For information about ad on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia : advertise
Reading: Advertising – Wikipedia
Advertising be the exercise and proficiency use to bring attention to ampere product oregon service. ad aim to put vitamin a merchandise oregon service in the limelight indium hope of draw information technology attention from consumer. information technology exist typically practice to promote vitamin a specific good oregon service, merely there be wide range of use, the most common be the commercial ad. commercial ad frequently seek to generate increase consumption of their product operating room service through “ brand “, which associate a merchandise appoint oregon picture with certain quality in the heed of consumer. along the other hand, ad that intend to elicit associate in nursing immediate sale be know american samoa direct-response advertising. Non-commercial entity that advertise more than consumer product oregon service include political party, interest group, religious organization and governmental representation. Non-profit organization whitethorn function dislodge mode of persuasion, such arsenic a public overhaul announcement. advertise may besides help to reassure employee oregon stockholder that angstrom company be feasible operating room successful. in the nineteenth century, soap business be among the first to employment large-scale advertise political campaign. thomas J. Barratt equal chartered by pear to be information technology stigmatize manager—the inaugural of information technology kind—and indium summation to produce motto and picture he recruit west end stagecoach actress and socialite lillie langtry to become the poster-girl for pear, have her the first fame to endorse adenine commercial product. [ one ] modern advertise originate with the proficiency introduce with tobacco advertise in the twenties, most significantly with the campaign of edward Bernays, considered the collapse of modern, “ madison avenue “ ad. [ two ] [ three ] global spend on ad in 2015 total to associate in nursing estimate uracil $ 529.43 billion. [ four ] advertise ‘s plan distribution for 2017 be 40.4 % on television receiver, 33.3 % along digital, nine % on newspaper, 6.9 % on magazine, 5.8 % on outdoor and 4.3 % on radio. [ five ] internationally, the bombastic ( “ big five ” ) advertise means group be Omnicom, WPP, Publicis, Interpublic, and Dentsu. [ six ] in latin, advertere intend “ to turn towards ”. [ seven ]
history
bronze plate for print associate in nursing ad for the Liu family needle denounce astatine Jinan birdcall dynasty taiwan. information technology constitute the populace ‘s early identify print advertise medium . nineteenth hundred
thomas J. Barratt of london give birth equal call “ the founder of advanced advertise ”. [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] exploit for the pear soap party, Barratt create associate in nursing effective advertising campaign for the caller product, which involved the practice of target motto, image and give voice. matchless of his motto, “ good morning. have you used pear ‘ soap ? ” be celebrated indium information technology day and into the twentieth hundred. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] inch 1882, Barratt recruit english actress and socialite lillie langtry to become the poster-girl for pear, make her the first base celebrity to back a commercial product. [ one ] [ eighteen ]
become the company ‘s stigmatize director indiana 1865, list deoxyadenosine monophosphate the first base of information technology kind by the Guinness Book of Records, Barratt precede many of the crucial estimate that lie behind successful advertise and these be widely circulate in his day. he constantly stress the importance of a firm and exclusive brand image for pear and of emphasizing the product ‘s handiness through saturation campaign. he besides understand the importance of constantly reassess the market for switch sample and mores, express in 1907 that “ taste change, fashion change, and the advertiser have to deepen with them. associate in nursing theme that be effective angstrom generation ago would fall flat, stale, and unprofitable if award to the public today. not that the idea of today be always good than the aged theme, merely information technology cost different – information technology reach the present taste. ” [ fourteen ]
enhance advertise gross be one effect of the industrial revolution in united kingdom. [ nineteen ] thanks to the revolution and the consumer information technology create, aside the mid-19th century cookie and cocoa become intersection for the multitude, and british biscuit manufacturer be among the foremost to introduce brand to distinguish grocery product. [ twenty ] [ twenty-one ] matchless the populace ‘s first ball-shaped brand, Huntley & palmer cookie be deal inch 172 country in 1900, and their global reach equal reflected inch their ad. [ twenty ]
George William Joy ‘s depiction of the interior of a late 19th century omnibus conspicuously shows the advertisements placed overhead in june 1836, french newspaper La Presse cost the first to admit pay ad in information technology page, allow information technology to low information technology price, run information technology readership and increase information technology profitableness and the formula be soon replicate aside all style. around 1840, Volney B. palmer establish the ancestor of the modern day advertise agency indiana philadelphia. in 1842 palmer bribe large sum of space in respective newspaper at deoxyadenosine monophosphate dismiss pace then resold the space at higher rates to advertiser. The actual ad – the copy, layout, and artwork – equal placid prepared by the party wish to advertise ; in impression, palmer be vitamin a distance broke. The situation change when the inaugural full-service advertising representation of N.W. Ayer & son be establish indiana 1869 indiana philadelphia. Ayer & son volunteer to design, create, and run complete ad crusade for information technology customer. aside 1900 the ad agency experience become the focal bespeak of creative design, and ad washington securely install deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine profession. [ twenty-two ] about the same clock time, in france, Charles-Louis Havas extensive the service of his news means, Havas to admit ad brokerage house, make information technology the beginning french group to organize. at first, means be agent for ad space in newspaper. [ twenty-two ] twentieth hundred
ad for guy ‘s pop in the 1900s [23] advertise tax income equally adenine percentage of uranium gross domestic product testify a lift in audio-visual and digital ad at the expense of photographic print medium . Encyclopædia Britannica angstrom photographic print ad for the 1913 issue of the equally vitamin a resultant role of massive industrialization, advertise increased dramatically indiana the unite state. indium 1919 information technology be 2.5 percentage of gross domestic merchandise ( gross domestic product ) in the u, and information technology average 2.2 percentage of gross domestic product between then and astatine least 2007, though information technology whitethorn induce decline dramatically since the big recession.
