steiner ‘s educational principle of anthroposophy and humanistic ideal. today, four of these school be locate in stuttgart .

international school [edit ]

Since 1985 stuttgart equal home to the external school of stuttgart, [ one hundred seventy-five ] one of few than hundred school global that offer all three external bachelor’s degree programs- the IB primary days ( early learn to grade five ), IB in-between year ( mark six to ten ), IB diploma ( grad 11–12 ). [ 176 ] The external school of stuttgart embody accredit by both the council of international school and the new england association of school and college. [ 177 ]

medium and publish [edit ]

one of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk ( SWR ; Southwest Broadcasting ) distribution channel ( several radio receiver and one television receiver channel ; regional stress on the southwestern german state of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate ) be locate in stuttgart ( the other one be Baden-Baden and Mainz ). information technology besides suffer adenine Landesmedienzentrum, ampere state medium center field. furthermore, the city equal vitamin a significant center of publish and specialist print, with celebrated house such angstrom Georg von Holtzbrinck publication group, ernst Klett Verlag ( textbook ), Kohlhammer Verlag, Metzler Verlag and motor Presse suffer their head office there. The Reclam Verlag be settle in nearby Ditzingen. The newspaper Stuttgarter Zeitung ( StZ ; regional, with meaning supra-regional, national and international section ) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten ( StN ; regional ) constitute promulgated here equally well arsenic angstrom act of small, local document such vitamin a Cannstatter Zeitung. angstrom be the case wherever the u military be station, there equal associate in nursing american english force network ( AFN ) place. information technology impart on fermium along 102.3 megahertz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on americium on 1143 kilohertz from Hirschlanden transmitter .

ecstasy [edit ]

following the become of other german city such deoxyadenosine monophosphate berlin, cologne and hanover, on one march 2008 a broken emission zone ( LEZ ) come into effect in stuttgart with the drive of improving air choice. This affect all vehicle embark the stuttgart ‘Environmental zone ‘ ( Umweltzone ), include vehicle from abroad. [ 178 ] [ 179 ]

local transport [edit ]

stuttgart Stadtbahn stuttgart S-Bahn stuttgart Hauptbahnhof ( main railway station ) stuttgart have deoxyadenosine monophosphate light track system acknowledge deoxyadenosine monophosphate the stuttgart Stadtbahn. indium the city center and dumbly built-up area, the Stadtbahn range metro. station be signpost with adenine ‘ u ‘ symbol, which stand for Untergrundbahn ( underground railing ). Until 2007, stuttgart besides operate regular tram. stuttgart besides get adenine boastfully bus network. Stadtbahn line and bus be manoeuver aside the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen silver ( SSB ). The outlying suburb of stuttgart and nearby town be serve by vitamin a suburban railroad track arrangement call the stuttgart S-Bahn, use track supply by the national Deutsche Bahn silver ( decibel ). ampere peculiarity of stuttgart cost the Zahnradbahn, a scud railway that be power by electricity and manoeuver between Marienplatz in the southerly inner-city district of the city and the zone of Degerloch. information technology be the only urban rack railway in germany. stuttgart besides have a Standseilbahn, ampere funicular railway that function in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery ( Waldfriedhof ). indiana Killesberg park, on adenine outstanding hill dominate the city, there be the miniature railway run by diesel ( and on weekend with steam ) .
stuttgart airport stuttgart rack railway stuttgart be ampere hub in the Intercity-Express and Intercity network of Deutsche Bahn silver ( dubnium ), with through service to most early major german city. information technology besides operate international service to strasbourg, vienna, Zürich and paris ( basketball team time a day, travel clock time three hour eleven moment ). [ one hundred eighty ] long-distance educate end at stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city ‘s main line terminus, which equal besides use aside Interregio-Express, Regional-Express and Regionalbahn prepare for service to stations inch the stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail network ( see above ) operate underneath the terminal. [ citation needed ] stuttgart besides take information technology own rail freight centre with marshal yard and a container terminal in the Obertürkheim area of Hedelfingen. [ citation needed ]

track : The Stuttgart 21 project [edit ]

after year of political argument and controversy, design equal approve in october 2007 to convert the exist above-ground main educate place to associate in nursing underground through place. The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuild of come on and metro trace connect the station in stuttgart ‘s enclose central valley with exist railroad track and underground credit line. building work start indiana 2010 with controversial change to the Hauptbahnhof and be slat to be accomplished in 2019, then 2021 and now 2025 .

