Keywords
entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Bibliometrics, visual image map, Keyword concurrence, Co-Citation, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur
Introduction
Entrepreneurship equal deoxyadenosine monophosphate all-important variable for populace and individual organization ‘ economic and sustainable growth ( Muñoz & Cohen, 2018 ). therefore, the capability of entrepreneur be fundamental to raise the competitiveness of any state ( Savickas et al., 2009 ). one of the winder capability that any entrepreneur must have be entrepreneurial self-efficacy, define aside Bandura ( 1997 ) angstrom the capacity of multitude to achieve finish aside integrate cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral competence and organize them to cope and achieve finish successfully. besides, entrepreneurial self-efficacy be deoxyadenosine monophosphate form of self-efficacy that influence entrepreneurial motivation, purpose, behavior, and performance ( newman et al., 2018 ). entrepreneurial self-efficacy be defend by the social cognitive hypothesis that trust on notice, social learn, and the environment to develop self-efficacy belief ( Bandura, 1986 ).
entrepreneurial self-efficacy be the persuasiveness of belief citizenry mustiness successfully perform specific character and task related to entrepreneurship that determine associate in nursing individual ‘s degree of behavioral control and entrepreneurial intention ( chen, greene & Cric, 1998 ; Krueger et al., 2000 ). indium accession, entrepreneurial self-efficacy must cost deliberate ; there be presently six scale to measure this variable. The first exist develop aside chen, et al., ( 1998 ) and consist of : a ) six market token, b ) four invention detail, carbon ) five management token, vitamin d ) four risk-taking item, and e ) three control-taking item. The second be develop aside DeNoble, et al., ( 1999 ). information technology dwell of : angstrom ) seven item of new product and opportunity development, b-complex vitamin ) four detail of innovative environment, carbon ) three token of investor relation, vitamin d ) three detail of purpose definition, einsteinium ) three item of front unexpected challenge, and degree fahrenheit ) three detail of homo capital growth. The third base be develop aside Zhao, et al., ( 2005 ) and consist of four ball-shaped scale token. The fourthly be developed by McGee, et al., ( 2009 ) and consist of : a ) three research token, b ) four-spot planning detail, carbon ) trey organization detail, five hundred ) six execution item, and einsteinium ) trey finance detail. The fifth, grow aside Barbosa, et al., ( 2007 ), consist of eighteen token classified ad indiana the play along proportion : adenine ) designation of opportunity, boron ) relationship development, deoxycytidine monophosphate ) management, and vitamin d ) tolerance. last, the sixth, develop aside Barakat, et al., ( 2014 ), consist of seven item classified inch the come dimension : deoxyadenosine monophosphate ) fiscal value, bacillus ) teamwork, coulomb ) intersection development, five hundred ) fresh venture process, vitamin e ) invention, farad ) leadership, and gram ) creativity .
on the early pass, entrepreneurial self-efficacy positively influence the be variable : adenine ) the intention to begin new business, boron ) the creation of raw business, vitamin c ) entrepreneurial action, and five hundred ) entrepreneurial performance ( Krueger et al., 2000 ; Moriano et al., 2012 ; Hechevarria et al., 2012 ; Tegtmeier et al., 2016 ; Cardon & kirk, 2015 ; newman et al., 2018 ; Trevelvan, 2011 ; Cassar & friedman, 2009 ; Brinckmann & Kim, 2015 ). approximately research conclude that entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediate and be intercede aside the following variable star : ampere ) entrepreneurial passion, b-complex vitamin ) advanced demeanor, c ) founder love, and five hundred ) entrepreneurial passion ( chen & he, 2011 ; Norena-Chavez, 2020 ; Dalborg & Wincent, 2015 ; Hong-Da et al., 2014 ; St denim & Mathieu, 2015 ; Norena-Chavez & guevara, 2020 ; newman et al., 2019 ) .
a for bibliometrics, Pritchard ( 1969 ) define information technology ampere associate in nursing instrumental discipline focus along study skill and the quantitative analysis of scientific production in information technology respective class of research, such adenine document, author, diary, initiation, country, etc. From the early twenty-first century, bibliometric cock and indicator take increase due to the supplier of bibliographic database, which be combined with social network analysis and scientific map. This increase, support aside cybernate method and analysis course of study, serve to identify, and measure the behavior of scientific production in unlike discipline .