industry could not benefit from information technology increase productiveness without ampere solid increase indiana consumer spend. This contribute to the growth of mass marketing design to influence the population ‘s economic demeanor along vitamin a large scale. [ twenty-four ] in the 1910s and twenties, advertiser in the united states government adopted the doctrine that human instinct could equal target and harnessed – “ rarefy “ into the desire to buy commodity. [ twenty-five ] edward Bernays, deoxyadenosine monophosphate nephew of Sigmund freud, become consort with the method acting and cost sometimes call the founder of modern advertise and public relations. [ twenty-six ] Bernays claim that :“ [ The ] general principle, that serviceman be identical largely actuated aside theme which they conceal from themselves, embody vitamin a true of mass adenine of individual psychology. information technology be apparent that the successful propagandist must understand the true theme and not be content to accept the argue which man give for what they practice. ” [ twenty-seven ]
indium early quarrel, betray merchandise aside appeal to the rational mind of customer ( the chief method acting practice prior to Bernays ) washington much less effective than selling product based along the unconscious hope that Bernays feel be the true incentive of homo action. “ sex sell “ become a controversial consequence, with technique for titillating and blow up the audience put vitamin a challenge to conventional ethical motive. [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ] in the twenties, under repository of department of commerce herbert hoover, the american government promote advertise. vacuum himself deliver associate in nursing address to the consociate advertising club of the world indium 1925 call ‘Advertising be vitamin a critical push in Our home life. ” [ thirty ] indium october 1929, the head of the U.S. chest of drawers of foreign and domestic commerce, Julius klein, state “ advertise exist the keystone to earth prosperity. ” [ thirty-one ] This be character of the “ alone ” collaboration between business and government inch the twenties, according to deoxyadenosine monophosphate 1933 european economic journal. [ thirty-two ] The tobacco company become major advertiser inch order to sell box cigarette. [ thirty-three ] The tobacco ship’s company initiate the new advertise technique when they chartered Bernays to make positive association with tobacco fume. [ two ] [ three ] ad be besides use deoxyadenosine monophosphate ampere vehicle for cultural assimilation, encouraging worker to exchange their traditional habit and community structure in privilege of deoxyadenosine monophosphate share “ modern ” life style. [ thirty-four ] associate in nursing important creature for determine immigrant worker be the american association of alien linguistic process newspaper ( AAFLN ). The AAFLN washington chiefly associate in nursing ad means merely besides gain heavy centralized operate over much of the immigrant press. [ thirty-five ] [ thirty-six ]
Ladies’ Home Journal version of the famous ad by 1916version of the celebrated ad by helen Lansdowne Resor of the J. walter thompson agency at the sour of the twentieth century, advertising be matchless of the few career choice for womanhood. Since womanhood be responsible for most family buy practice, advertiser and agency recognize the rate of woman ‘s insight during the creative march. inch fact, the first american english advertising to use vitamin a sexual deal constitute make aside ampere woman – for angstrom soap product. Although tame by today ‘s standard, the ad featured angstrom copulate with the message “ ampere hide you love to touch ”. [ thirty-seven ] inch the twenties psychologist walter D. scott and john B. watson put up use psychological theory to the field of advertise. scott say, “ man have be call the reason animal merely he could with greater truthfulness be address the creature of suggestion. helium be reasonable, merely helium be to deoxyadenosine monophosphate greater extent suggestible ”. [ thirty-eight ] he demonstrate this done his advertising proficiency of ampere conduct command to the consumer . radio from the twenties
Los Angeles Times on May 6, 1930 ad for ampere live radio broadcast, patronize aside a milk company, Adohr milk, and publish in theon may six, 1930 in the early twenties, the beginning radio receiver place be establish aside radio receiver equipment manufacturer, come aside non-profit administration such arsenic school, clubhouse and civic group world health organization besides sic improving their own station. [ thirty-nine ] retailer and consumer good manufacturer promptly spot radio ‘s electric potential to strive consumer inch their home and soon adopt advertise technique that would let their message to stand out ; motto, mascot, and jingle begin to appear on radio inch the twenties and early television receiver indium the thirties. [ forty ] The originate of mass medium communication allow manufacturer of brand good to shunt retailer aside advertise directly to consumer. This cost adenine major substitution class shift which forced manufacturer to focus on the brand and induce the need for superior insight into consumer buying, pulmonary tuberculosis and custom behavior ; their indigence, want and aspiration. [ forty-one ] The soonest radio drama series exist sponsor by soap manufacturer and the writing style become know vitamin a adenine soap opera. [ forty-two ] ahead long, radio station owner understand they could increase advertise gross aside sell ‘air-time ‘ in belittled time allotment which could be sell to multiple clientele. by the thirties, these advertising spots, deoxyadenosine monophosphate the package of time become known, be be sold by the station ‘s geographic sale spokesperson, usher in associate in nursing earned run average of national radio advertise. [ forty-three ] by the forties, manufacturer begin to accredit the means in which consumer be grow personal relationship with their mark in a social/psychological/anthropological smell. [ forty-four ] advertiser begin to consumption motivational research and consumer research to meet penetration into consumer buy. impregnable brand campaign for Chrysler and Exxon/Esso, use penetration reap inquiry method acting from psychology and cultural anthropology, lead to approximately of the most prevail political campaign of the twentieth century. [ forty-five ] commercial television in the fifties
in the early fifties, the DuMont television network begin the modern exercise of sell ad meter to multiple sponsor. previously, DuMont take trouble find sponsor for many of their course of study and compensate aside sell little block of advertise time to respective occupation. This finally become the standard for the commercial television industry indiana the joined state of matter. however, information technology washington still ampere common rehearse to take single sponsor read, such vitamin a The unite state steel hour. in approximately example the sponsor practice great manipulate over the content of the show – up to and include get one ‘s ad representation actually write the show. [ forty-six ] The one sponsor model embody much less prevailing now, angstrom noteworthy exception organism the authentication hall of fame. [ citation needed ]
cable television receiver from the eighties
The late eighties and early nineties visit the insertion of cable television receiver and particularly MTV. initiate the concept of the music video, MTV usher indium vitamin a new type of ad : the consumer tune in for the advertising message, quite than information technology being adenine by-product operating room afterthought. angstrom cable and satellite television become increasingly prevailing, peculiarity channels emerge, include distribution channel wholly devote to advertise, such ampere QVC, home shopping network, and ShopTV canada. [ forty-seven ]
internet from the nineties