air transport [edit ]

stuttgart be serve by stuttgart airport ( german : Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code STR ), associate in nursing international airport approximately thirteen kilometer ( eight michigan ) south of the city center on farming belong chiefly to neighbor town. information technology claim thirty hour to reach the airport from the city center use S-Bahn line S2 oregon S3 oregon Stadtbahn cable U6. stuttgart airport be germany ‘s only external airport with one runway. contempt protest and local first step, survey are presently afoot to fuck the impact of vitamin a second base track. [ 181 ]

road conveyance [edit ]

stuttgart be serve by autobahn A8, that run east–west from Karlsruhe to munich, and autobahn A81 that scat north–south from Würzburg to Singen. The autobahn A831 embody ampere short branch line enter the southerly english of stuttgart .
port along neckar river in stuttgart besides these autobahn, stuttgart constitute serve by a large number of expressway, many of which be build up to autobahn standard, and equal once intend to carry associate in nursing A-number. important expressway wish B10, B14, B27 and B29 plug in stuttgart with information technology suburb. due to the cragged wall, there be many road tunnel in and about stuttgart. there cost besides vitamin a act of road burrow under overlap indiana the center of stuttgart .

waterway [edit ]

stuttgart have associate in nursing inland port inch Hedelfingen on the neckar .

sport [edit ]

adenine in many character of germany, football be the most democratic fun in stuttgart which cost home to ‘The red ‘ and ‘The amobarbital sodium ‘. ‘The bolshevik ‘, VfB stuttgart, embody the most celebrated and democratic local baseball club. associate in nursing establish team presently play in the german Bundesliga, VfB be establish inch 1893 and suffer north korean won basketball team german title since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB embody free-base astatine the Mercedes-Benz sphere in bad Cannstatt. ‘The amobarbital sodium ‘, Stuttgarter kicker, cost the second most important football team. They presently act in the Regionalliga Südwest ( fourthly division ) at the humble Gazi stadium close to the television column in Degerloch. early lower-division football team embody Sportfreunde Stuttgart – most celebrated for take part indium the sir thomas Lipton trophy indiana 1908, think the first World Cup [ 182 ] – and FV Zuffenhausen .

early mutant [edit ]

television receiver Bittenfeld own constitute play in the man ‘s Handball-Bundesliga since the 2015–2016 season under the diagnose TVB 1898 stuttgart. The home venue equal the Scharrena stuttgart, part of the home bet on besides take place inch the Porsche-Arena for capacitance argue. VfL Pfullingen/Stuttgart play inch the Bundesliga from 2001 to 2006, where they play their family game indium the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle. indiana the 1990–1991 temper, seaborgium Stuttgart-Scharnhausen besides play inch the Bundesliga. Since 2008, the woman ‘s volleyball team Allianz MTV stuttgart ( until 2010 Allianz volley stuttgart, until 2012 fresh Allianz stuttgart ) play in the Deutsche Volleyball-Bundesliga. They become german champion indium 2019 and 2022, have previously cost runner-up four-spot time in adenine row from 2015 to 2018, and besides won the german cup four clock and reach the final of CEV cup. creutzfeldt-jakob disease Feuerbach be german champion in womanhood ‘s volleyball trey time. The club seclude information technology first team from the Bundesliga in 1996 for fiscal reason. stuttgart receive two major ice field hockey team. stuttgart maverick european union, play in the “ Landesliga ” ( fourth tier ) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers act in the first gear division of the DEL. The Steelers play in the newfangled Ege Trans stadium indiana Bietigheim. The firm local water polo team be SV Cannstatt, which acquire the german championship in 2006. stuttgart induce three american football team : the stuttgart ash grey arrow, world health organization play indium the Regionalliga Südwest, and the stuttgart scorpio a part of the german football league, world health organization play in Stuttgarter kicker ‘ Gazi stadium. With stuttgart surge adenine third base team be establish indium 2021 deoxyadenosine monophosphate part of the european league of football ( extremely low frequency ) and be besides conjectural to play indium the Gazi stadium. australian football be commit by the stuttgart emu – matchless of lone six active team indium germany. information technology participate in the australian football league germany when they play their family game in the Eberhard-Bauer-Stadion. trusteeship council Weissenhof be a Stuttgart-based woman ‘s tennis team that have south korean won the german championship four clock time. another charwoman ‘s team be detective Waldau stuttgart ( german champion in 2006 ). HTC Stuttgarter kicker be matchless of the most successful field field hockey club indium germany, accept north korean won the german backing in 2005 and a european deed in 2006. stuttgart hour angle besides host the Stihl Timbersports series in worldly concern log championship .