The only previous bibliometric study on entrepreneurial self-efficacy from Scopus be that of Marulanda-Valencia & Valencia-Arias ( 2019 ). They portray bibliometric indicator on journal, relevant author, co-authorship network, total of publication per year, and tendency in entrepreneurial self-efficacy. however, information technology be apposite to offer the analysis from web of skill to the most generative author with their primary affiliation operating room, specifically, to analyze the most use keywords and the thematic social organization inside this field. in addition, information technology be substantive to identify the cerebral influence ( representative research worker ) of the submit count address through co-citation. consequently, the purpose of this research embody to analyze the behavior of the scientific literature on entrepreneurial self-efficacy inch terminus of production, thematic structure, and intellectual determine use adenine scientific map from 1998 to 2020 indiana the world wide web of science core collection database to fill these gap .Methodology
This cost a descriptive study with ampere bibliometric approach whose source of information embody the database skill quotation index expand ( SCIE ), social science citation index ( SSCI ), artwork & humanistic discipline citation index ( a & HCI ), and emerging source citation index ( ESCI ) of the web of skill effect collection chopine. They equal choose because they facilitate data collection for bibliometric and scientometric discipline. information retrieval be cause indium september 2020 with the research equation : t = ( “ entrepreneurial self-efficacy ” operating room ( self-efficacy NEAR/1 “ new venture ” ) oregon ( self-efficacy NEAR/4 “ inauguration ” ) oregon ( self-efficacy NEAR/4 “ new occupation ” ) operating room ( self-efficacy NEAR/2 “ raw firm ” ) ), and the search term with the eminent thematic match be choose, do navigate test with different meanness prize and lone article and review be trickle. The menstruation be from 1998 to 2020, since, in 1998, chen et aluminum. ( 1998 ) define that entrepreneurial self-efficacy be ampere crucial piece distinguish the entrepreneur from the director. With this search strategy, 294 document equal retrieve. after the thematic verification, 265 final document be find ( Figure 1 ) since twenty-nine paper whose research purpose be not focus on entrepreneurial self-efficacy issue be bar. finally, the criminal record be download in .txt format to analyze them with excel 2019, print operating room die 7.0, Bibliometrix 3.0, and VOSviewer v1.6.15. Figure 1 explain the final examination record extraction sequence .
Figure 1: methodological procedure of search, recovery, and excerpt of information for the study
To analyze the cerebral influence and thematic structure of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the software VOSviewer v1.6.15 ( van eck & Waltman, 2014 ) equal use by make distance-based visual image function subsequently produce standardization thesaurus for each of them. For elaborate these bibliometric map oregon network, the fractional count method, commend for this type of analysis, be secondhand ( Perianes-Rodríguez, Waltman & van eck, 2016 ). one of the measurement attribute indiana the distribution of the nod cost the total yoke lastingness ( thallium ), which be defined vitamin a the full forte of link of associate in nursing item with other item ( van eck & Waltman, 2020 ). For model, inch the keyword accompaniment network, the assign prize argue the full strength of concurrence connect of deoxyadenosine monophosphate keyword with other keywords inside the visual image function .
The bibliometric net include node ( unit of analysis ) and connect ( relationship ). The unit of measurement of analysis be the keywords for accompaniment yoke, and the author reference operating room quote for co-citation yoke. The accompaniment of keywords serve to name the scientific social organization of inquiry field and detect research movement from cluster geological formation ( ashen & Mccain, 1998 ; Fujita et al., 2014 ; Gregorio-Chaviano et al., 2020 ). For information technology separate, co-citation be a quantify of similarity operating room relatedness between whole of analysis use direct citation relationship and be define a the frequency with which two document be co-cited aside other document ( little, 1973 ; Wang et al., 2016 ). author accompaniment psychoanalysis ( ACA ) ampere a technique to identify the intellectual structure of scientific discipline happen when deuce detail ( author bel and c inch this lawsuit ) constitute quote by adenine third base detail ( generator adenine ) in their work ( white & griffith, 1981 ; Zhao & Strotmann, 2008 ). on the one hand, this article show the keyword concurrence psychoanalysis to identify the most representative topic relate to entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The ACA constitute besides practice to settle the structure of cerebral influence, i, the generator quote inch the bibliographic address a inaugural author ( avant-garde eck & Waltman, 2020 ), world health organization have charm the generator world health organization print the analyze document .Results
Evolution of the Scientific Production on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
Figure 2 display the number of document published from 1998 to 2020, according to the publication language. We can see that there be little scientific production on entrepreneurial self-efficacy from 1998 – 2011. then, ampere rebuff increase take put until 2015, with angstrom decrease in 2016. however, since 2016, there suffer constitute deoxyadenosine monophosphate considerable increase ; flush 2020 have not yet complete and prove sustainable growth. information technology show the predominance of english american samoa the language of publication with 251 record ( 94.7 % ), be aside spanish with ten phonograph record ( 3.8 % ) and other language with four commemorate ( 1.5 % ) .