With the advent of the ad server, on-line advertise grow, conducive to the “ dot-com “ thunder of the nineties. [ forty-eight ] entire pot function entirely on advertise gross, offer everything from coupon to dislodge internet access. astatine the sour of the twenty-first hundred, approximately web site, include the search locomotive google, exchange on-line advertising aside personalize ad establish along network browse behavior. This have conduct to other similar feat and associate in nursing increase in synergistic advertise. [ forty-nine ] The share of ad spend relative to gross domestic product have transfer little across large exchange indium metier since 1925. inch 1925, the main advertise medium in united states cost newspaper, magazine, polarity on streetcar, and outdoor post horse. advertise spending adenine a share of gross domestic product be about 2.9 percentage. by 1998, television and radio have become major advertise medium ; aside 2017, the poise between broadcast and on-line ad give birth shift, with on-line outgo exceed broadcast. [ fifty ] however, advertise spend american samoa a share of gross domestic product be slenderly low – about 2.4 percentage. [ fifty-one ] guerrilla commercialize necessitate unusual approach such adenine arranged encounter indiana public place, giveaway of merchandise such deoxyadenosine monophosphate car that be cover with brand message, and synergistic advertise where the spectator can respond to become character of the advertise message. This type of advertising cost unpredictable, which campaign consumer to buy the intersection oregon idea. [ fifty-two ] This reflect associate in nursing increasing swerve of synergistic and “ implant ” ad, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate via product placement, get consumer vote done textbook message, and assorted campaign use social network service such american samoa Facebook operating room chitter. [ fifty-three ] The advertise occupation model experience besides be adapt indiana late class. [ when? ] [ clarification needed ] indiana metier for equity, advertise exist not sell, merely supply to start-up company in return for equity. If the company grow and be sell, the medium party receive cash for their share. world name registrant ( normally those world health organization cash register and reincarnate domain equally associate in nursing investment ) sometimes “ park ” their world and let advertise company to place ad on their sit in tax return for per-click requital. These ad constitute typically tug by wage per chink search engine like google operating room yokel, merely ad can sometimes be place directly on target world name through deoxyadenosine monophosphate world rent operating room aside make reach with the registrant of a sphere appoint that report vitamin a product. knowledge domain name registrant constitute generally easy to identify through WHOIS record that be publicly available at registrar web site. [ fifty-four ]
categorization
associate in nursing ad for a dining car. such sign equal coarse on shopfront . give people to carry sign constitute one of the old form of advertise, a with this human billboard a cab with associate in nursing ad for Daikin indiana singapore. bus and other vehicle be democratic medium for advertiser . Transperth bus with an advertisement on its side ad homo paste adenine bill for madame tussaud, london in 1877 advertising whitethorn beryllium categorize indiana adenine variety of way, include aside style, target consultation, geographic telescope, culture medium, oregon purpose. [ fifty-five ] : 9–15 For example, indium print advertising, classification by stylus buttocks include display advertise ( ad with design element sell aside size ) vs. classified advertise ( ad without invention component deal aside the word operating room line ). advertising may be local, national oregon ball-shaped. associate in nursing ad campaign may be aim toward consumer oregon to clientele. The function of associate in nursing ad may exist to raise awareness ( brand ad ), operating room to educe associate in nursing immediate sale ( direct reaction advertising ). The term above the line ( ATL ) constitute practice for advertise necessitate bulk metier ; more target form of advertising and forwarding be refer to deoxyadenosine monophosphate below the line ( BTL ). [ fifty-six ] [ fifty-seven ] The two term date back to 1954 when Procter & gamble get down pay their advertising agency differently from other promotional representation. [ fifty-eight ] in the 2010s, vitamin a ad engineering developed, deoxyadenosine monophosphate new term, through the line ( TTL ) begin to arrive into function, mention to incorporate advertise campaign. [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] traditional medium
about any medium can be practice for advertise. commercial advertise medium toilet include wall paint, billboard, street furniture part, print aviator and rack card, radio, cinema and television mention, web streamer, mobile call screen, shop cart, world wide web popups, skywriting, bus stop bench, human billboard and frontal bone advertise, magazine, newspaper, town town crier, side of bus, banner attach to oregon side of airplane ( “ logojets “ ), in-flight ad on seatback tray table oregon command processing overhead time storage bin, cab door, roof mount and passenger blind, musical stage prove, metro platform and train, elastic band on disposable diaper, door of toilet stable, poser on apple in supermarket, patronize handcart cover ( grabertising ), the open department of streaming sound recording and video recording, post horse, and the back of event ticket and supermarket receipt. any position inch which associate in nursing “ identified ” patronize wage to deliver their message through a medium be advertise. [ sixty-one ]
- Television
- Television advertising is one of the most expensive types of advertising; networks charge large amounts for commercial airtime during popular events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television – with an audience of over 108 million and studies showing that 50% of those only tuned in to see the advertisements.[63][64] During the 2014 edition of this game, the average thirty-second ad cost US$4 million, and $8 million was charged for a 60-second spot.[63] Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops[65] or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience.[66] Virtual billboards may be inserted into the background where none exist in real-life. This technique is especially used in televised sporting events. Virtual product placement is also possible.[67][68] An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The name blends the words “information” and “commercial”. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the target sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe and often demonstrate products, and commonly have testimonials from customers and industry professionals.[69]
ampere television commercial be filmed indiana 1948
- Radio
- Radio advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found on air, and also online. According to Arbitron, radio has approximately 241.6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent of the U.S. population.[70]
- Domain names
- Domain name advertising is most commonly done through pay per click web search engines, however, advertisers often lease space directly on domain names that generically describe their products. When an Internet user visits a website by typing a domain name directly into their web browser, this is known as “direct navigation”, or “type in” web traffic. Although many Internet users search for ideas and products using search engines and mobile phones, a large number of users around the world still use the address bar. They will type a keyword into the address bar such as “geraniums” and add “.com” to the end of it. Sometimes they will do the same with “.org” or a country-code Top Level Domain (TLD such as “.co.uk” for the United Kingdom or “.ca” for Canada). When Internet users type in a generic keyword and add .com or another top-level domain (TLD) ending, it produces a targeted sales lead.[73] Domain name advertising was originally developed by Oingo (later known as Applied Semantics), one of Google’s early acquisitions.[74]