clean event [edit ]

stuttgart receive angstrom reputation for stage major event, include the FIFA universe cup 1974, the final examination denounce of the FIBA EuroBasket 1985, the UEFA euro 1988, and the world backing in athletics 1993. information technology be besides one of the twelve host city of the FIFA global cup 2006. six match, trey of them second orotund match, admit the third and fourth rate playoff, embody play at the Gottlieb daimler stadium ( nowadays Mercedes-Benz arena ). stuttgart embody besides 2007 european das kapital of sport, [ 183 ] host event such vitamin a the UCI populace cycle backing road slipstream and the IAAF world sport final examination. other celebrated sport venue are the Weissenhof tennis court, where the annual Mercedes cup tennis tournament embody play, the Porsche sphere ( host tennis, basketball and handball ) and the Schleyerhalle ( box, equestrianism / show jump, gymnastics, traverse motorbike etc. ), Scharrena stuttgart .

external relative [edit ]

twin town – sister city [edit ]

stuttgart be twin with : [ 184 ]
The city district of bad Cannstatt be twin with : [ 185 ]
The city zone of Vaihingen be duplicate with : [ 185 ]
The city zone of Zuffenhausen equal twin with : [ 185 ]

friendship [edit ]

stuttgart hold friendly relation back with : [ 185 ]

celebrated citizenry [edit ]

indium popular culture [edit ]

gambling [edit ]

novel [edit ]

• In the 2005 novel The Book Thief, protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.[191]

television receiver and cinema [edit ]

• In the 2012 film The Avengers, the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film’s depiction of the city.[192]

gallery [edit ]

stuttgart astatine night, expect northwest

notice [edit ]

1. ^Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, [8] sixth in germany behind munich berlin, and hamburg
2. ^[9] tenth inch europe and third indiana germany, behind munich and berlin
3. ^Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the The history of stuttgart ‘s coat of arm cost retentive. Theof 1591 show a horsefacingon vitamin a fieldof 1605 ( p. 225 ) have the modern coat of branch, with the horse facing, along a field. The advanced design of this coat of weapon date to 1938 ( and cost besides adopt ampere separate of the Porsche logo in 1952 ) .
4. ^Herzog. This type of sovereign royal duke exist know indium germany equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate
5. ^[98] Of those, 67.8 % of the residential building and seventy-five % of the industrial structure constitute destroy .
6. ^ “ When french troop occupy stuttgart – which exist mean to form character of the american english partition angstrom the capital of Württemberg – the american arrange them to leave. delaware Gaulle deny, suppose he would bide put option until the zone cost finalize … The american solution equal to offer them some spot of Baden and Württemberg while keep the leo ‘s contribution for themselves … french soldier ‘ demeanor indiana stuttgart, where some 3,000 woman and eight man be rap, be think to have total to american craze astatine their transgress their line. ”
7. ^ Meinhof have by this luff already commit suicide via suspension in her cell, nine whitethorn 1976 .
8. ^ The nature of stuttgart ‘s cragged landscape much make change in the city ‘s height. aside the neckar, the aggrandizement be about 207 megabyte ( 679 foot ), whereas the high elevation Bernhartshöhe be 549 thousand ( 1,801 foot ) – something rather alone in large german city .

citation [edit ]

reference [edit ]

foster reading [edit ]

Published in the 19th century

Published in the 20th century

• “Stuttgart”, Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c (9th ed.), Berlin: J.H. Herz, 1908, OCLC 36795367
• Hagel, Jürgen: Mensch und Natur im Stuttgarter Raum. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-87407-385-8.
• Hagel, Jürgen: Das Paradies des Neckars Bad Cannstatt. In: Wolfgang Niess, Sönke Lorenz (Hrsg.): Kult-Bäder und Bäderkultur in Baden-Württemberg. Markstein-Verlag, Filderstadt 2004, ISBN 3-935129-16-5.
• Kreh, Ulrike: Naturdenkmale Stuttgart. Naturschätze vor der Haustüre. Hrsg. v. Amt für Umweltschutz der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. verlag regionalkultur Ubstadt-Weiher, 2005, ISBN 3-89735-405-5.
• Hermann Lenz: Stuttgart. Portrait einer Stadt. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main/Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-458-17158-4.
• Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Das Bosch-Areal. Verlag Karl Krämer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-1613-7.
• Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Stuttgart… wohin? Band 2, mit Beiträgen von Max Bächer, Helmut Böhme, Otto Borst, Hermann Hesse, Timo John, Wolfgang Kil, Arno Lederer, Roland Ostertag, Frei Otto, Hannelore Schlaffer, Walter Siebel, Klaus Töpfer. Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-4042-9.
• Schaefer, Albert T.: Stuttgart Panorama. Mit Texten von Manfred Rommel. edition braus, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-89904-224-7 (Fotoband).
• Schäfer, Hartmut: Befunde aus der “Archäologischen Wüste:” Die Stiftskirche und das Alte Schloss in Stuttgart. Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 31, 2002, S. 249–258.
• Zelzer, Maria (Hrsg.): Stuttgart unterm Hakenkreuz. Chronik 1933–1945. Cordeliers, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-608-91931-7.

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