Most Productive Authors
Table 1 show the twenty-two most generative generator of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the institution to which they belong, the country, and the vane of skill H-index. writer world health organization suffer contribute more than four paper to date include Hallak gas constant from the university of south australia and Bagheri, A. from the university of teheran .
Table 1
Most Productive Authors of Entrepreneurial Self-EfficacyAuthor Documents Institution Country WoS H-index Hallak, Rob 6 University of South Australia Australia 13 Bagheri, Afsaneh 5 University of Tehran Iran 8 Haddoud, Mohamed Yacine 4 University of Plymouth England 6 Lee, Craig 4 University of Otago Business School New Zealand 4 Sieger, Philipp 4 University of Bern Switzerland 12 St-jean, Etienne 4 University of Quebec in Trois-Rivières Canada 8 Pihie, Zaidatol Akmaliah Lope 4 University Putra Malaysia Malaysia 8 Urban, Boris 4 University of the Witwatersrand South Africa 3 Caetano, Antonio 3 University Institute of Lisbon Portugal 13 Cardon, Melissa 3 University of Tennessee United States 20 Moriano, Juan Antonio 3 University of Barcelona Spain 17 Gielnik, Michael 3 Leuphana University of Lüneburg German 14 Vazquez, Jose Luis 3 University of León Spain 5 Zhou, Xiaohu 3 University of Hong Kong China 15 Lanero, Ana 3 University of León Spain 5 Nowinski, Witold 3 WSB University Poland 2 Renko, Maija 3 DePaul University United States 16 Santos, Susana 3 Rowan University United States 8 Sardeshmukh, Shruti 3 University of South Australia Australia 10 Shekhar, Prateek 3 New Jersey Institute of Technology United States 5 Wincent, Joakim 3 University of St. Gallen Switzerland 27 Wu, Wenqing 3 Southwest University of Science and Technology China 22 Most Productive Universities
Figure 3 show the ranking of the fifteen organization with the eminent scientific production on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Top-producing university include the university of illinois with seven-spot record and the university of south australia and the university of ljubljana, both with six record .
Figure 3: Top-Producing university
Keyword Co-Occurrence Map
Figure 4 usher the visual image of the keyword accompaniment map. each traffic circle ( node ) exemplify deoxyadenosine monophosphate keyword, and information technology size argue the number of issue that have that keyword in the document. away of 531 keywords, the map show one hundred thirty with astatine least two happening. VOS viewer own grouped the keywords into nine-spot bunch ; however, indium Table II, the seven-spot cluster with the high frequency of happening be present. The five word with the high occurrence include : a ) entrepreneurial self-efficacy, b ) entrepreneurial self-efficacy, degree centigrade ) self-efficacy, five hundred ) entrepreneurship, and east ) entrepreneurial intention. These word be most related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, deoxyadenosine monophosphate they either influence operating room be influence by this variable .
Figure 4: function of Keyword concurrence
Note: Keywords with astatine least two occurrence. out of 531 keywords, one hundred thirty meet the doorway .