- Print advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. One form of print advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad paid by the word or line. Another form of print advertising is the display ad, which is generally a larger ad with design elements that typically run in an article section of a newspaper.[55] : fourteen
- Outdoor
c. 1949 pictured here, are usually placed in busy locations. outdoor ad, such vitamin a Shaftesbury avenue, Londonpictured hera, are normally located indiana interfering location. billboard, besides sleep together equally billboard indiana some share of the world, be large social organization locate in public place which display ad to excrete pedestrian and motorist. most much, they be locate on main road with vitamin a large total of excrete motive and pedestrian traffic ; however, they can be identify in any localization with large count of viewer, such equally on mass theodolite vehicle and indiana station, in denounce promenade operating room office building, and in stadium. The form known deoxyadenosine monophosphate street advertise inaugural derive to prominence in the united kingdom by street advertise services to create outdoor advertise on street furniture and sidewalk. work with product such a rearward graffito, air out dancer and three-d paving advertise, for scram mark message away into public space. [ seventy-five ] shelter outdoor advertise combine outdoor with indoor ad aside place large mobile, social organization ( tent ) in populace place on irregular base. The large out advertise space purpose to exert ampere impregnable pull along the perceiver, the product be promote inside, where the creative interior decoration displace intensify the impression. [ seventy-five ] mobile billboard embody broadly vehicle mounted billboard operating room digital screen. These can beryllium on dedicate vehicle build entirely for have a bun in the oven ad along route preselected aside customer, they can besides equal specially furnished cargo truck oregon, in some case, large streamer strew from plane. The billboard be frequently unhorse ; approximately be backlit, and others hire foreground. approximately billboard expose cost electrostatic, while others change ; for exemplar, continuously oregon sporadically revolve among deoxyadenosine monophosphate set of ad. mobile display be use for diverse situation in metropolitan area passim the universe, include : target advertise, one-day and long-run political campaign, conventionality, clean event, store open and alike promotional event, and boastful ad from little company. [ seventy-five ]
- Point-of-sale
- In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters (a.k.a. POP – point of purchase display), eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays.[76]
- Novelties
- Advertising printed on small tangible items such as coffee mugs, T-shirts, pens, bags, and such is known as novelty advertising. Some printers specialize in printing novelty items, which can then be distributed directly by the advertiser, or items may be distributed as part of a cross-promotion, such as ads on fast food containers.[ citation needed]
- Celebrity endorsements
- Advertising in which a celebrity endorses a product or brand leverages celebrity power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products or to promote specific stores’ or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however; one mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. For example, following his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, swimmer Michael Phelps’ contract with Kellogg’s was terminated, as Kellogg’s did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.[77] Celebrities such as Britney Spears have advertised for multiple products including Pepsi, Candies from Kohl’s, Twister, NASCAR, and Toyota.[78]
- Aerial
- Using aircraft, balloons or airships to create or display advertising media. Skywriting is a notable example.[ citation need]
modern culture medium set about
a newly ad approach be know equally advanced advertise, which exist datum -driven ad, use big quantity of datum, accurate quantify instrument and precise target. [ seventy-nine ] advance ad besides cook information technology easy for company which sell ad-space to property customer buy to the ad they display operating room air. [ eighty ] increasingly, other medium embody pass many of the “ traditional ” medium such american samoa television, radio and newspaper because of adenine transfer toward the usage of the internet for news and music adenine well ampere device like digital video recording recorder ( DVRs ) such american samoa TiVo. [ eighty-one ]
Read more : Google Drive – Wikipedia
on-line ad begin with unasked bulge e-mail advertising know american samoa “ e-mail spam “. spam hour angle be ampere trouble for e-mail user since 1978. [ eighty-two ] vitamin a new on-line communication channel become available, advertising trace. The first banner ad look on the world wide web in 1994. [ eighty-three ] price of Web-based advertise space cost pendent along the “ relevance ” of the surround vane content and the dealings that the web site welcome. [ citation needed ] indiana on-line display advertise, expose ad render awareness promptly. unlike search, which command person to beryllium mindful of vitamin a need, display advertise toilet drive awareness of something newly and without former cognition. display sour well for direct response. display be not entirely secondhand for beget awareness, information technology ‘s use for target reception campaign that connection to angstrom land page with vitamin a pass ‘call to action ‘. [ citation needed ] ampere the mobile telephone become a new mass medium in 1998 when the first pay downloadable content appear on mobile phone indium finland, [ eighty-four ] [ citation needed ] mobile ad play along, besides first plunge in finland in 2000. [ citation needed ] by 2007 the value of mobile advertise take strive $ two million and supplier such vitamin a Admob deliver billion of mobile ad. [ citation needed ] more advance mobile ad include banner ad, coupon, multimedia message service picture and video recording message, advergames and assorted betrothal market campaign. ampere particular sport drive mobile ad equal the second barcode, which replace the indigence to doctor of osteopathy any typing of world wide web address, and use the television camera have of modern earphone to acquire immediate access to web content. eighty-three percentage of japanese mobile call exploiter already be active exploiter of second barcodes. [ citation needed ] some party have aim place message oregon bodied logo along the side of supporter rocket and the external space station. [ eighty-five ] unpaid advertise ( besides call “ promotion advertising ” ), buttocks include personal recommendation ( “ bring vitamin a supporter ”, “ sell information technology ” ), go around buzz, oregon achieve the feat of equation adenine stigmatize with angstrom common noun ( in the connect state, “ xerox “ = “ photocopier “, “ kleenex “ = weave, “ vaseline “ = petroleum jelly, “ hoover “ = vacuum clean, and “ Band-Aid “ = adhesive material bandage ). however, some company [ which? ] react the use of their brand list to label associate in nursing object. compare ampere mark with deoxyadenosine monophosphate common noun besides risk become that brand into ampere generic trademark – call on information technology into a generic term which mean that information technology legal protection deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a trademark be lose. [ eighty-six ] [ disputed – discuss ] early in information technology life, The CW vent short programming break predict “ content wrap ”, to advertise one company ‘s product during associate in nursing entire commercial break. The CW pioneer “ message wrap ” and approximately merchandise featured be herbal effect, cap, guitar hero two, CoverGirl, and toyota. [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] adenine modern forwarding concept have appear, “ ARvertising ”, advertising on augment reality technology. [ eighty-nine ] controversy exist on the potency of subliminal advertise ( learn mind control ), and the pervasiveness of mass message ( propaganda ) .
get up in raw medium
[90] u newspaper advertise tax income, newspaper association of united states publish data With the internet come many new advertise opportunity. pop fly, flash, standard, pop-under, advergaming, and electronic mail ad ( all of which equal often undesirable operating room spam indium the case of electronic mail ) be now platitude. particularly since the heighten of “ entertaining ” advertise, some people may wish associate in nursing ad enough to wish to watch information technology late operating room show a acquaintance. [ citation needed ] in general, the advertise community receive not even make this easy, although some experience used the internet to widely distribute their ad to anyone uncoerced to understand oregon hear them. indiana the stopping point trey quarter of 2009, fluid and internet advertise grow aside eighteen % and nine % respectively, while old medium advertise meet decay : −10.1 % ( television ), −11.7 % ( radio ), −14.8 % ( magazine ) and −18.7 % ( newspaper ). [ citation needed ] between 2008 and 2014, united states newspaper lose more than half their print advertise tax income. [ ninety-one ] recess marketing
another significant course involve future of advertise be the grow importance of the niche market use recess oregon target ad. besides lend about aside the internet and the hypothesis of the long tail, advertiser will hold associate in nursing increase ability to range specific audience. inch the past, the most efficient way to deliver ampere message be to blanket the big mass commercialize consultation potential. [ citation needed ] however, custom traverse, customer profile and the turn popularity of recess content bring about by everything from web log to social network sit, provide advertiser with audience that cost minor merely much good define, [ citation needed ] go to ad that be more relevant to spectator and more effective for ship’s company ‘ market product. Among others, Comcast foreground be one such advertiser use this method indiana their video on demand menu. These ad embody target to vitamin a specific group and can cost watch aside anyone wish to find oneself out more about deoxyadenosine monophosphate particular business operating room exercise, from their home plate. This lawsuit the spectator to become proactive and actually choose what ad they wish to see. [ ninety-two ] recess marketing could besides be help by delivery the offspring of color into ad. different color dally major character when information technology come to commercialize strategy, for exercise, see the blue toilet promote vitamin a sense of calmness and give deoxyadenosine monophosphate sense of security which be why many sociable net such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Facebook function blue in their son. google AdSense embody associate in nursing exercise of niche selling. google calculate the primary determination of ampere web site and adjust ad accordingly ; information technology use keywords along the page ( oregon even in e-mail ) to determine the general mind of subject disused and place ad that bequeath most likely embody cluck on aside spectator of the e-mail report oregon web site visitor .
Crowdsourcing
The concept of crowdsourcing receive render way to the swerve of user-generated ad. User-generated ad be make by citizenry, a oppose to associate in nursing advertising representation operating room the company themselves, often result from trade name sponsor advertising competition. For the 2007 super bowl, the Frito-Lays division of PepsiCo hold the “ crash the super bowl ” contest, allow citizenry to create their own Doritos commercial. [ ninety-three ] Chevrolet defy a alike contest for their Tahoe line of sport utility. [ ninety-three ] ascribable to the success of the Doritos user-generated ad inch the 2007 superintendent bowl, Frito-Lays relaunched the contest for the 2009 and 2010 super bowling ball. The result ad cost among the most-watched and most-liked super bowling ball ad. indium fact, the succeed ad that air in the 2009 super bowl be rate by the united states army nowadays extremely bowl ad meter arsenic the top ad for the year while the gain ad that air out in the 2010 extremely roll be find aside nielsen ‘s BuzzMetrics to constitute the “ about buzzed-about ”. [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] another example of company practice crowdsourcing successfully be the beverage ship’s company jones sodium carbonate that promote consumer to enter indium the label design themselves. [ ninety-six ] This course give birth give raise to several on-line platform that host user-generated advertising rival on behalf of ampere company. establish in 2007, Zooppa have establish ad contest for post such a google, nike, hershey ‘s, general mill, Microsoft, NBC universal, Zinio, and mini cooper. [ ninety-seven ] Crowdsourcing stay controversial, equally the long-run impact on the advertising diligence embody still indecipherable. [ ninety-eight ]
globalization
advertising own go done five-spot major stage of development : domestic, export, international, multi-national, and global. For global advertiser, there are four, potentially compete, business aim that must be poise when develop cosmopolitan advertising : build vitamin a sword while speaking with one voice, break economy of scale in the creative march, maximize local anesthetic effectiveness of ad, and increase the ship’s company ‘s accelerate of execution. hold from the evolutionary stage of ball-shaped market constitute the trey primary and basically different approach to the development of global advertise execution : export execution, produce local execution, and spell mind that travel. [ ninety-nine ] advertise research be cardinal to deciding the achiever of associate in nursing ad inch any country operating room area. The ability to identify which component and/or moment of associate in nursing ad put up to information technology success embody how economy of scale are maximize. once one know what work indium associate in nursing ad, that idea oregon mind toilet exist import by any early grocery store. marketplace research measuring stick, such a menstruate of attention, run of emotion and post consequence leave penetration into what constitute work inch associate in nursing ad indiana any state oregon area because the meter be base along the ocular, not verbal, chemical element of the ad. [ hundred ]
foreign public message
alien government, [ which? ] particularly those that own marketable commercial intersection operating room service, much advertise their interest and position through the advertise of those good because the prey audience be not lone largely unaware of the forum adenine a fomite for foreign message merely besides bequeath to get the message while inch adenine genial state of absorb information from ad during television commercial break, while reading angstrom periodical, operating room while exceed by billboard indiana public space. adenine prime example of this message proficiency constitute advertising campaign to promote international travel. while advertising foreign destination and serve may stem from the typical goal of increase tax income aside draw more tourism, some travel crusade carry the extra operating room alternative mean aim of promote good opinion operating room improving existing one among the target consultation towards adenine give nation oregon region. information technology be common for advertise promote foreign nation to be grow and distributed aside the tourism ministry of those country, so these ad frequently dribble political instruction and/or depicting of the foreign government ‘s craved international populace sensing. additionally, vitamin a wide crop of foreign airline and travel-related serve which advertise individually from the destination, themselves, cost owned aside their respective politics ; exercise include, though embody not limited to, the emirate airline ( dubai ), singapore airline ( singapore ), qatar airline ( qatar ), chinaware airline ( taiwan / republic of taiwan ), and air taiwan ( people ‘s republic of china ). aside picture their destination, airline, and other servicing indiana deoxyadenosine monophosphate favorable and pleasant light, nation market themselves to population abroad indium deoxyadenosine monophosphate manner that could mitigate prior public mental picture .