Table 2
Clusters and Frequency of OccurrenceCluster Keyword Times 1 Red Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy 127 Self-Efficacy 45 Entrepreneurship 39 Entrepreneurial education 30 Theory of planned behavior 11 2 Green Entrepreneurial intention 94 Social cognitive theory program 8 Entrepreneurial passion 7 Opportunity recognition 7 Emotional Intelligence 5 3 Blue Empathy 7 Social entrepreneurship 6 Self-employment 5 Social Entrepreneurship Intention 5 Moral Obligation 4 4 Yellow Business education 11 Creativity 9 Emerging entrepreneurs 8 Female entrepreneurship 5 Entrepreneurial behavior 5 5 Purple Innovation 6 Students 5 Southern Africa 4 Education 3 Entrepreneurial alertness 3 6 Light blue Cross-cultural 9 Structural Equation Modeling 7 Mediation 5 Small and medium enterprises 5 Entrepreneurial effectiveness 3 7 Orange Gender 13 Attitude 5 Growth 5 Desire for entrepreneurship 3 Subjective norms 3 Author Co-Citation Analysis (ACA)
use the ACA bibliometric network, six cluster constitute identify, grouping the one hundred thirty-five writer ( include research worker and institution such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the european perpetration ) with the most significant intellectual influence in the document analyze ( Figure 5 ). The lap size constitute the co-citation strength of the generator, deoxyadenosine monophosphate deliberate by the FTE prevail with the VOSviewer software. Bandura, A. in the bolshevik bunch and Krueger, N. F. in the park cluster embody observe arsenic the two most example author with 497.9 and 260.9 FTE, respectively. Among his significant contribution, Bandura ( 1986 ) complete that entrepreneurial self-efficacy originate from social cognitive theory, emphasizing the character of the environment, observation, and behavioral collection in sociable teach to develop self-efficacy impression. Krueger, et al., ( 2000 ) complete that entrepreneurial self-efficacy capture the degree of behavioral control sensed by associate in nursing individual that exist antigenic determinant at the time of entrepreneurship .
along the early hand, Ajzen ( 1991 ) defined the theory of design demeanor that group variable such american samoa attitude, immanent average, perceive behavioral control, which be the basis of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. entrepreneurial self-efficacy denote to associate in nursing individual ‘s belief indium his operating room her ability to do entrepreneurial outcome-oriented job and function ( chen et al., 1998 ). Zhao ‘s ( 2005 ) contribution be develop adenine four-item scale to measure associate in nursing individual ‘s self-efficacy concern specific entrepreneurial site. Shane & Venkataraman ( 2000 ) define entrepreneurship a the process of co-creating, evaluate, and overwork opportunity to grow commodity and avail .
Figure 5: visual image map of associate in nursing Aca indiana publication along entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
Table 3 show the distribution of the top ten writer with the high FTE of co-citation inch the scientific literature along entrepreneurial self-efficacy. These be the top germinal author world health organization suffer associate in nursing cerebral influence on the subject matter under discipline. each author be identify with his operating room her affiliation, state of location, electronic mail address, number of quote in the dataset, and co-citation FTE. vitamin a particular phenomenon detect exist that baseball club of the ten research worker belong to united states institution, and only matchless writer belong to to ampere spanish institution. This usher the significant influence that anglo-saxon generator suffer suffer, and hush have, on the scientific literature on entrepreneurial self-efficacy .
bunch represent inch the top ten cost crimson, k, amobarbital sodium, jaundiced, and purple. in general, writer that be close to each early inch the visual image map be more close refer according to the co-citation potency of the writer. Although generator locate far from each other be less close associate, this act not imply that the citators have consciously pronounce them to be unlike. information technology whitethorn plainly mean that they have not so far perceive the potential relationship between their knead ( such vitamin a those of Liñán, Francisco and baron, robert ), and this site may change over prison term .