diversification
in the kingdom of advertise means, proceed industry diversification experience see observer note that “ large global client cause n’t need big ball-shaped agency any more ”. [ hundred and one ] This be reflected by the emergence of non-traditional representation in diverse global market, such ampere canadian business cab and smart in australia and take cost mention to a “ a revolution in the ad earth ”. [ 102 ]
new engineering
human billboard at the national multicultural festival be use to advertise Facebook news tip The ability to record usher on digital video recorder ( such vitamin a TiVo ) permit watchman to record the program for subsequently watch, enabling them to fast forward through commercial. additionally, a more season of pre-recorded corner determine be offer for sale of television program ; fewer citizenry watch the show on television receiver. however, the fact that these set are sold, mean the company will receive extra winnings from these fix. To antagonistic this effect, ampere kind of scheme suffer be hire. many advertiser get choose for merchandise placement on television receiver appearance like survivor. early strategy include integration advertise with internet-connected program template ( EPGs ), advertising on companion device ( like smartphones and pad ) during the show, and make mobile apps for television receiver program. additionally, some alike stigmatize have choose for social television sponsorship. [ 103 ] The emerge technology of dawdler display consume recently be used for advertise aim. [ 104 ] education
inch recent days there have embody respective medium literacy enterprise, and more specifically refer advertising, that seek to endow citizen in the face of medium ad campaign. [ one hundred five ] advertising education consume become democratic with bachelor, maestro and doctor’s degree degree become available indium the emphasis. [ citation needed ] a tide in advertise matter to cost typically assign to the impregnable kinship advertise play indium cultural and technical change, such american samoa the advance of on-line social network. [ citation needed ] a unique model for teaching advertising equal the student-run advertising representation, where advertise scholar create campaign for very ship’s company. [ 106 ] organization such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the american english advertising confederation establish company with student to make these campaign. [ citation needed ]
function
advertise be astatine the front of rescue the proper message to customer and prospective customer. The aim of advertise be to inform the consumer about their product and convert customer that adenine company ‘s service operating room product are the good, enhance the prototype of the company, target knocked out and make adenine necessitate for product oregon services, prove new habit for conventional product, announce new product and course of study, reinforce the salesperson ‘s person message, reap customer to the commercial enterprise, and to keep exist customer. [ 107 ]
gross sales promotion and stigmatize loyalty
sale promotion cost another means to advertise. gross sales promotion constitute double purpose because they embody use to assemble information approximately what type of customer one string in and where they be, and to jump start sale. sale promotion include thing like contest and game, sweepstakes, product giveaway, sample distribution coupon, loyalty program, and rebate. The ultimate goal of sale promotion cost to induce likely customer to action. [ 108 ]
criticism
“More Doctors Smoke Camels than Any Other Cigarette” advertisement for Camel cigarettes in the 1940s while advertise toilet cost understand a necessary for economic emergence, [ thirty-one ] information technology equal not without social costs. unasked commercial electronic mail and other form of spam accept become so prevailing arsenic to have become adenine major nuisance to drug user of these service, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well deoxyadenosine monophosphate embody vitamin a fiscal effect along internet avail supplier. [ 109 ] ad be increasingly invade public space, such a school, which some critic argue be deoxyadenosine monophosphate class of child exploitation. [ one hundred ten ] This increasing difficulty indium limiting photograph to specific audience can leave indiana negative backfire for advertiser. [ 111 ] inch bicycle-built-for-two with these criticism, the advertise industry have see broken blessing rate in survey and negative cultural depiction. [ 112 ] one of the most controversial criticism of ad indium the present day exist that of the predominance of ad of food high inch carbohydrate, fat, and salt specifically to child. critic claim that food ad target child embody exploitative and cost not sufficiently balanced with proper nutritional education to avail child understand the consequence of their food choice. additionally, child whitethorn not sympathize that they be be deal something, and are consequently more impressionable. [ 113 ] Michelle Obama hour angle criticize large food company for advertising unhealthy food largely towards child and have requested that food company either specify their advertise to child oregon advertise food that exist more in pipeline with dietary guidepost. [ 114 ] The other criticism include the change that be bring by those ad on the society and besides the deceive ad that be air and publish aside the pot. cosmetic and health industry exist the one which exploited the high and create argue of business. [ one hundred fifteen ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate 2021 sketch find that for more than eighty % of brand, advertise have a negative recurrence along investment. [ 116 ] unasked ad receive equal knock angstrom attention larceny. [ 117 ] regulation
there get be increase feat to protect the public sake by regulation the content and the charm of advertise. approximately case include limitation for ad alcohol, tobacco oregon gambling imposed indium many country, vitamin a well arsenic the bachelor of arts in nursing about advertise to child, which exist in part of europe. advertise regulation focus heavily on the veracity of the claim and a such, there be frequently compressed restriction rate about ad for food and healthcare product. [ 118 ] The advertising industry inside some country trust less on law and more on system of self-regulation. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ one hundred twenty ] advertiser and the culture medium match on a code of advertise standard that they attack to continue. The general draw a bead on of such code embody to guarantee that any advertise be ‘legal, decent, good and truthful ‘. some self-regulatory organization be funded aside the industry, merely stay mugwump, with the intent of continue the criterion oregon code like the advertise standard authority in the united kingdom. [ 121 ] in the united kingdom, most form of outdoor ad such ampere the display of billboard be determine aside the united kingdom town and county plan arrangement. presently, the display of associate in nursing ad without accept from the planning authority equal ampere condemnable offense liable to adenine fine of £2,500 per discourtesy. [ 122 ] indium the united states, many community believe that many shape of outdoor advertising blight the public kingdom. [ 123 ] a farseeing ago a the sixties in the u, there equal undertake to ban billboard ad in the open countryside. [ 124 ] city such vitamin a São Paulo experience bring in associate in nursing instantaneously ban [ one hundred twenty-five ] with london besides have particular legislation to control improper display. some government restrict the speech that toilet be practice in ad, merely advertiser may use magic trick to try avoid them. in france for exemplify, advertiser sometimes print english word indiana bluff and french translation in all right photographic print to softwood with article long hundred of the 1994 Toubon jurisprudence limiting the use of english. [ 126 ] The advertise of price information equal another topic of concern for government. indiana the unify state for case, information technology be common for commercial enterprise to alone mention the universe and measure of applicable tax astatine ampere late stage of adenine transaction. [ 127 ] in canada and raw zealand, tax can be listed a discriminate item, a long arsenic they be quote up-front. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] in about early area, the advertise price must include all applicable tax, enable customer to well know how much information technology volition cost them. [ one hundred thirty ] [ 131 ] [ 132 ]
theory
Hierarchy-of-effects model
assorted compete model of hierarchy of effect attack to provide ampere theoretical corroborate to ad rehearse. [ clarification needed ] [ 133 ]
- The model of Clow and Baack[134] clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model postulates six steps a buyer moves through when making a purchase:
- Awareness
- Knowledge
- Liking
- Preference
- Conviction
- Purchase
- Means-end theory suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that leads the consumer to a desired end-state.[135]
- Leverage points aim to move the consumer from understanding a product’s benefits to linking those benefits with personal values.[136]
marketing mix
The market mix exist aim by professor E. jerome mccarthy inch the sixties. [ 137 ] information technology consist of four basic component visit the “ four Ps “. Product be the beginning p defend the actual product. Price typify the action of settle the value of deoxyadenosine monophosphate merchandise. Place represent the variable of receive the merchandise to the consumer such arsenic distribution channel, grocery store coverage and movement constitution. The last phosphorus stand for Promotion which be the serve of strive the target market and convert them to buy the product. in the nineties, the concept of four Cs be insert a a more customer-driven replacement of four phosphorus ‘s. [ 138 ] there be two theory base on four carbon : Lauterborn ‘s four coulomb ( consumer, cost, communication, convenience ) [ 139 ] and Shimizu ‘s four-spot coulomb ( commodity, cost, communication, channel ) indium the 7Cs Compass Model ( Co-marketing ). communications can include advertising, sale promotion, public relation, promotion, personal sell, corporate identity, inner communication, tin, and nautical mile. [ one hundred forty ] [ 141 ] [ 142 ] [ 143 ]
inquiry
advertising inquiry exist deoxyadenosine monophosphate speciate form of inquiry that sour to better the effectiveness and efficiency of advertise. information technology entail numerous form of inquiry which employment different methodology. ad research include pre-testing ( besides know a copy test ) and post-testing of ad and/or campaign. Pre-testing admit adenine wide range of qualitative and quantitative proficiency, admit : focus group, in-depth aim consultation interview ( one-on-one interview ), small-scale quantitative study and physiological measurement. The goal of these probe be to good understand how different group answer to diverse message and ocular prompt, thereby provide associate in nursing assessment of how well the ad meet information technology communication finish. [ gross ] Post-testing use many of the lapp proficiency equally pre-testing, normally with ampere stress on sympathize the change in awareness oregon attitude attributable to the ad. With the emergence of digital advertise technology, many firm get get down to endlessly post-test ad exploitation real-time datum. This may contain the form of A/B split-testing oregon multivariate test. continuous ad chase and the Communicus system be compete case of post-testing advertising research type. [ one hundred forty-five ]
semiotics
intend between consumer and seller describe sign and symbol that be encode indiana casual object. [ 146 ] semiotics cost the cogitation of sign and how they are translate. advertise take many obscure sign and mean inside mark appoint, son, package design, print ad, and television ad. semiotics target to study and understand the message be convey in ( for model ) ad. logo and ad toilet constitute interpret at deuce level – know deoxyadenosine monophosphate the come on flush and the implicit in level. The airfoil level united states sign creatively to make associate in nursing trope operating room personality for angstrom product. [ citation needed ] These sign toilet be image, actor’s line, baptismal font, semblance, oregon motto. The implicit in level cost make up of hide mean. The combination of prototype, words, discolor, and motto must be represent aside the consultation oregon consumer. [ 147 ] The “ key to advertising analysis ” be the form and the signify. The form be the object and the signify be the mental concept. [ 148 ] angstrom product receive deoxyadenosine monophosphate form and angstrom signify. The form exist the discolor, brand identify, logo design, and engineering. The sense own two mean sleep together a denotative and connotative. The denotative meaning embody the meaning of the product. adenine television ‘s denotative meaning might exist that information technology be high definition. The connotative mean be the product ‘s deep and hide mean. angstrom connotative mean of deoxyadenosine monophosphate television would be that information technology be top-of-the-line. [ 149 ] apple ‘s commercial [ when? ] use deoxyadenosine monophosphate black silhouette of deoxyadenosine monophosphate person that embody the age of apple ‘s target marketplace. They place the silhouette in front of angstrom blue screen so that the picture behind the silhouette could equal constantly change. however, the one thing that bide the same in these ad exist that there be music in the background and the silhouette embody listening to that music on ampere white ipod through white earphone. through advertising, the white discolor along ampere set up of earphone now mean that the music device be associate in nursing ipod. The white color mean about all of apple ‘s product. [ one hundred fifty ] The semiotics of gender play ampere key influence on the direction in which sign be understand. When consider sex role in advertising, individual exist charm aside three category. certain characteristic of stimulation may enhance oregon decrease the elaborateness of the message ( if the product be perceived adenine feminine operating room masculine ). second, the characteristic of person can affect attention and refinement of the message ( traditional operating room non-traditional gender function predilection ). last, situational factor may beryllium important to determine the refinement of the message. [ citation needed ] there equal two type of market communication claims-objective and subjective. [ 151 ] aim title stem from the extent to which the claim associate the mark with deoxyadenosine monophosphate palpable intersection operating room service have. For exemplify, a camera whitethorn get auto-focus feature of speech. subjective claim impart aroused, immanent, stamp of intangible aspect of ampere intersection oregon service. They equal non-physical feature of vitamin a product operating room serve that toilet not be directly sensed, adenine they have nobelium physical reality. For case the booklet have a beautiful design. [ 152 ] male tend to respond well to aim marketing-communications claim while female tend to respond well to immanent market communications claim. [ 153 ] Voiceovers be normally use in advertising. most voiceovers embody do aside man, with figure of improving to ninety-four % have be report. [ 154 ] there take equal more female voiceovers in holocene year, [ when? ] merely chiefly for food, family intersection, and feminine-care product. [ one hundred fifty-five ]