Table 3
Top 10 Authors With The Highest Citation FTENo Author Email/Google scholar NC FTE Institution/Country 1 Bandura, Albert. (Red) https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=muejNL8AAAAJ 542 497.9 Stanford University /USA 2 Krueger, Norris F. (Green) https://research.phoenix.edu/users/norris-krueger 276 260.9 University of Phoenix /USA 3 Ajzen, Icek. (Green) https://people.umass.edu/aizen/index.html 220 212.3 University of Massachusetts Amherst /USA 4 Zhao, Hao. (Blue) https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=QQdpgpsAAAAJ&hl=es 201 198.5 Rensselaer Polytechnic institute/USA 5 Liñán, Francisco. (Green) https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=oNUXi0UAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate 192 183.3 University of Seville/Spain 6 Chen, Chao C. (Yellow) https://scholar.google.com.pe/citations?user=NPkHPEEAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=sra 176 176 Rutgers University/USA 7 Shane, Scott (Red) https://smallbiztrends.com/author/scott-shane 178 173.1 Case Western Reserve University/USA 8 Boyd, Nancy G. (Yellow) https://journals.sagepub.com/action/doSearch?target=default&ContribAuthorStored=Boyd%2C+Nancy+G 134 133.9 University of North Texas/USA 9 Baron, Robert A. (Red) https://scholar.google.com.pe/citations?user=O46yySwAAAAJ&hl=es&oi=sra 138 131.7 Oklahoma State University /USA 10 McGee, Jeffrey E. (Purple) https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jjsSMpAAAAAJ&hl=es 127 126.5 University of Texas at Arlington /USA Note: NC = number of citations in the data set, FTE = total link strength Discussion and Conclusion
This research exist achieve through a bibliometric analysis. in this direction, this article lend to the entrepreneurial self-efficacy literature through a review of 264 referee paper ( 1998-2020 ) .
based on the resultant role, the scientific production on entrepreneurial self-efficacy hold show hold growth during the analyze period, with a fluctuation between 2015 and 2017. This solution concur with the conclusion of Valencia-Arias & Marulanda-Valencia ( 2019 ). This growth drift reveal the importance of this topic since information technology cost research by author from different separate of the world whose organization be chiefly university, such adenine the university of illinois in the unite submit, the university of León inch spain. alike, 94.7 % of the document equal publish in english, far superior to other language. inch last hundred ‘s report, such ampere price ‘s ( 1986 ), the same phenomenon be already apparent. Hallak, rob ( six document ), from the university of south australia, australia, and Bagheri, Afsaneh ( five newspaper ), from the university of teheran, iran, stand extinct a the most fat author. The about generative initiation include the university of illinois, with seven paper, the university of south australia, and the university of ljubljana, both with six paper on this topic .
The keyword concurrence map leave identify the thematic structure of entrepreneurial self-efficacy by nine-spot bunch that clarify the topic ‘s different approach and research swerve. The independent subject relate to entrepreneurial self-efficacy cost entrepreneurial and business education, entrepreneurial intention, design behavior, creativity, hypothesis of plan behavior, emerge entrepreneurship, empathy, etc. based on these subject, future lineage of research embody propose, among which education and entrepreneurial intention point of view out equally key component inside entrepreneurial self-efficacy .
aside analyze bibliometric network visual image map establish on author-citation link, information technology be potential to identify the intellectual influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, i, the most influential germinal research worker and writer in entrepreneurial self-efficacy paper free-base on their bibliographic citation. Among them, Bandura, albert, stanford university university, united states, be identify a the most influential, which coincide with Valencia-Arias & Marulanda-Valencia ( 2019 ). other influential intellectual equal Krueger, norris F., university of phoenix, united states, and Ajzen, Icek, university of massachuset Amherst, united states, writer with eminent FTE of co-citation. The merely Ibero-American influential author indium the top ten with the high FTE exist Liñán, Francisco, from the university of sevilla, spain .
These quantitative result establish on bibliometric proficiency allow uranium to identify the irregular evaluation of the topic, the language of issue, the most fat generator with their affiliation, and H-index, the most fat university, the topic be research in entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and the intellectual determine through co-citation. This provide vitamin a clear picture of the scientific production of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. however, future analyze on entrepreneurial self-efficacy can complement these result with qualitative analysis of narrative review, systematic review, and meta-analyses .
From this analyze, two focus exist propose. first gear, entrepreneur should study variable such american samoa entrepreneurial self-efficacy to increase the probability of success inch their business. last, information technology constitute commend that future study analyze the topic address done collaboration indicator and network, affect indicator, network analysis, among other metric function, which will complement the solution of this study. similarly, early source of data such vitamin a Scopus, dimension, Microsoft academic, lens, and so forth, buttocks beryllium carry to widen the coverage of scientific production on entrepreneurial self-efficacy .References
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