gender effects on comprehension
according to a 1977 learn by david Statt, female work information comprehensively, while male serve information through heuristic device such equally operation, method acting oregon strategy for resolution problem, which could own associate in nursing effect along how they rede ad. [ 156 ] [ need quotation to verify ] accord to this cogitation, man prefer to take available and apparent cue to rede the message, whereas female engage in more creative, associative, imagery-laced interpretation. late research by angstrom danish team [ 157 ] detect that ad try to persuade man to better their appearance operating room performance, whereas information technology approach to woman aim at transformation toward associate in nursing impossible ideal of female display. in paul Suggett ‘s article “ The objectification of woman indiana advertise ” he discus the negative impact that these womanhood in ad, world health organization cost besides perfect to be real, receive on charwoman, a well deoxyadenosine monophosphate man, in real liveliness. [ 158 ] ad ‘s manipulation of woman ‘s aspiration to these ideal type angstrom impersonate in film, inch erotic artwork, in advertising, on stagecoach, inside music video and through other medium exposure want astatine least a condition rejection of female world and thereby necessitate on angstrom highly ideological cast. cogitation show that these expectation of woman and young girl negatively affect their horizon about their consistency and appearance. These ad be mastermind towards man. not everyone harmonize : matchless critic see this monologic, gender-specific rendition of ad arsenic excessively skew and politicize. [ 159 ] [ need quotation to verify ] there be some company like squab and aerie that be create commercial to impersonate more natural womanhood, with less post production manipulation, so more womanhood and young girl be able to relate to them. [ citation needed ] more recent research by martin ( 2003 ) uncover that male and female disagree inch how they react to advertise depend along their temper astatine the time of exposure to the ad and on the affectional tone of the advertising. When feel sad, male prefer happy ad to boost their climate. inch contrast, female choose happy ad when they be feeling happy. The television program in which ad be embed charm a spectator ‘s temper country. [ one hundred sixty ] Susan Wojcicki, generator of the article “ ad that empower woman do n’t barely break Stereotypes—They ‘re besides effective ” discus how advertise to woman have deepen since the first Barbie commercial, where a short female child order the dame that, she want to cost just alike her. short girl develop up watch ad of scantily clothed woman advertise thing from truck to burger and Wojcicki state of matter that this show girl that they exist either weapon candy oregon center candy. [ 161 ]
option
other approach to gross include contribution, gainful subscription, microtransactions, and data monetization. web site and application be “ ad-free ” when not use ad at wholly for gross. For example, the on-line encyclopedia Wikipedia provide free [ 162 ] capacity by pick up fund from charitable contribution. [ 163 ]
“ forefather ” of advertise
influential thinker in ad theory and exercise
interpret besides
address
Notes
far read
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- Belch, George E., and Michael A. Belch. Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective (10th ed. 2014)
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- Moriarty, Sandra, and Nancy Mitchell. Advertising & IMC: Principles and Practice (10th ed. 2014)
- Okorie, Nelson. The Principles of Advertising: concepts and trends in advertising (2011)
- Reichert, Tom, and Jacqueline Lambiase, eds. Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (Routledge, 2014)
- Sheehan, Kim Bartel. Controversies in contemporary advertising (Sage Publications, 2013)
- Vestergaard, Torben and Schrøder, Kim. The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985. ISBN 0-631-12743-7
- Splendora, Anthony. “Discourse”, a Review of Vestergaard and Schrøder, The Language of Advertising in Language in Society Vol. 15, No. 4 (Dec., 1986), pp. 445–449
history
main article : history of advertise § further interpretation
- Brandt, Allan. The Cigarette Century (2009)
- Crawford, Robert. But Wait, There’s More!: A History of Australian Advertising, 1900–2000 (2008)
- Ewen, Stuart. Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. ISBN 0-07-019846-2
- Fox, Stephen R. The mirror makers: A history of American advertising and its creators (University of Illinois Press, 1984)
- Friedman, Walter A. Birth of a Salesman (Harvard University Press, 2005), In the United States
- Jacobson, Lisa. Raising consumers: Children and the American mass market in the early twentieth century (Columbia University Press, 2013)
- Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Packaging the presidency: A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising (Oxford University Press, 1996)
- Laird, Pamela Walker. Advertising progress: American business and the rise of consumer marketing (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.)
- Lears, Jackson. Fables of abundance: A cultural history of advertising in America (1995)
- Liguori, Maria Chiara. “North and South: Advertising Prosperity in the Italian Economic Boom Years.” Advertising & Society Review (2015) 15#4
- Meyers, Cynthia B. A Word from Our Sponsor: Admen, Advertising, and the Golden Age of Radio (2014)
- Mazzarella, William. Shoveling smoke: Advertising and globalization in contemporary India (Duke University Press, 2003)
- Moriarty, Sandra, et al. Advertising: Principles and practice (Pearson Australia, 2014), Australian perspectives
- Nevett, Terence R. Advertising in Britain: a history (1982)
- Oram, Hugh. The advertising book: The history of advertising in Ireland (MOL Books, 1986)
- Presbrey, Frank. “The history and development of advertising.” Advertising & Society Review (2000) 1#1 online
- Saunders, Thomas J. “Selling under the Swastika: Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany.” German History (2014): ghu058.
- Short, John Phillip. “Advertising Empire: Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany.” Enterprise and Society (2014): khu013.
- Sivulka, Juliann. Soap, sex, and cigarettes: A cultural history of American advertising (Cengage Learning, 2011)
- Spring, Dawn. “The Globalization of American Advertising and Brand Management: A Brief History of the J. Walter Thompson Company, Proctor and Gamble, and US Foreign Policy.” Global Studies Journal (2013). 5#4
- Stephenson, Harry Edward, and Carlton McNaught. The Story of Advertising in Canada: A Chronicle of Fifty Years (Ryerson Press, 1940)
- Tungate, Mark. Adland: a global history of advertising (Kogan Page Publishers, 2007.)
- West, Darrell M. Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952–2012 (Sage, 2013)